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Limnology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lentic

A

-standing water like a lake

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2
Q

Lotic

A

-flowing water like a river

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3
Q

Lake districts

A
  • lakes that are made similarly and are in the same area

- makes them good to study and compare between lakes

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4
Q

Positive water balance

A
  • in order for a lake/river to exist you need a positive water balance
  • precip+inflow > Evaporation+outflow
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5
Q

Categories of processes that can form lake basins

A
  • Constructive (rim actively built)
  • Destructive (lake basin is excavated)
  • Obstructive (exisiting valley is damed)
  • humans are increasing obstructive
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6
Q

Eutrophic

A
  • true fed lake with a lot of nutrients
  • more oxygen and vegetation present
  • shallow
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7
Q

Oligotrophic

A
  • poorly fed, clear, deep
  • light doesnt reach the bottom
  • lack of vegetation
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8
Q

Mesotrophic

A
  • inbetween well and poorly fed lakes

- moderate lakes

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9
Q

Dystrophic

A
  • dissolved OM, reduces light penetration
  • brown water lakes
  • different roles in the ecosystem
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10
Q

Where are endemic spp typically found

A
  • in ancient lakes

- they are spp unique to a specific area

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11
Q

Tectonic Basins

A
  • formed by movements of earth

- 5% of all lakes on earth

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12
Q

Graben

A
  • in rifts or regions of displacement
  • oligotrophic
  • often rectangular, long, narrow, deep
  • TECTONIC BASIN
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13
Q

tilted fault blocks

A
  • fault on only one side
  • one side is steep, the other is more flat and shallow
  • TECTONIC BASIN
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14
Q

Reverse drainage basin

A
  • uplifting blocks a river and forms a dam
  • dendritic shape (fingerlike)
  • Branching river systems
  • Eutrophic
  • TECTONIC BASIN
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15
Q

Upwarping

A
  • uplifting around entire basin
  • large but fairly shallow lake
  • TECTONIC BASIN
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16
Q

Subsidence

A
  • local depression due to earthquakes
  • pretty shallow
  • TECTONIC BASIN
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17
Q

Craters

A
  • in cinder cones
  • consolidated ash as substrate
  • VOLCANIC LAKE
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18
Q

Volcanic lakes

A

-less than 1% of all lakes on earth

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19
Q

Calderas

A
  • collapsed or exploded volcanoes
  • surrounded by rim of lava
  • deep and round
  • oligotrophic
  • VOLCANIC LAKE
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20
Q

Maars

A
  • explosion craters (due to lava heating water)
  • often small and round (typically near others)
  • not as deep as calderas
  • VOLCANIC LAKE
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21
Q

Lava flow lakes

A
  • collapsed lava flow taverns
  • lava cools and forms depression which is filled by water
  • VOLCANIC LAKE
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22
Q

Volcanic damming

A
  • lava or ash dams a stream

- VOLCANIC LAKE

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23
Q

Lakes formed by landslides

A
  • landslides block river/stream
  • often short lived lakes
  • can pose a threat to cities/towns
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24
Q

LAkes formed by wind

A
  • Pan lakes (animals remove cover, wind blows away dirt)

- Playas (wind erosion)

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25
Q

Plunge pools

A
  • formed by rivers

- includes basins of old waterfalls in now dry river systems

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26
Q

Oxbow lake

A
  • formed by rivers
  • bends in rivers that become isolated
  • shallow and oddly shaped
  • often has interesting organisms
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27
Q

Floodplain or varzea lakes

A
  • some are in depressions in the floodplain area

- some are formed when sediments are deposited across mouths of inflowing streams

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28
Q

Lakes formed by glaciers and ice

A
  • 75% of total lake number

- 50% of total lake surface area

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29
Q

Meltwater

A
  • on the surface or below glaciers
  • can fall catastrophically
  • geothermal, friction, insolation (make it difficult for water here to freeze)
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30
Q

Permafrost lakes

A
  • formed by freeze-thaw cycles, expanded by wind
  • climate change effects
  • without the permafrost the lake would drain into ground
  • GLACIER/ICE lake
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31
Q

Fjords

A
  • glacially deepened valley or fault
  • may be isolated from the sea
  • may be dammed
  • GLACIER/ICE lake
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32
Q

ice scour lake

A
  • often on originally flat rock (not in mountains)
  • may have poor drainage
  • many Canadian lakes
  • GLACIAL/ICE LAKE
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33
Q

Cirque lakes

A
  • common on formerly glaciated mountains
  • small, round, steep sided
  • small drainage area
  • Paternoster lakes (series of cirques down slope)
  • GLACIAL/ICE lake
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34
Q

Moraine lakes

A

-material pushed by glaciers leaves dams of rock and dirt as glacier retreats

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35
Q

Kettle lake

A
  • depressions in glacial till
  • sometimes due to melting ice block OR irregularities in the moraine
  • irregularly shaped
  • GLACIAL/ICE lake
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36
Q

Karst topography

A

-areas with numerous solution lakes

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37
Q

Solution lakes

A

-formed by dissolution of soluble rock (often limestone) by percolating water

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38
Q

Deltaic lakes

A
  • sedimentation as river currents slow when they enter a large lake or ocean
  • may isolate lakes on deltas in depressed areas
  • often short lived
  • SHORELINE LAKE
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39
Q

Coastline lakes

A
  • movement of sand in spits and bars may enclose basin
  • short lived
  • can be SW or FW
  • SHORELINE LAKE
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40
Q

Lakes formed by meteor impact

A
  • can be very large
  • perfectly rounded
  • about 80 of them
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41
Q

Biogenic lakes

A
  • creation of lakes due to organisms
  • buffalo wallows
  • coral atolls (coral raises so high that it isnt connected to sea water)
  • beaver ponds
  • bog lakes
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42
Q

Human-made lakes

A
  • dams/reservoirs
  • bomb craters
  • constructed ponds
  • surface mine lakes
  • borrow pits
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43
Q

Bathymetric map

A

-‘topographic’ map of the lake that shows the isobaths of the lake depths

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44
Q

Size parameters of a lake

A
  • Depth
  • Max depth
  • Max length
  • Max width
  • Area
  • Volume
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45
Q

Shape parameters of a lake

A
  • Mean depth
  • Relative depth
  • Shoreline development
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46
Q

Relative depth

A

-ratio of max depth to the mean diameter of the lake at the surface

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47
Q

Shoreline development

A
  • how non circular is the lake
  • the more circular the lake, the lower the shoreline development
  • the higher the shoreline development, the more diversity
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48
Q

Limnological graphs

A

-depth on y axis and parameter of interest on x

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49
Q

Hypsographic curve

A
  • area at each depth

- can calculate the volume by integrating the area under the curve

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50
Q

Litoral zone

A
  • extends from the seasonal high water level down to where the vegetation doesnt grow due to lack of light
  • subdivided based on vegetation
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51
Q

littoral-profundal zone

A

-algae can grow but no higher plants

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52
Q

Profundal zone

A
  • sediment free of vegetation

- low to no light

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53
Q

Pelagic zone

A

-open water above area without plants

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54
Q

Euphotic zone

A
  • within the pelagic zone
  • layer closest to the surface that recieves enough light for photosynthesis to occur
  • enough light for production > respiration
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55
Q

Esutary

A

-area where the river and sea meet

56
Q

Eucrenon zone

A

-the point of origin

57
Q

Hypocrenon zone

A

-downstream from the eucreon

58
Q

rithron zone

A
  • stony stream zone

- high energy and fast flowing

59
Q

potamon zone

A
  • lower energy part of stream

- shallow gradient and more deposition

60
Q

Riparian zone

A

-area around river and lakes that is influenced py presence of water

61
Q

Hyporheic zone

A
  • beneath the streambed

- mixing of GW and SW

62
Q

Seston group

A
  • all particulate matter in the open water
  • bioseston (non living component)
  • tripton - non living component (detritus - formerly alive)
63
Q

Nekton

A
  • can swim against currents

- organisms that create turbulence

64
Q

Plankton

A
  • movement infuenced by turbulence
  • bacterioplankton (bacteria
  • phytoplankton (photosynthetic)
  • zooplankton (animals/heterotrophs)
  • meroplankton (cant spend whole life in pelagic)
  • psuedoplankton (swept into pelagic accidentally)
65
Q

Benthos

A
  • organisms that live on the sediment water interface
  • Phytobenthos (macrophytes, higher plants)
  • zoobenthos (animals)
66
Q

Plueston

A

-at the air-water interface

67
Q

Neuston

A

-microscopic pleuston

68
Q

Periphyton

A

-biofilm of algae that live on substrates

69
Q

Distribution of water

A
  • oceans (>97%)
  • Freshwater (2.5%)
  • glaciers (68% of the 2.5%)
  • FW amount is decreasing due to glacial melting
70
Q

Exhoreic

A
  • rivers originate and meet oceans

- really wet regions

71
Q

Endorheic

A
  • rivers arise but do not meet oceans

- dryer regions

72
Q

Arheic

A
  • no rivers arise

- precip is unpredictable

73
Q

Closed systems

A
  • do not lose water by drainage or seepage
  • biggest loss is to evaporation
  • more saline than open lakes
74
Q

Open lakes

A
  • have an outlet stream

- losses water through outflow and seepage

75
Q

Impacts on water quality

A
  • Damming (increase evap loss)
  • Irrigation (increase evap loss)
  • GW use
  • change in land use
  • changes in climate
76
Q

Aral sea

A
  • used to be the 4th largest lake in world
  • 2 rivers inflow
  • rivers were diverted and used for irrigation
  • area and volume of lake has decreased
  • now two separate lakes where there used to be one
77
Q

Irradiance

A

-radiant flux per surface area

78
Q

elecrtomagnetic spectrum

A

-entire range of electromagnetic radiation and the associated photon wavelengths

79
Q

Photosynthtically active radiation (PAR)

A

400-700 nm

visible light

80
Q

Processes that affect light intensity and quality reaching a water body

A
  • scattering
  • reflection
  • absorption by materials in the atm
81
Q

Scattering (light)

A
  • dependant on wavelength
  • selective scattering of short wavelengths
  • scattering due to small molecules and dust
82
Q

Reflection is affected by:

A
  • angle of light
  • wave height and foam
  • ice and snow
83
Q

Absorption by materials in atm

A
  • decrease of light energy by transformation to heat
  • atm gases
  • water
84
Q

Refraction

A
  • speed of light changes in different substances

- causes angle of light to change when it enters a new medium

85
Q

Transmittance

A

-amnt of light in water

86
Q

Attenuation

A

-amnt of light absorbed in water

k is attenuation coefficiant

87
Q

Secchi disk

A
  • A flat, white disc lowered into the water by a rope until it is barely visible
  • Measures the clarity of the water; has been used to predict lake trophic state
88
Q

Important characteristics of water

A
  • high specific heat
  • high latent heat of vaporization
  • high latent heat of fusion
  • all these make water a good thermal buffer
89
Q

Epilimnion layer

A
  • upper mixed layer

- warmer water and less dense

90
Q

Metalimnion layer

A
  • middle layer

- where water mixes

91
Q

Thermocline

A
  • the plane where dT/dx is max

- a steep temperature gradient marked by a layer above and below which the water is at different temperatures

92
Q

Hypolimnion

A
  • lower layer

- cooler water, more dense

93
Q

Factors affecting a lake from mixing

A
  • morphology
  • geography
  • water clarity
  • weather
94
Q

Dimictic lake

A

-mixes top to bottom 2 times a year

95
Q

Monomictic lake

A

-mixes top to bottom 1 time a year

96
Q

Cold vs warm monomictic

A
  • Cold: stratify in winter and mixes all summer long (arctic)
  • warm: stratify during summer and mix all winter (S US)
97
Q

Polymictic

A

-lake mixes many times

98
Q

Warm polymictic

A

-stratification breaks down often

99
Q

Cold polymictic

A

-stratifies breifly in the summer

100
Q

Oligomictic

A
  • mixes every few years

- unusual, short circulation

101
Q

Amictic

A

-always frozen

102
Q

Meromictic

A
  • surface layers mix byt bottom layer doesnt

- green lake

103
Q

Meromictic layers

A
  • Mixolimnion (shallow layer the mixes)
  • Monimolimnion (deep layer doesnt mix)
  • Pycnocline (region of mx density change)
  • Chemocline (density change due to salinity change)
104
Q

Stability

A

-the resitstance to mixing

105
Q

Annual heat budget

A

-record of heat content of the lake

106
Q

Winter heat income

A

-amount of heat required to warm a dimictic lake from winter stratification to isothermal mixing in spring

107
Q

Summer heat income

A

-amount of heat required to heat the lake from spring mixing to its max summer heat content

108
Q

Diffusion

A
  • molecular movement of substances in water

- not the movement of water itself

109
Q

Laminar flow

A
  • all parcels of water are moving in same direction

- allows us to predict the movement of water

110
Q

Reynolds number

A
  • predicts whether flow is laminar or turbulent
  • high # is turbulent (> 2000)
  • low # is laminar (< 500)
111
Q

Turbulent flow

A
  • more common in aquatic systems
  • cant predict the path of any given particle
  • created by large organisms
112
Q

Advection

A

-bulk movement of a substance and its contents

113
Q

Convection

A
  • form of advection in which flow arises from density differences
  • sources are heat, evaporation, cooling, salinity
114
Q

Eddy diffusion

A

-measure of rate of exchange or intensity of mixing due to eddy motion

115
Q

Richardsons number or stability

A

-determines whether or not 2 fluids will mix

116
Q

Surface traveling waves

A

-particles of water move in a circle

117
Q

Capillary waves

A
  • ripples

- due to wind, die down due to surface tension

118
Q

Gravity waves

A

-due to wind, larger, gravity is the calming force

119
Q

Surface seiche

A
  • formed when pressure of wind pushes water to one side
  • when wind stops, oscillation begins
  • oscillating movement is at surface
120
Q

Internal seiche

A
  • standing wave at the thermocline forms in stratified fluids
  • started due to a surface seiche (winds, pressure differences)
  • oscillating movement at the thermocline
  • have larger amplitudes and periods than surface seiches
121
Q

upwelling

A

-seiche is so large that hypolimnic water reaches the surface

122
Q

Coriolis effect

A

-tendency to drift to right of wind or velocity direction in N hemisphere

123
Q

Ekman spirals

A

-progression of Coriolis effect down the water column

124
Q

Langmuir circulation

A

-Form of organized advection that occurs when there are persistent moderate winds in a constant direction

125
Q

Wind rows

A
  • plueston, neuston, floating matter are concentrated

- streak of convergence

126
Q

Kelvin waves

A
  • currents along a line parrallel to the shore

- decrease in amplitude away from shore

127
Q

Poincare waves

A
  • in large lakes where long waves travel without the influence of shore
  • makes a standing wave pattern across the basin
128
Q

Debye-Huckel Theory

A

-you can estimate the activity coefficiant by the electrostatic interations of ions in solution

129
Q

Conservative ions

A

-concentrations undergo no or minor changes due to organisms

130
Q

Dynamic ions

A
  • concentrations are influenced by the metabolism of organisms
  • can change quickly
131
Q

Autochthonous

A

-derived from within the aquatic system

132
Q

Allochthonous

A

-from the watershed or other outside source

133
Q

Summer oxygen debt

A
  • occurs if stratification sets up before the lake is saturated with oxygen
  • surface water is warmed before oxygen reaches surface
134
Q

Clinograde

A
  • hypolimnetic oxygen depletion

- respiration and decomposition increase as lake productivity increases

135
Q

Orthograde

A
  • constant oxygen or higher oxygen in hypolimnion

- oligotrophic lakes

136
Q

Positive heterograde

A
  • often due to photosynthesis at the thermocline

- depends on water transparency

137
Q

Negative heterograde

A
  • can be due to respiration

- density gradient slows the rain of detritus around the thermocline

Limnology (2 decks)

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