Exam 2 Flashcards
The Enlightment
Who, When, Where, What: An intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century.
Why: Ideas undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church. Paved the way for revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Treaty of Paris 1783 -
When: 1783
Who: Great Britain, United States
Where: Paris
What: ended the American Revolutionary War
Why – Acknowledged the colonies are free, independent, and sovereign. Established the boundaries of the United States.
Battles of Saratoga 1777
When: Sept. – Oct. 1777
What, Where, Who: British invasion from Canada. Surrounded and defeated by American forces in New York.
Why: A turning point in the war because it resulted in foreign assistance for the Americans.
French and Indian War
When: 1754
Who: French, English and their Indian allies
Where: North America
What: Part of the Seven Year War. Great Britain won at a cost of $170 million.
Why: French lost North America colonies. Expanded British Empire. Destroyed the balance of power. British government intervention in colonial affairs.
Articles of Confederation
When: Nov 1777
Ratified 1781
Who: 2nd continental congress
Where: Lancaster, Pennsylvania
What: Created weak centralized government, to preserve the freedom, independence, and sovereignty of the states. No power to tax
Why: Demonstrated that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at governing – a faulty plan of government.
Treaty of Ghent
When: December 1814
Where:
Who, What: Peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the US and Great Britain.
Why: began at least a century of peace between both countries. Celebrated by Americans as restoring American national honor.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
When: 1763
Who: French, English, and their Indian allies
Where: North America
What: loose confederation of American Indian tribes. Dissatisfied with British rule
Why: Restored Middle Ground. Change in British policy – Proclamation of 1763 and troops to enforce
Shays Rebellion
When: 1786-1789
Where: Western Massachusetts
What: New England raised taxes dramatically. Shay organized 1500 discontented farmers.
Why: Dramatized the political fracture over who would benefit from financial settlement of debt: merchant speculator of average person
Hartford Convention
When: Dec 1815 – Jan 1816
Where: Hartford, CT
Who, What: series of meetings by New England Federalists to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government’s increasing power.
Why: eliminated the federalist party as a significant force in nation politics. Ended First Party System
Proclamation of 1763
When: 1763
Who: George III
What, Where: Purpose is to reduce all hostile interaction between white settlers and Indians. Prohibits all settlement west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.
Why: British government intervention in colonial affairs. Officially recognized Indian right to land.
Constitutional Convention
When: May 25, 1787 Who: 55 delegates from 12 of 13 states Where: Philadelphia What: Delegates debated creating a constitution replacing the Articles of Confederation to form a stronger federal government Why:
Missouri Compromise
When: 1820
Who, Where: Congress
What: Legislation that provided for the admission of Maine to the United States as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state, thus maintaining the balance of power between North and South states in the US Senate.
Why: Sectional division replaced the Old and New Republican political divisions of the Democratic Republican party.
Stamp Act 1765
When: 1765
Who, What Where: Direct tax on British colonies by Parliament to pay for 10,000 British Troops in North America.
Why: First direct tax on the British Colonies. Legal and extra-legal response by colonists
Bill of Rights
When, Who: Introduced by Madison in 1789
What: First 10 amendments to the US Constitution. It was intended to address the Anti-Federalist concerns.
Why: Guarantees of personal freedoms and rights. Clear limitations on the government’s power. Explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated are reserved for the states or the people.
Nullification Crisis
Who: Congress and South Carolina
When, What, Where: 1828 Tariff – National Old Republicans but not equal: Northern manufacturers’ benefit while southern consumers bear the cost.
Why: South Carolina actions created fear of disorder. Other states found rejection of federal law not acceptable. The fight made southerners more conscious of their minority status.
