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Limnology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Important redox reactions in water bodies

A
  • Aerobic respiration (needs oxygen)
  • Dissimilatory nitrate reduction (denitrification)
  • Iron reduction (increases alkalinity)
  • Sulfate reduction (anaerobic)
  • Methane fermentation
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2
Q

Importance of P to organisms

A
  • Needed for ADP and ATP

- nucleic acids, phospholipids

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3
Q

Redfield Ratio

A
  • Ratio of number of atoms of each element

- used to compare needs of phytoplankton with available nutrient ratios

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4
Q

Algal mass vs total P

A
  • Trophic state of lake is often strongly related to P loading
  • Algal mass is also related to the growth rate of the phytoplankton
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5
Q

Sources of P

A
  • weathering of P-containing rocks
  • marine deep ocean sediments
  • anthropogenic P - cultural eutrophication
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6
Q

PP

A
  • particulate phosphate

- often largest source of P in lakes

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7
Q

How is Fe present in oxygenated waters

A

Fe^+3

ferric

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8
Q

Iron trap for P

A
  • less available P for algae when there is oxygen at sediment-water interface
  • because Fe^+3 precipitates and traps the P from dissolving into lake
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9
Q

Critical point for eutrophication

A
  • when hypolimnion becomes anoxic
  • iron is reduced and becomes soluble
  • more P is released which increases internal P recycling and loading
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10
Q

Sulfur trap for Fe

A
  • Lake must be eutrophic enough for sulfate reduction
  • Iron sulfides precipitate and bind Fe
  • if enough FeS precipitates then it can create iron poor water
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11
Q

Trophic level

A

-contain functionally similar organisms that utilize similar food resources

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12
Q

Trophic dynamics

A

-transfer of energy from one part of the ecosystem to another

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13
Q

Bottom up control

A
  • limited by nutrient availability

- if you increase primary producers then everything above also increases

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14
Q

Top down control

A
  • predators control abundance in ecosystem
  • increase in tertiary consumers, decrease in 2nd consumers, increase in primary consumers, decrease in primary producers
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15
Q

Omnivory

A
  • feeding on several trophic levels at once

- common in aquatic systems

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16
Q

Mixotrophy

A

-both a primary producer and a heterotroph

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17
Q

Ontogeny

A
  • diet shifts during development

- may change the food level an organism feeds on

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18
Q

Microbial loop

A
  • food web of smaller organisms

- bacteria, heterotrophic flagellated and ciliates that can use DOM or eat each other

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19
Q

Eubacteria

A
  • bacteria that have peptidoglycan cell membrane

- present in less extreme environments

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20
Q

Archaea

A
  • bacteria that have pseudopeptidoglycan cell membrane

- common in more extreme environments

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21
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A
  • small prokaryotic cells
  • tolerate wide range of conditions
  • 20 minute generation times
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22
Q

Role of bacteria in lakes

A
  • Decomposers
  • fix nitrogen from atm into useable form
  • some pathogenic
  • autotrophic bacteria produce OM
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23
Q

Controls of bacteria growth

A
  • temperature

- acquisition of nutrients and controls of growth

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24
Q

Assimilative

A
  • incorporate elements/nutrients into the cell

- cellular process of bacteria growth

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25
Q

Dissimilative

A
  • get energy from the substance
  • don’t incorporate elements
  • cellular process of bacteria growth
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26
Q

Sources of DOM for nutrients and bacteria growth

A
  • algae (main source of DOM)

- macrophytes, watershed…

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27
Q

Controls of bacteria attrition (loses)

A
  • Grazing (bacteria fed on by microzooplankton)
  • Viruses
  • Seasonal patterns
  • “kill the winner” - control of bacteria by microzooplankton and viruses
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28
Q

How are FW systems have the most imperiled extinction rates

A
  • watershed issues (agriculture/deforestation/pollution)
  • overexploitation
  • invasive species
  • climate change
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29
Q

Standard measures of biodiversity

A
  • Genetic diversity
  • species richness
  • species diversity and evenness
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30
Q

More diverse systems are often characterized by:

A
  • moderate productivity
  • moderate disturbance
  • larger area
  • larger spatial hetereogeneity
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31
Q

Littoral zone

A
  • zone of lakes from high water area to area with no attatched plants
  • highly productive
  • defined by macrophytes
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32
Q

Welands

A
  • intermittently to permanently flooded regions
  • saturation with water and duration of flooding are dominant factors that determine soil development and types of plants/animals
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33
Q

Structural importance of aquatic macrophytes

A
  • define the littoral zone
  • slow currents and increase sedimentation
  • may reduce turbidity
  • habitat
  • increase diversity and biomass of other sp
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34
Q

Functional importance of aquatic macrophytes

A
  • pump of nutrients from sediments to water
  • can retain nutrients
  • compete with algae for nutrients and light
  • high rates of evapotranspiration can decrease water level
  • biomass becomes detritus and is eaten by waterfowl and wildife
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35
Q

Adaptations of macrophytes

A
  • reduced supportive tissue (water is buoyant)
  • underwater leaves have no/reduced cuticle (water loss not important)
  • leaves only a few cells thick and finely divided (reduced light)
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36
Q

Mechanisms of aquatic macrophytes to obtain C

A
  • Assimilation of HCO3^-
  • Arenchyma with lacunae
  • Heterophylly
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37
Q

Physical zonation of aquatic macrophytes

A
  • temperature
  • light
  • pressure
  • wind and waves
  • substrate
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38
Q

Biological zonation of aquatic macrophytes

A
  • Competition

- Herbivory

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39
Q

Potamogeton

A
  • pond weed
  • rhizomes can anchor sediments
  • variable shape and size
  • ROOTED SUBMERSED
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40
Q

Myriophyllum

A
  • water milfoil
  • invasive spp and native spp
  • deleterious effects of invasive spp
  • ROOTED SUBMERSED
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41
Q

Elodea

A
  • water weed
  • invaded Europe
  • fish habitat and food for some spp
  • ROOTED
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42
Q

Vallisneria

A
  • wild celery, tape grass, eel grass
  • common in wide variety of habitats
  • ROOTED SUBMERSED
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43
Q

Chara

A
  • muskgrass, stonewort
  • Charophyte (not a higher plant)
  • precipitates calcium carbonate
  • ROOTED SUBMERSED
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44
Q

Nymphaea

A
  • water lily

- ROOTED FLOATING

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45
Q

Scirpus

A
  • bulrush
  • cosmopolitan with many spp
  • triangular stems and reduced leaves
  • ROOTED EMERGENT
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46
Q

Typha

A
  • cattail
  • common in wetlands
  • ROOTED EMERGENT
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47
Q

Ceratophyllum

A
  • coontail
  • underwater flowers and mobile pollen
  • makes modified leaves than can anchor and loosely root them
  • UNROOTED SUBMERSED
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48
Q

Utricularia

A
  • bladderwort
  • carnivorous
  • UNROOTED SUBMERSED
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49
Q

Eichornia

A
  • water hyacinth
  • not many things eat it
  • major effects on physical, chemical, biological properties of waterways
  • UNROOTED FLOATING
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50
Q

Lemna

A
  • duckweed
  • single root
  • UNROOTED FLOATING
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51
Q

Characteristics of rooted submersed macrophytes

A
  • access to nutrients in sediments

- little/no cuticle on leaves

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52
Q

Characteristics of rooted floating macrophytes

A
  • access to nutrients in sediments
  • leaves mostly or entirely floating on surface
  • top surface of leaves has cuticle
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53
Q

Characteristics of rooted emergent macrophytes

A
  • access to nutrients in sediments
  • leaves have cuticle
  • rhizomes stabilize shoreline and sediment
  • very productive (lots of sunlight)
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54
Q

Characteristics of unrooted submersed macrophtyes

A
  • no/minimal access to nutrients from sediments

- little or no cuticle on leaves

55
Q

Characteristics of unrooted floating macrophytes

A
  • enitre plant floating
  • no/minimal access to nutrients from sediments
  • cuticle on top
56
Q

Characteristics of filamentous algae

A
  • concentrated in littoral zone
  • must grow in shallow water where there is adequate light but can go deeper than macrophytes
  • no roots or leaves
  • obtain nutrients from sediments or water
57
Q

Spirogyra

A
  • Charophyta
  • spiral-shaped chloroplast
  • nuisance for swimming but not toxic
  • increased by invasive mollusca
  • GREEN ALGAE
58
Q

Cladophora characteristics

A
  • Chlorophyta
  • nuisance for swimming but not toxic
  • increased by invasive mollusks
  • GREEN ALGAE
59
Q

Periphyton

A
  • biofilm of algae, cyanobacteria, and heterotrophic microbes
  • live attached to other objects
  • attached in euphotic zone
60
Q

Alternate stable states

A
  • same place can have alternative dominant communities

- ex: macrophytes verus phytoplankton

61
Q

Lacustrine wetland

A

-associated with lakes (littoral zone)

62
Q

Palustrine wetland

A

-inland wetland without flowing water and non-tidal

63
Q

Bogs

A
  • peat forming perennial wetland
  • sphagnum moss dominated communities
  • water source is rainwater
  • low in nutrients and primary production
  • form acidic peats
  • high plant diveristy
64
Q

Fens

A
  • peat forming perennial wetland
  • recieve nutrients from sources other than precip (usually GW)
  • may range from acidic to non acidic (poor -> med -> rich fens)
  • peat can develop due to lack of decomposition in acidic areas OR to high production in less acidic areas
65
Q

Swamps

A
  • non peat forming
  • mineral soils
  • ground permanently or seasonally submerged
  • vegetation dominated by trees
66
Q

Marshes

A
  • non peat forming

- frequently wet areas with herbaceous vegetation adapted to saturated soil conditions

67
Q

Wet meadows

A
  • non peat forming
  • grasslands with water logged soil near the surface
  • without standing water for most of the year
68
Q

Ecosystem services of wetlands

A
  • waterfowl and amphibian habitat
  • can improve water quality by trapping sediments and excess nutrients
  • can accumulate/remove some pollutants
69
Q

Shredders

A
  • biters and chewers
  • take large food and produce small bits
  • herbivorous or detrivorous
70
Q

Scrapers

A
  • feed on periphyton

- specialized mouthparts scrape substrates

71
Q

Collectors

A
  • spin nets or use setae to collect organic matter
  • feed on fine particulate organic mater
  • filter with nets, hairs
72
Q

Predators

A
  • carnivorous

- swallow prey whole or bite pieces

73
Q

River continuum concept

A
  • streams change predictably as you go from the headwaters to the high order rivers
  • predictable physical features change (stream velocity, width/depth of stream)
  • predictable biological features change (structure of community and community functions)
74
Q

Food pulse concept

A

-explains how the periodic inundation and drought (flood pulse) control the lateral exchange of water, nutrients and organisms between the main river channel (or lake) and the connected floodplain

75
Q

Human impacts on rivers

A
  • short residence time and linkage of rivers with landscape

- damming (artificial lake effect)

76
Q

How does damming impact rivers

A
  • decrease and alter patterns of flow
  • changes in sediment load
  • alter temp downstream
  • changes in species at all trophic levels downstream
77
Q

Importance of lake benthos

A
  • half the lakes productivity is related to benthos

- benthic pelagic coupling

78
Q

Patrick principle

A

-number and kinds of spp present reflects specific environmental stresses

79
Q

Benthic invertebrates

A
  • most adaptations to stream life
  • wide phylogenetic diversity
  • live on bottom of streams and lakes
  • can be good indicators of water quality
80
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A
  • Gastropoda

- Bivalvia

81
Q

Gastropoda

A

-use a radula (toothed structure) to scrape surfaces

82
Q

Bivalvia

A
  • unionid mussels

- Dreisenid mussels

83
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Turbellaria

A
  • flatworms
  • non-segmented
  • mobile
  • consume small animals and detritus
84
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

-contains subclasses Oligochaeta and Hirudinea

85
Q

Subclass Oligochaeta

A
  • segmented and live in mud/silt

- important in biomonitoring

86
Q

Subclass Hirudinea

A
  • leeches
  • most are ectoparasites
  • some scavengers
87
Q

Phylum Porifera

A
  • sponges
  • filter feeders
  • some make resistant stages for overwintering
88
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A
  • Hydra
  • Cnidoblasts/nemtocysts for predation
  • some are benthic, some benthic and pelagic
89
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A
  • roundworms
  • ubiquitous
  • diverse feeding habits
90
Q

Phylum Arthropod

A
  • Subphylum Crustacea
  • Subphylum Hexapoda
  • Subclass Acari
91
Q

Subphylum Crustacea

A
  • crayfish, amphipods, isopods

- wide diet ranges

92
Q

Subclass Acari

A
  • water mites
  • predators
  • larvae can parasitize aquatic insects
93
Q

Hexapoda (subphylum) Insecta includes:

A
  • Plecoptera
  • Trichoptera
  • Ephemeroptera
  • Odonata
  • Diptera
  • Coleoptera
94
Q

Plecoptera

A
  • Stone flies
  • mostly in temperate regions
  • cool, clean streams of low order
  • tolerant of low pH
95
Q

Trichoptera

A
  • caddis flies
  • worldwide distribution (not ant)
  • free living and case building spp
96
Q

Ephemeroptera

A
  • mayflies
  • worldwide distribution (not ant)
  • gills for respiration
  • sensitive to low pH
  • do not feed as adults
97
Q

Odonata

A
  • dragonflies and damselflies
  • worldwide predators (not ant)
  • stalk their prey
98
Q

Diptera

A
  • true flies
  • midges
  • black flies
99
Q

Coleoptera

A
  • beetles

- aquatic beetles live in water as larvae and adults

100
Q

Common characteristics of phytoplankton

A
  • all have chlorophyll a

- have a simple structure (unicellular or multicellular)

101
Q

Algal phyla based on:

Phytoplankton classification

A
  • Reproduction (sexual and asexual)
  • Biochemical criteria (pigments, cell walls)
  • Morphological criteria (are they flagellated? types of flagella)
  • genetic differences (16S or 18S RNA)
102
Q

Special adaptations for pelagic life (phytoplankton)

A
  • Flagellae (allows them to change height in water column)
  • Gas vaculoes (buoyancy)
  • mixotrophy
103
Q

Cyanobacteria characteristics

A
  • prokaryotic
  • chlorophyll a
  • secondary pigments (phycobilins and carotenoids)
  • Akinete (dormant cell)
  • some are toxic
  • frequent bloom specie in summer
104
Q

Common cyanobacteria taxa

A
  • Oscillatoria
  • Anabaena
  • Microcystis
  • Spirulina
105
Q

Chlorophyta characteristics

A
  • green algae
  • pigments: chlorophyll a and b
  • eukaryotic
  • possible ancestors of higher plants
  • common as phytoplankton and benthic algae
106
Q

Common taxa in chlorophyta

A
  • Spirogyra
  • Chlamydomonas
  • Scenedesmus
  • Desmids
107
Q

Chlamydomonas

A
  • flagellated

- colonizes with Volvox and other genera

108
Q

Scenedesmus

A
  • colonizes of different sizes

- some spp can change morphology based on chemicals released from zooplankton

109
Q

Desmids

A
  • two half cells with mirror image

- common in low pH and low productivity lakes

110
Q

Cryptophyta

A
  • eukaryotic
  • chlorophyll a and c
  • no cell walls
  • unicellular
  • common genus: Cryptomonas
111
Q

Chrysophyta

A
  • eukaryotic
  • chlorophyll a and c
  • naked cell wall with cellulose/pectin
112
Q

Common taxa in Chysophyta

A
  • Ochromonas (single cell)
  • Mallomonas (has silica plates with spicule)
  • Dinobryon (makes lorica out of cellulose)
113
Q

Diatoms

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • chlorophyll a and c
  • have frustules made of 2 silica valves
  • epitheca and hypotheca
  • dense due to low Si content
  • unicellular or colonial
114
Q

Centric diatoms

A
  • radially symmetrical in valve view
  • mostly pelagic
  • cyclotella
115
Q

Pennate diatoms

A
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • mostly benthic
  • many have raphe
  • Navicula (have raphe)
  • Asterionella (collonial and pelagic)
116
Q

Dinoflagellates

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Chlorophyll a and c
  • cellulose cell wall - can be armed with theca
  • common in hardwater lakes
  • contains Ceratium and Peridinium
117
Q

Euglenophyta

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • cholorphyll a and b
  • have pellicles (strips of protein) in cell membrane
  • has the red eyespot
118
Q

Rhodophyta

A
  • red algae
  • mostly marine (3% in FW)
  • branched growth makes them large
119
Q

NPP

A

= GPP - E - R

  • GPP = gross primary production (amnt of carbon taken and used)
  • E = excretion
  • R = respiration
120
Q

Oxygen change methods: light and dark bottle

A
  • Light: PS and respiration occurs, O conc should increase
  • Dark: Only respiration occurs, O conc should decrease
  • R = I - D (I is initial condition)
  • NPP = L - I
  • GPP - L - D
121
Q

Factors affecting phytoplankton growth

A
  • light
  • temperature
  • nutrients
122
Q

Compensation point

A
  • point where PS = respiration
  • point where there is insufficient light for positive growth
  • affected by water clarity and algal blooms
  • becomes shallower with hgih numbers of plants
123
Q

Ways to avoid sinking

A
  • be small
  • have more surface area (high SA/V)
  • have spines and protrusions
  • high lipids, low Si
124
Q

Adaptations to avoid sinking

A
  • lipid accumulation
  • Gas vesicles
  • ionic regulation
  • active swimming
125
Q

Photoinhibition

A

-point where PS decreases at high irradiance

126
Q

Critical mixing depth

A
  • theoretical depth of water mixing where if the pycnocline is at the depth, phytoplankton use up stored excess carbon as they are mixed from shallow to deep and back
  • they break even
  • always deeper than compensation depth
127
Q

What is Ks

A
  • half saturation constant
  • substrate conc where growth rate is half of the max
  • lower Ks is more efficient at taking up nutrients when low conc
128
Q

How to determine the limiting nutrient

A
  • Liebig’s law of the minimum (only 1 thing limits growth of a cell at any time)
  • Stoichiometry
  • Bioassay techniques
129
Q

Why dont cells have large spines to increase drag

A

-increases the phytoplanktons radius and volume which would make them sink faster

130
Q

Ombrotrophic

A
  • characteristic of bogs

- dependant on atm moisture for nutrients

131
Q

Unionid mussels `

A
  • filter feeders
  • in Phyllum Mollusca
  • diverse and some are imperiled
132
Q

Assemblage

A

-individuals of similar types of spp in the same area

133
Q

Heterocyst

A

-differentiated cyanobacterial cell that carries out nitrogen fixation

Limnology (2 decks)

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