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Extremities > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The role of the forearm movement is to?

A

Help the shoulder in controlling the force and placement of the hand in space.

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2
Q

To allow the free manipulation of the hand the bulk of the forearm musculature is located?

A

PROXIMALLY with long tendinous insertions on the distal bony structures.

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3
Q

From a functional perspective the forearm includes?

A

The distal humerus

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4
Q

The structures of the forearm are divided into?

A

Anterior and posterior compartment

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5
Q

Flexors and pronators are located in the _____ compartment supplied by the ____ nerve.

A
  • Anterior compartment
  • Supplied by the median nerve.
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6
Q

What are the structures that divide the compartments in the forearm?

A
  • Antebrachial fascia
  • interosseous membrane
  • lateral intermusclular septa
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7
Q

An exception in the posterior compartment would be?

A

Brachioradialis is a forearm flexor located in the posterior compartment and supplied by the radial nerve.

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8
Q

______ is a forearm flexor located in the posterior compartment and supplied by the _____ nerve.

A
  • Brachioradialis
  • Radial nerve
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9
Q

Extensors and ____ are located in the posterior compartment and all supplied by the _____ nerve.

A
  • Extensors and supinators
  • Radial nerve (some form)
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10
Q

Identify 1 and 2

A
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11
Q

Another name for flexor retinaculum

A

transverse carpal ligament

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12
Q

The tendons of most flexors pass across the anterior surfaced of the wrist and are held in place by what?

A
  • Palmar carpal ligament
  • flexor retinaculum ( transverse carpal ligament)
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13
Q

What are the 3 groups of flexor muscles?

A
  • Superficial layer
  • intermediate layer
  • deep group
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14
Q

What flexor (pronator) muscles are included in the superficial layer?

A
  • Pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • brachioradialis
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15
Q

All flexors are attached by the _________ tendon to the ________ epicondyle

A
  • Common flexor tendon
  • medial epicondyle
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16
Q

Pronator teres origin- superficial layer

A
  • Humeral head- from the medial supracondylar ridge common flexor tendon
  • ulnar head- from the medial side of the coronoid process
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17
Q

What layer is pronator teres?

A

Superficial layer

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18
Q

Regarding pronator teres: where does the humeral head come from?

A

The medial supracondylar ridge - common flexor tendon

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19
Q

Regarding pronator teres: where does the ulnar head come from?

A

From the medial side of the coronoid process

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20
Q

How many heads does pronator teres have?

A

Two- humeral head and ulnar head

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21
Q

What is the insertion of pronator teres

A

midway on lateral surface of the radius

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22
Q

What is midway on the lateral surface of the radius?

A

Insertion of pronator teres

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23
Q

Innervation of pronator teres

A

median nerve

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24
Q

What nerve are all flexors innervated by?

A

Median nerve

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25
Q

What is the action of the pronator teres?

A
  • Rotates the radius on the ulna
  • helps flex the forearm
  • used for quick powerful pronation
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26
Q

Name this muscle: origin/ flexor

  • humeral head- from the medial supracondylar ridge common flexor tendon
  • ulnar head- from the medial side of the coronoid process
A

pronator teres

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27
Q

Name this muscle- insertion: flexor

midway on lateral surface of the radius

A

Pronator teres

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28
Q

All flexors are innervated by this nerve.

A

Median nerve

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29
Q

What is this muscle: action/ flexor

  • rotates the radius on the ulna
  • Helps flex the forearm
  • used for quick powerful pronation
A

Pronator teres

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30
Q

The pronator teres is synergistic with what other mucles?

A

Pronator quadratus

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31
Q

Which flexors originate from JUST the medial epicondyle?

A
  1. Flexi carpi radialis
  2. Palmaris longus
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32
Q

Origin of flexor carpi radialis

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

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33
Q

What is insertion of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Insertion is base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones

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34
Q

Innervation of flexor carpi radialis

A

Median nerve

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35
Q

Action of flexor carpi radialis

A
  • Flexes the hand at the wrist
  • ABducts the hand at the wrist
  • weakly flexes the forearm

ask RUPP

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36
Q

The radial artery pulse may be palpated just lateral to the tendon of this muscle.

A

Flexor carpi radialis

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37
Q

This muscle is inserted on the base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones.

A

Flexor carpi radialis

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38
Q

This muscle flexes the hand at the wrist and abducts the wrist

A

Flexor carpi radialis

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39
Q

Origin of palmaris longus

A

medial epicondyle of the humerus

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40
Q

Insertion of palmaris longus

A

anterior aspect of the distal flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis- across trapezium and hamate- over the top of carpal tunnel

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41
Q

Innervation of palmaris longus

A

Median nerve

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42
Q

Action of palmaris longus

A
  • Flexes the hand at the wrist
  • tightens aponeurosis
  • absent in 10% of people
  • In animals this muscle operates the claws.
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43
Q

This muscle is absent in 10% of the population

A

Palmaris longus

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44
Q

In animals this muscle operates the claws

A

Palmaris longus

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45
Q

This muscle lies in between flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis

A

palmaris longus

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46
Q

What are the superficial muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • Pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • brachioradialis (exception)
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47
Q

Origin of flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  • Humeral head- from the medial epicondyle
  • ulnar head- from the medial margin of the olecranon and posterior border of ulna
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48
Q

Insertion of flexor carpi ulnaris

A

inserts into the pisiform bone and extension to the hook of hamate and 5th metacarpal base

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49
Q

Innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Ulnar nerve (not median)

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50
Q

This nerve runs on the deep side of flexor ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus.

A

Ulnar nerve

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51
Q

Action of flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  • Flexes wrist
  • adducts wrist
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52
Q

This nerve runs between the two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris

A

The ulnar nerve

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53
Q

These flexors weakly flex the forearm

A
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor digitorum superificialis
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54
Q

Flexor Muscles that ABduct the wrist

A

Flexor carpi radialis

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55
Q

Muscles that ADducts the wrist

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

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56
Q

Superficial Muscles that flex the hand at the wrist

A
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
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57
Q

The muscles that flex the hand at the wrist are deep or superficial muscles?

A

Superficial

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58
Q

Muscles that flex the wrist

A
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • flexor digitorum profundus
  • flexor pollicis longus
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59
Q

The deep muscles that flex the wrist

A
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • flexor pollicis longus
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60
Q

Superficial muscles that flex the wrist

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

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61
Q

Intermediate muscles the flex the wrist

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

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62
Q

Pronator muscles of the forearm are?

A
  • Pronator teres
  • pronator quadratus
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63
Q

Which muscle can entrap the ulnar nerve causing cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

The ulnar head of flexor carpi ulnaris

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64
Q

Pain and numbness is caused by this “syndrome”

A

Cubital tunnel syndrome

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65
Q

Explain cubital tunnel syndrome

A

The ulnar head of flexor carpi ulnaris entraps the ulnar nerve causing pain and numbness in the pinky and half of 4th digit

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66
Q

This muscle is an “exception” to the forearm flexor muscles.

A

Brachioradialis

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67
Q

Why is brachioradialis an exception to the forearm muscles?

A

The muscle violates the rules

  • it is located / origin in the posterior comparment
  • it is innervated by the radial nerve
  • it is a flexor of the forearm
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68
Q

This muscle originates from the proximal 2/3rds of the lateral supracondylar ridge

A

Brachioradialis

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69
Q

Brachioradialis insertion

A

Styloid process of radius

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70
Q

Innervation of brachioradialis

A

radial nerve

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71
Q

Action of brachioradialis

A

Flexes the forearm

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72
Q

This muscle does not cross the wrist therfore it does NOT flex the wrist.

A

Brachioradialis

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73
Q

This muscle ONLY flexes the forearm.

A

Brachioradialis

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74
Q

Origin of flexor digitorum superficialis

A
  • Humeral head- medial epicondyle, ulnar collateral ligament, coranoid process of ulna
  • radial head- superior half of anterior radius
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75
Q

Insertion of flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Middle phalanx of digits 2-5

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76
Q

Innervation of flexor digitorum superficialis is?

A

Median nerve

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77
Q
  • This muscle flexes proximal interphalangeal joint PIP and
  • contributes to flexion of all joints it crosses- including flexes MP and flexes wrist
A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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78
Q

All of these muscles have a proximal attachment on the medial epicondyle of humerus

A
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • humeral head of flexor carpi ulnaris
  • part of humeral head of flexor digitorum superficialis
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79
Q

Which muscle flexors flex the forearm “weakly” ?

A
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
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79
Q

At the bases of the proximal phalanges each tendon splits to allow the __________to pass through to the _________. Both sets of tendons share a _____________.

A
  • Profunda tendon
  • distal phalanx
  • common synovial sheath
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80
Q

What group is flexor digitorum profundus from?

A

Deep group

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81
Q

Origin of flexor digitorum profundus

A
  • Proximal 3/4 of medial ulna
  • interosseous membrane
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82
Q

Insertion of flexor digitorum profundus

A

Distal phalanx of digits 2-5

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83
Q

Innervation of flexor digitorum profundus

A
  • Medial 1/2- ulnar nerve
  • lateral 1/2- median nerve (AIN) anterior interosseous
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84
Q

Action for flexor digitorum profundus

A
  • Flexes distal interphalangeal joints (DIP)
  • contributes to flexion of all joints it crosses
  • flexes PIP
  • flexes MP
  • flexes wrist
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85
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus (does or does not) cross the elbow joint?

A

It does NOT cross the elbow joint

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86
Q

What group is flexor pollicis longus in?

A

Deep group

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87
Q

Origin of flexor pollicis longus

A
  • Anterior aspect of radius
  • interosseous membrane
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88
Q

Insertion of flexor pollicis longus

A

Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb

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89
Q

Innervation of flexor pollicis longus

A

Median nerve- (anterior interosseous)

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90
Q

Action of flexor pollicis longus

A
  • Flexes IP joint
  • flexes MP joint
  • flexes wrist
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91
Q

Pronator quadratus is a part of which group of extensor muscles?

A

Deep

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92
Q

Origin of pronator quadratus

A

Distal 1/4 of medial anterior surface of ulna

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93
Q

Insertion of pronator quadratus

A

Distal 1/4 of lateral anterior surface of radius

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94
Q

Innervation of pronator quadratus

A

Median nerve (anterior interosseous)

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95
Q

Action of pronator quadratus

A
  • Pronates the hand- assisted by pronator teres when POWER AND SPEED are needed.
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96
Q

The long flexors of the digits also flex ______ and _______ joints.

A

Metacarpophalangeal and dwrist joints

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97
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus flexes the fingers (fast or slow)

A

Slow

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98
Q

Which muscle is recruited when speed and flexion against resistance are needed?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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99
Q
  • Wrist flexion decreases the power generated by the ______ and ______ but grip strength is increase with the wrist in ______ position.
A
  • FDS and FDP
  • neutral position
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100
Q

Which flexor flexes the middle phalanges?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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101
Q

Which flexor flexes the distal phalanges?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

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102
Q

Which pronator is the PRIME PRONATOR?

A

Pronator quadratus is prime pronator

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103
Q

What muscle assists pronator quadratus?

A

Pronator teres when speed and power are needed.

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104
Q

Which muscle holds the radius and ulna together?

A

Pronator quadratus

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105
Q

Identifiy

A
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106
Q

The posterior compartment is innervated by the _______ nerve or branches.

A

Radial nerve

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107
Q

The extensors can be seperated into 3 functional groups; what are these groups?

A
  • Muscles that extend and abduct or adduct the hand at the wrist
  • muscles that extend the medial four digits
  • muscles that extend or abduct the thumb
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108
Q

Muscles that extend and abduct or adduct the hand at the wrist are?

A
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
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109
Q

Muscles that extend the medial four digits are?

A
  • Extensor digitorum
  • extensor indicis
  • extensor digiti minimi
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110
Q

Muscles that extend or abduct the thumb are?

A
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • extensor pollicis brevis
  • extensor pollicis longus
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111
Q

Another way to catagarize the extensor muscles if by _______ and _____ groups

A

Superficial and deep groups

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112
Q

The superficial group of extensors includes?

A
  • Brachioradialis
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
  • extensor digitorum
  • extensor digiti minimi
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113
Q

Both of these extensor muscles attach to the lateral supraepicondylar ridge of the humerus and adjacent intermuscular septum.

A

Brachioradialis

extensor carpi radialis longus

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114
Q

All these extensor muscles have attachments to the common extensor tendon to the lateral epicondyle

A
  • Extensor carpi radilais brevis
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
  • extensor digitorum
  • extensor digiti minimi
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115
Q

Located deep to the superficial extensors- are what muscles?

A
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • extensor pollicis brevis
  • extensor pollicis longus
  • extensor indicis
  • supinator
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116
Q

Outcropping extensor muscles are?

A
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • extensor pollicis brevis
  • extensor pollicis longus
  • extensor indicis
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117
Q

Muscles involved in snuff box borders are?

A

Abductor pollicis longus

extensor pollicis brevis

extensor pollicis longus

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118
Q

Identify all

A
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119
Q

Identify all

A
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120
Q

Identify all

A
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121
Q

Identify all

A
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122
Q

Which muscle is the exception of the forearm muscles?

A

Brachioradialis

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123
Q

Origin of brachioradialis

A

Proximal 2/3rd of the lateral supracondylar ridge

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124
Q

Insertion of brachioradialis

A

Styloid process of radius

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125
Q

Innervation of brachioradialis is?

A

Radial nerve

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126
Q

What is the action of brachioradialis?

A

Flexes the forearm

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127
Q

Why is brachioradialis considered an “exception” muscle?

A

Because it violates the rules- technically it is located in posterior compartment- it is innervated by the radial nerve- BUT it is a flexor of the forearm.

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128
Q

Is extensor carpi radialis longus a deep or superficial layer?

A

Superficial layer

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129
Q

What is the origin of extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

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130
Q

What is the insertion of extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Base of 2nd metacarpal bone

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131
Q

Innervation of extensor carpi radialis?

A

Radial nerve

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132
Q

Action of extensor carpi radialis longus

A
  • Extends the hand at the wrist
  • abducts hand at wrist
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133
Q

Extensor carpi radialis brevis is deep or superficial?

A

Superficial

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134
Q

Origin of extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

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135
Q

Insertion of extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

Base of 3rd metacarpal bone

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136
Q

Innervation of extensor carpi radialis brevis

A
  • Deep branch of the radial- sometimes radial prior to bifucation
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137
Q

Action of extensor carpi radialis brevis

A
  • Extends hand at wrist
  • abducts hand at wrist
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138
Q

Extensor _____________ occasionally arises from a common belly with its longer partner called _________.

A
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
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139
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris is superficial or deep?

A

Superficial

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140
Q

Origin of extensor carpi ulnaris

A
  • Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • posterior border of the ulna
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141
Q

Insertion of extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Medial side of the base of the 5th metacarpal bone.

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142
Q

Innervation of extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Posterior interosseous branch (branch of radial)

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143
Q

Action of extensor carpi ulnaris

A
  • Extends hand at wrist
  • adducts hand at wrist
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144
Q

These muscles are synergistic with finger flexors because they keep the wrist extended to allow increased grip strength

A
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
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145
Q

Extensor digitorum is a deep or superficial?

A

Superficial

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146
Q

Origin of extensor digitorum

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

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147
Q

Insertion of extensor digitorum

A

Extensor expansions of medial 4 digits

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148
Q

Innervation of extensor digitorum

A

Posterior interosseous branch (branch of radial nerve)

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149
Q

Action of extensor digitorum

A
  • Extension at the- DIP- PIP- MCP
  • wrist extension when fingers are extended
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150
Q

Extensor digiti minimi is a deep or superficial muscle

A

Superficial

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151
Q

Origin of extensor digiti minimi

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

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152
Q

Insertion of extensor digit minimi

A

Extensor expansions of the 5th digit

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153
Q

Innervation of extensor digiti minimi

A

Posterior interosseous branch (branch of the radial)

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154
Q

Action of extensor digiti minimi

A

Extends digit 5

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155
Q

The four tendons of the extensor digitorum pass ______ to the extensor retinaculum on to the medial four digits.

A

Under extensor retinaculum (deep)

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156
Q

As the extensor tendons pass over the dorsum of the wrist they are covered with _____________. The tendons of the ____________join these tendons

A
  • Synovial sheaths
  • index and 5th digit extensors
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157
Q

_____ connection at the MCP joints restricts independent extension of the digits, except index and 5th

A

Oblique intertendinous connection

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158
Q

Tendons of the _______ extensor tendons form extensor expansions on the distal metacarpals.

A

2-5 extensor tendons

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159
Q

The 4 tendons of the ____________ join the fascial expansion called the _________

A
  • Extensor digitorum
  • extensor expansion
160
Q

Near the ______ the extensor expansion splits into ____ parts- they are?

A
  • PIP
  • 3 parts
  • central part/ two lateral parts
161
Q

Regarding extensor expansion- central part >….

A

Inserts into the base of the middle phalanx

162
Q

Regarding the extensor expansions: two lateral parts do what?

A

They converge to be inserted into the base of the distal phalanx

163
Q

The tendon to the index finger is joined on the ______ side by the tendon of the __________.

A
  • On the medial side
  • extensor indicis
164
Q

The tendon to the little finers is joined on its ____ side by the two tendons of the ________.

A
  • Medial side
  • extensor digiti minimi
165
Q

Abductor pollicis longus is a superficial or deep muscle

A

Deep

166
Q

Abductor pollicis longus origin

A
  • Posterior aspect of ulna, radius and posterior interosseous membrane
167
Q

Insertion of abductor pollicis longus

A

Base of 1st metacarpal

168
Q

Innervation of abductor pollicis longus

A

Posterior interosseous branch (branch of radial)

169
Q

Abductor pollicis longus action

A
  • Abducts digit 1
  • extends digit 1
170
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis is a deep or superficial muscle?

A

Deep

171
Q

Origin of extensor pollicis brevis

A

Posterior aspect of ulna, radius and interosseous membrane

172
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis insertion

A

Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

173
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis innervation

A

Posterior interosseous branch (branch of radial)

174
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis action

A
  • Extends proximal phalanx at MCP joint
  • can extend 1st metacarpal at the carpometacarpal joint
  • forms the lateral boundary of the snuff box
175
Q

Extensor pollicis longus is deep or superficial?

A

Deep

176
Q

Origin of extensor pollicis longus

A

Posterior surface of middle 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane

177
Q

Insertion of extensor pollicis longus

A

Base of the distal phalanx of thumb

178
Q

Innervation of extensor pollicis longus

A

Posterior interosseous branch ( radial branch)

179
Q

Action of extensor pollicis longus

A
  • Extends distal phalanx at MCP (metacarpal phalangeal joint and PIP (proximal interphalangeal joint)
  • contributes to thumb abduction
  • forms medial boundary of the snuff box
180
Q

Extensor indicis is deep or superficial

A

Deep

181
Q

Origin of extensor indicis

A

Posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane

182
Q

Extensor indicis insertion

A

Extensor expansion of 2nd digit

183
Q

Extensor indicis innervation

A

Posterior interosseous branch (branch of radial)

184
Q

Extensor indicis action

A
  • Extends all the joints of the index finger
  • Assists in wrist extension
  • allows independent index finger action
185
Q

Identify all involved in the snuff box

A
186
Q

Supinator is a deep or superficial muscle?

A

Deep

187
Q

Origin of supinator

A
  • Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • supinator fossa and crest of ulna
188
Q

Insertion of supinator

A

Radius- lateral to radial tuberosity

189
Q

Innervation of supinator

A

Deep branch of radial nerve- it becomes post interosseous nerve when it comes out of supinator

190
Q

Supinator action

A
  • Rotates the radius to supinate the forearm and hand
  • supinates regardless of flexion/extension position
191
Q

The strongest supinator is?

A

Biceps is stronger than all of them

192
Q

These supinators all work together to supinate the arm

A

Supinator- pronator teres- pronator quadratus

193
Q

This muscle wraps around the radius as it is twisting.

A

Supinator

194
Q

The _______, _______ and ______ are equal in strength but because the strongest supinator is the ______ supination is much more powerful than pronation.

A
  • Supinator
  • pronator quadratus
  • pronator teres
  • Biceps
195
Q

Right/left handed person can drive the screw in better. Explain

A
  • Right handed
  • clockwise rotation using the right hand involves supination which employs the biceps which is most powerful
196
Q

Identify

A
197
Q

Identify

A
198
Q

Identify

A
199
Q

The main arteries of the FOREARM are the ______ and _____ arteries which are terminal branches of the _______ artery.

A
  • Radial
  • ulnar
  • brachial
200
Q

The brachial artery bifurcates at ________ of the (bone) in the inferior portion of the _______ (structure)

A
  • At the neck
  • radius
  • cubital fossa
201
Q

The _______ is a DIRECT CONTINUATION of the ______ artery and larger than the ______ branch

A
  • Ulnar artery
  • brachial artery
  • radial branch
202
Q

The brachial artery enters the cubital fossa _____ (direction) to the ______ nerve.

A
  • Lateral
  • median nerve
203
Q

The brachial artery enters the cubital fossa lateral to median nerve and beneath the ______ (structure) and anterior to the ______ (muscle)

A
  • Bicipital aponeurosis
  • biceps tendon
204
Q

The _____ artery is a continuation of the brachial artery. It travels over the _____ (muscle) and under _____ ( muscle)

A
  • Ulnar
  • supinator
  • brachioradialis
205
Q

The radial artery runs ______ (direction) over the _____ (muscle) and runs beneath the ______ (muscle)

A
  • Laterally
  • supinator
  • brachioradialis
206
Q

The __________ branch forms part of the peri-articular anastomotic system.

A

Radial recurrent

207
Q

The smaller terminal branch of the brachial artery is the ______

A

Radial artery

208
Q

The radial artery runs beneath and lateral to the ______ (muscle) medial to the ______ (muscle) tendon and on top of the _____, (muscle) distal to _______ (muscle) and ____ (muscle) goes around the lateral aspect of the ____ (bone) to pass through the anatomic _____. (Structure)

A
  • Brachioradialis
  • flexor carpi radialis tendon
  • supinator
  • pronator teres
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • radius
  • snuff box
209
Q

Regarding the radial artery: the radial recurrent branch arises from the ______ side of the _____ artery just distal to the bifurcation of the _____ artery, ascends between the _____ and ______ muscles to meet the ______ branch and the ______ artery.

A
  • Lateral side
  • radial artery
  • brachial artery
  • brachialis and brachioradialis muscles
  • radial collateral branch
  • profuna brachii artery
210
Q

So AS not to get them MIXED UP- the radial nerve is a _____ compartment structure and the radial artery is an ______ comparment structure.

A
  • Posterior compartment
  • anterior compartment
211
Q

The posterior interosseous artery which comes from the _______ supplies the _____ compartment in the forearm.

A
  • Common interoseous
  • posterior compartment
212
Q

The common interosseous trunk is a branch of the ________ artery

A

Ulnar artery

213
Q

The common interosseous trunk forms ?

A
  • Anterior interosseous artery
  • posterior interosseous artery
214
Q

The anterior interosseous passes anterior to the interosseous membrane between what two flexor muscles?

A
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • flexor pollicis longus
215
Q

Regarding the anterior interosseous arteries: when it reaches ______ (muscle) it pierces the membrane to enter the ______ compartment and joins the _______ of the hand.

A
  • Pronator quadratus
  • posterior compartment
  • dorsal carpal arch
216
Q

The posterior interosseous artery passes ______ (direction) to the interosseous membrane giving off the _______ artery then runs between the ______ and ______ extensor muscles.

A
  • Posterior
  • recurrent interosseous artery
  • deep and superficial extensor muscles
217
Q

Regarding the interosseous arteries: the recurrent interosseous artery passes ______ to the _______ joint to meet anastomose with the _______ branch of the ________ artery.

A
  • Superiorly
  • radioulnar joint
  • middle collateral branch
  • profunda brachii artery
218
Q

Regarding the collateral circulation around the elbow: superior ulnar collateral which comes from _______ meets with_______ which comes from _____

A
  • Brachial
  • Posterior ulnar recurrent
  • ulnar artery
219
Q

Regarding collateral circulation around elbow: the posterior ulnar recurrent comes from ______ and meets with _______ which comes from _____

A
  • Ulnar artery
  • Superior ulnar collateral
  • brachial artery
220
Q

Regarding the collateral circulation around the elbow: the inferior ulnar collateral which comes from ______meets with_______ which comes from _____

A
  • Brachial artery
  • Anterior ulnar recurrent
  • ulnar artery
221
Q

Regarding the collateral circulation around the elbow: the anterior ulnar recurrent which comes from ______meets with______ which comes from ______

A
  • Ulnar artery
  • Inferior ulnar collateral
  • brachial artery
222
Q

Regarding the collateral circulation around the elbow: middle collateral which comes from _______ artery which is a deep branch of the ______meets with ______ which comes from ________

A
  • Profundi brachi
  • brachial artery
  • Interosseous recurrent
  • posterior interosseous artery
223
Q

Regarding the collateral circulation around the elbow: the recurrent interosseous meets with which comes off of the ________ artery

A
  • Middle collateral
  • profundi brachi artery
224
Q

Regarding the collateral circulation around the elbow: the radial collateral which comes from ______ which is a deep branch of the ______meets with ______ which comes from _______

A
  • Profundi brachi
  • brachial artery
  • radial recurrent
  • radial artery
225
Q

Regarding the collateral circulation around the elbow: the radial recurrent which comes from _______ meets with _____ which comes from _____ which is a deep branch of the ______ artery.

A
  • The radial artery
  • radial collateral
  • profundi brachi
  • brachial artery
226
Q

What are the superficial veins?

A
  • Cephalic
  • basilic
  • median cubital
227
Q

The superficial veins do/do not run with arteries of the same name?

A

DO NOT

228
Q

Deep veins do/do not run with arteries of the same name?

A

DO

229
Q

These nerves are sensory nerves of the forearm?

A
  • Medial antebrachial cutaneous
  • lateral cutaneous
  • posterior cutaneous
230
Q

These sensory nerves of the forearm are branches off the _____ of the brachial plexus and provide sensory innervation to the forearm.

A

Cords

231
Q

Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve comes from the _____ cord- pierces the ____ fascia to run with the ____ vein and runs subcutaneously on the ______ (side) to the wrist.

A
  • Medial cord
  • brachial fascia
  • Basilic vein
  • medial forearm
232
Q

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm is a distal extension of the _______ branch. Emerges _____ to the biceps on the _____ (muscle) and initially runs with the _____ vein and descends on the ______ forearm to the wrist.

A
  • Musculocutaneous branch
  • lateral
  • brachioradialis
  • cephalic vein
  • lateral
233
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm branches off the _____ nerve and descends in the _____ canal, perforates the _____ to run subcutaneously on the _____ side of the arm to the forearm and wrist.

A
  • Radial nerve
  • radial canal
  • lateral head of the triceps
  • lateral side
234
Q

Identify #1 and #2

A
  1. Musculocutaneous
  2. radial nerve- deep and superficial
235
Q

Identify #3 and #4

A

3- median

4- recurrent motor to thenar

236
Q

Identify 5 and 6

A

5- palmar digital

6- superficial branch of ulnar

237
Q

Identify 7, 8 and 9

A

7- median nerve

8- ulnar nerve

9- radial nerve

238
Q

Identify 1, 2 and 7

A

1- lateral cutaneous nerve- musculocutaneous

2- cephalic vein

7- anterior and posterior branches of the medial cutaneous nerve

239
Q

The median nerve comes from roots?

A
  • C6
  • c7
  • c8 and
  • t1
240
Q

The median nerve enters the cubital fossa medial to the ________ artery, exits between the heads of _______, descends between _______ and _______ beneath the ______ tendon and _______ to the carpal tunnel.

A
  • Brachial artery
  • pronator teres
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • flexor digitorum profundis
  • palmaris longus tendon
  • flexor retinaculum
241
Q

The median nerve sends branches to _______, ________, _________ and ______.

A
  • Pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
242
Q

The median nerve supplies the ______, _____ and ______ flexors except 1/2 ______ which is innervated by AIN (ulnar)

A
  • Superficial
  • intermediate
  • deep flexors
  • flexor digitorum profundus
243
Q

What are the branches of the median nerve?

A
  • Anterior interosseous nerve
  • median nerve
  • palmar cutaneous
244
Q

The median nerve gives off the AIN in the distal part of the ______. It emerges from beneath the _____ and runs on the __________ membrane with the ______ artery between ______ and _____ and then innervated the _____.

A
  • Cubital fossa
  • pronator teres
  • anterior interosseous membrane
  • anterior interosseous artery
  • flexor digitorum profundus
  • flexor pollicus longus
  • pronator quadratus
245
Q

The median nerve enters the ________ radial to the _______ tendons abutting the _________.

A
  • Carpal tunnerl
  • flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
  • transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum)
246
Q

The palmar cutaneous branch emerges at the ______ forearm close to the ______- it crosses the retinaculum to the skin of the _____.

A
  • Mid-distal forearm
  • flexor retinaculum
  • central palm
247
Q

The median nerve supplies?

A
  • Pronator teres
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
248
Q

The AIN which is a branch of the median nerve supplies?

A
  • Flexor pollicus longus
  • 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus (digits 2 and 3)
  • pronator quadratus
249
Q

Pronator teres innervated by?

A

Median nerve

250
Q

Flexor carpi radialis innervated by?

A

Median nerve

251
Q

Palmaris longus innervated by?

A

Median nerve

252
Q

Flexore digitorum superficialis innervated by?

A

Median nerve

253
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus is innervated by ? Down to digits ?

A
  • AIN branch of the median nerve
  • digits 2 and 3
254
Q

Flexor pollicisis longus is innervated by?

A

AIN branch of median nerve

255
Q

Pronator quadratus is innervated by?

A

AIN branch of median nerve

256
Q

The thenar muscles are innervated by?

A

Recurrent branch of median nerve

257
Q

Lumbricals 1 (finger 2) and lumbricals 2 (finger 3) are innervated by?

A

Recurrent branch to the thenar muscles- branch of the median nerve

258
Q

The ulnar nerve enters the forearm between these two heads ______ and ______ of the ______ which originates from the ______ epicondyle.

A
  • Humeral and ulnar heads
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • medial epicondyle
259
Q

The ulnar nerve descends between ____ and _____ and becomes superficial in the distal forearm with the ______ artery.

A
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • flexor digitorum profundus
  • ulnar artery
260
Q

The ulnar nerve proceeds on the surface of the ______ ligament lateral to the _____ and medial to the ______ in _____ canal then splits into a ____ and _____ branch.

A
  • Transverse carpal ligament
  • pisiform
  • hook of hamate
  • guyons canal
  • deep and superficial branch
261
Q

The ulnar supplies ____ in the forearm to the _____ (muscle) and ulnar innervates 1/2 of the _______ which supplies digits ________. It supplies the _____ muscles of the hand.

A
  • Motor
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus
  • digits 4 and 5
  • intrinsic muscles
262
Q

Ulnar nerve supplies the _____ muscles and superficial _____.

A
  • Deep muscles
  • superficial sensation
263
Q

Branches of the ulnar nerve include?

A
  • Dorsal cutaneous
  • palmar cutaneous
  • communicating branches between the ulnar and median
264
Q

The dorsal cutaneous branch forms in the _____ of the forearm between the ____ and the _____, enters the subcutaneous tissue on the _____ of the hand medial to the axis of the ____ digit.

A
  • Distal 1/2 of the forearm
  • ulna
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Dorsum of the hand
  • 4th digit
265
Q

The palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve forms in the ______ anterior to the ____ artery and perforates the deep fascia in the distal forearm to enter the ______ tissue medial to the _____ digit.

A
  • Mid-forearm
  • ulnar artery
  • Subcutaneous palmer
  • 4th digit
266
Q

Regarding the ulnar nerve- there are _______ branches between the ____ and ____ nerves as they pass through the forearm.

A
  • Communicating branches
  • ulnar and median
267
Q

Forearm muscles innervated by ulnar nerve include?

A
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • flexor digitorum profundus- digits 3 and 4
268
Q

Palm muscles innervated by ulnar nerve.

A
  • Hypothenar muscles
  • adductor pollicis muscles
  • flexor pollicis brevis
269
Q

Muscles in the fingers that are innervated by the ulnar nerve include?

A
  • Palmar interosseous
  • dorsal interosseous
  • 3 and 4 lumbricals
270
Q

Digiti minimi muscles that are innervated by ulnar nerve.

A
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • opponens digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi
271
Q

The radial nerve enters the cubital fossa between the _______ and the ____ muscles, anterior to the ______ epicondyle it divides into the ____ and ____ branches.

A
  • Brachioradialis
  • brachialis muscle
  • lateral epicondyle
  • deep and superficial branches
272
Q

The superficial branches of the radial nerve are _____ and start in the cubital fossa and runs between the _____ and ______ . It branches over the _____ to supply the skin on the dorsum of the hand to the middle of the 4th finger.

A
  • Sensory
  • Pronator teres
  • brachioradialis
  • snuff box
273
Q

The deep branch of the radial nerve wraps around the ______ (bone) neck to pierce and supply the _____ (muscle). When exiting the _____ its name changes to ____ and runs with the posterior interosseous artery between deep and superficial extensors.

A
  • Radial neck
  • supinator
  • supinator distal
  • PIN- posterior interossesous nerve
274
Q

The deep branch of the radial nerve pierces the ______ and exits at the ____ border where it changes its name to _____.

A
  • Supinator
  • distal
  • PIN
275
Q

PIN a branch of the ______ nerve gives motor supply to the _____, _____ and _____ .

A
  • Radial nerve
  • brachiradialis
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
276
Q

Explain PIN palsy

A

PIN becomes compressed where is passes through the supinator muscles in the proximal forearm. This effects finger extension and wrist estension. Patients have pain and tenderness in the proximal forearm during activity. NUMBNESS SHOULD NOT BE PRESENT!!!

277
Q

This grip of the hand involves long flexor muscles acting at the interphalangeal joint, the intrisic muscles of the palm acting at the MC joints and the extensors of the wrist acting at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints.

A

The power grip

278
Q

This grip of the hand consumes less energy involving the use of just the long finger flexors.

A

The hook grip

279
Q

This grip of the hand involves:

  • change in the position of the handled object and requires fine control of the thumb and fingers.
  • The wrist and fingers are held firmly by long flexors and extensors while intrinsic muscles perform fine movements of the digits. (Writing)
A

The precision handling grip

280
Q

This position of the hand is automatically assumed by an “inactive” hand.

A

The position of rest

281
Q

The fascia of the palm is continuous with the _____ fascia and the _____ fascia of the hand.

A
  • Antebrachial fascia
  • dorsal fascia
282
Q

The fascia of the hand is thin over the ____ and _____ eminences but thick _____ which is called _______ and also thick in the fingers where it forms the ______.

A
  • Thenar eminence
  • hypothenar eminence
  • thick centrally
  • palmar aponeurosis
  • digital sheath
283
Q

This structure is a strong well defined deep fascial structure of the hand

A

Palmar aponeurosis

284
Q

The palmar aponeurosis does what?

A
  • Covers the soft tissue of the palm
  • overlies long flexor tendons
  • continuous with the flexor retinaculum and palmaris longus tendon
285
Q

This structure of the hand form 4 longitudinal bands as it radioates distally to the bases of the proximal phalanges and is continuous with the digital sheaths.

A

Palmar aponeurosis

286
Q

Regarding the hand: this structure is a ligmentous tube that encloses synovial sheaths of both the deep and superficial flexor tendons and the flexor pollicis longus tendon.

A

Fibrous digital sheaths

287
Q

Regarding the hand: the ____ are composed of five _____ and four _____ parts.

A
  • Sheaths
  • five annular
  • four cruciform
288
Q

What structures form the mechanically complex structures of the hand?

A

Insertions of the forearm and intrinsic hand muscle tendons

289
Q

Is this flexor or extensor?

A

Flexor

290
Q

Is this extensor or flexor?

A

Extensor

291
Q

Regarding the hand: this tough septum extends from the medial border of the palmar aponeurosis to the 5th metacarpal.

A

Medial fibrous septum

292
Q

Medial to the medial fibrous septum is what compartment of the hand?

A

Hypothenar compartment

293
Q

The hypothenar compartment contain what kind of muscles?

A

Hypothenar muscles

294
Q

The lateral fibrous septum extends from the _____ border of the _____ to the ____ metacarpal.

A
  • Lateral border
  • aponeurosis
  • 3rd metacarpal
295
Q

Lateral to the lateral fibrous septum is what compartment of the hand?

A

Thenar compartment

296
Q

This compartment exists between the medial and lateral compartments and contains the flexor tendons and their sheaths, the lumbricals, the superficial palmar arterial arch and digital arteries and nerves.

A

Central compartment

297
Q

This compartment of the hand exists between the medial and lateral comparment.

A

The central compartment

298
Q

The central compartment contains the ______ tendons and their _____ , the _______ (muscles) and the _______ (arteries) and ______ (arteries- nerves)

A
  • Flexor tendons
  • sheaths
  • lumbricals
  • superficial palmar arterial arch
  • digital arteries and nerves
299
Q

This compartment of the hand is located deep to the thenar space superficial to the interosseous muscles, it contains the adductor pollicis.

A

Adductor compartment

300
Q

The adductor compartment is located deep to the _____ space and superficial to the _____ muscles, it also contains the ______ (muscle)

A
  • Thenar space
  • interosseous muscles
  • adductor pollicis
301
Q

This compartment of the hand contains interosseous muscles.

A

Interosseous compartment

302
Q

What seperates the thenar and midpalmar space?

A

Seperated by the septa from the edges of the palmar aponeurosis to the metacarpals.

303
Q

The midpalmar space is continuous with the ______ compartment of the forearm via the _______. They function as a _____.

A
  • Anterior compartment
  • carpal tunnel
  • bursa
304
Q

Dupuytrens fasciitis and contracture includes-

A
  • Disease of palmar fascia
  • progressive thickening and contraction of fibrous bands
  • fasciitis-inflammation of the fascia
  • thickensj up to 0.5 cm and shrinks which produces the tightness
  • 4th and 5th digits
  • middle ages person- sometimes in the 20’s
  • runs in families
  • 7X more likely in men
  • associated with diabetes- alcholism- cirrhosis
  • associated with epilipsy- anticonvulsant drugs
  • cause is unknown
305
Q

Identify the colored circled

A

Thenar eminence

306
Q
A
307
Q

What are the thenar muscles?

A
  • Abductor pollicis brevis
  • flexor pollicis brevis
  • opponens pollicis
308
Q

Origin- insertion- innervation and action of abductor pollicis brevis

A

Origin- scaphoid bone- trapezium

insertion- base of proximal phalanx, digit 1- lateral side

innervation- recurrent branch of median nerve

action- abducts thumb at carpal metacarpal and metcarpal phalange joints

309
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, action of flexor pollicis brevis

A

Origin- superficial head from flexor retinaculum and trapezium/ deep head from the floor of the carpal tunnel- over traezoid and capitate

insertion- base of proximal phalanx, digit 1 - lateral side

innervation- recurrent branch of median nerve- superficial head/ deep branch of ulnar- deep head

action- flexes digit 1 at MCP joint

310
Q

Origin- insertion- innervation and action of opponens pollicis

A

Origin- trapezium

insertion- lateral side of 1st metacarpal

innervation- recurrent branch of median nerve

action- opposes digit 1- pulls and rotates (medial rotation) 1st metacarpal across the palm

311
Q

List the hypothenar eminence muscles-

A
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi
  • opponens digiti minimi
312
Q

Origin- insertion- innervation- action of abductor digiti minimi

A
  • Origin- pisiform bone
  • insertion- proximal phalanx of digit 5- medial side
  • innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve
  • action- abduct digit 5
313
Q

Origin- insertion- innervation- action - flexor digiti minimi

A
  • Origin- hook of hamate
  • insertion- proximal phalanx of digit 5 - medial side
  • innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve
  • action- flexes digit 5 at MCP
314
Q

This flexor is not normally found in humans- it is a rare anatomical variation.

A

Flexor digiti minimi longus

315
Q

Origin- insertion- innervation - action of opponens digiti minimi

A
  • Origin- hook of hamate
  • insertion- body of 5th metacarpal- palmar surface
  • innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve
  • action- opposes digit 5- abducts, flexes and laterally rotates the 5th metacarpal, cupping the hand.
316
Q

Lumbrical 1 and 2 are ______ (shape) - lumbrical 1 attaches to finger ____ and lumbrical 2 attaches to finger _____.

A
  • Unipennate
  • finger 2
  • finger 3
317
Q

Lumbricals 3 and 4 are _____ (shape) lumbrical 3 is attached to finger ____ and lumbrical 4 is attached to finger ____

A
  • Bipennate
  • finger 4
  • finger 5
318
Q

The main radioulnar ligament is the ______ it serves to transmit forces.

A

Interosseous membrane

319
Q

The interosseous membrane transmit force from the ____ through the _____ to the _____ then to the ____.

A
  • Hand
  • radius
  • ulna
  • humerus
320
Q

Lumbricals 1 and 2- origin- insertion- innervatin- action

A
  • Origin- lateral two tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
  • insertion- attach to the lateral sides of the extensor expansion of digits 2 and 3
  • innervation- lateral two (digits 2 and 3) - median nerve (which comes through the carpal tunnel
  • action- flexes MCP joints- extends the IP joints
321
Q

Lumbricals 3 and 4 origin- insertion- innervation- action

A
  • Origin- medial three tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
  • insertion- attach to the lateral sides of the extensor expansion of digits 4 and 5
  • innervation- medial two (digits 4 and 5) - deep branch of ulnar nerve
  • action- flexes MCP joints/ extends the IP joints
322
Q

Origin- insertion- innervation- action adductor pollicis

A
  • Origin- oblique head- metacarpal 2 and 3 and capitate/ transverse head- metacarpal 3
  • insertion- sesamoid bone on medial side of MCP/ proximal phalanx of digit 1
  • innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve
  • action- adduct digit 1
323
Q

The only thenar muscle innervated completely by the ulnar nerve is?

A

Adductor pollicis

324
Q

Origin- insertion- innervation- action - dorsal interosseous

A
  • Origin- adjacent two metacarpals/ all four are bipennate
  • insertion- proximal phalanx/ extensor expansion
  • innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve
  • action- abducts digits away from digit 3
325
Q

These muscles fill the space between the metacarpal bones- they are also monitored indicators of muscle wasting due to ulnar nerve damage

A

Dorsal interosseous

326
Q

The 1st and 5th digits lack these because they have their own abductors.

A

Dorsal interosseous muscles

327
Q

Origin- insertion- innervation- action of palmar interosseous

A
  • Origin- arise from palmar surface of metacarpals 2, 4 and 5/ all three are unipennate
  • insertion- extensor expansion at bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2,4 and 5
  • innervation- deep branch of ulnar nerve
  • action- adducts digits towards digit 3
328
Q

The ______ is the inerosseous of the 1st metacarpal

A

Flexor pollicis brevis

329
Q

Other names for extensor expansions are?

A
  • Dorsal expansion
  • dorsal hood
330
Q

The aponeuroses of extensor muscles span the ____ and _____ phalanges

A

Proximal and middle phalanges

331
Q

At the distal end of the metacarpal the extensor tendon will expand to form a ____ which covers the back and sides of the head of the MC and Proximal phalanx.

A

Hood

332
Q

What structures insert on these bands (extensor expansions) ?

A
  • Lumbricals,
  • extensor indicis
  • dorsal interossei
  • palmer interossei
333
Q

The ___ and ___ nerves supply all the muscles of the hand

A

Median and ulnar

334
Q

The radial nerve supplies _____ but does have a _____ distribution in the hand.

A
  • No muscles in the hand
  • sensory distrubution
335
Q

What goes through the carpal tunnel?

A
  • Median nerve
  • 9 tendons- flexor digitorum superficialis/ flexor digitorum profundus/ flexor pollicis longus
336
Q

Where is the carpal tunnel located?

A
  • Deep to the flexor retinaculum- between the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezoid bones and the pisiform and hamate hook.
337
Q

Regarding the median nerve: recurrent motor branches branch off to supply the _____ muscles in the hand.

A

Thenar muscles

338
Q

Regarding median nerve in the hand: direct branches of the median nerve supply the _____ of digits ____ and ____

A

Lumbricals of digit 2 and 3

339
Q

The palmar cutaneous branch separates prior to the _____ and passes over the flexor _____ to supply the midpalmar surface.

A
  • Carpal tunnel
  • flexor retinaculum
340
Q

Regarding the median nerve: the sensory branches supply the _____ of digits ____ and lateral half of the ____ and the dorsum of the distal half of digits ____.

A
  • Palmar surfaces
  • digits 1-3
  • 4th
  • digits 1-4
341
Q

The ulnar nerve runs beneath the ______ and enters the wrist through the ______ canal.

A
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • ulnar canal
342
Q

Regarding the ulnar nerve of the hand: it is bound to the anterior surface of the _____ and passes lateral to the ____ (bone) and medial to the _____ (bone)

A
  • Flexor retinaculum
  • pisiform
  • hook of hamate
343
Q

Regarding ulnar nerve: the dorsal cutaneous supplies the medial half of the dorsum of the hand and the _____ finger and medial half of the _____ digit.

A
  • 5th finger
  • 4th digit
344
Q

Regarding the ulnar nerve in the hand: the dorsal cutaneous branch supplies the _____ half of the dorsum of the hand and all of the _____ finger and the medial half of the _____ digit.

A
  • Medial half
  • entire 5th finger
  • 4th digit
345
Q

Regarding the ulnar nerve in the hand: the palmar cutaineous branch supplies the ______ eminance.

A

Hypothenar

346
Q

Regarding the ulnar nerve of the hand: the superficial branch supplies the anterior surface of the ______ digits.

A

4th and 5th digits

347
Q

The deep branch of the ulnar in the hand supplies the _____ muscles, the _____ and the _____ of the 4th and 5th digits along with the ______, and deep head of ______ this also supplies the local joints.

A
  • Hypothenar
  • interosseous
  • lumbricals of the 4th and 5th digits
  • adductor pollicis
  • flexor pollicis brevis
348
Q

This nerve in the hand is the nerve of fine finger movement.

A

Ulnar nerve

349
Q

Identify which nerve supplies the area

A
350
Q

Regarding the radial nerve of the hand: the superficial branch pierces the fascia and supplies the skin over the _________ of the hand, the ______ and the proximal lateral 1.5 digits.

A
  • Lateral 2/3rd of the dorsum
  • Thumb
351
Q

Identify the dermatomes

A
352
Q

What is the primary and intial complaint of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Parasthesias- compression of snesory and mixed peripheral nerves

353
Q

What time of the day is CTS the worse? And what is it relieved by?

A
  • It is worse in the evening and movement helps relieve
354
Q

What happens to your grip when you have CTS?

A

It is decreased- so dropping things is common

355
Q

What muscle compartment in the hand is visible when you have CTS?

A

Thenar wasting indication of chronic compression

356
Q

What diseases or conditions is CTS associated with?

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • osterarthritis
  • diabetes
  • wrist trauma
  • pregnancy
  • hypothroidism
  • acromegaly
  • tumors- lipoma, ganglinon cyst, synovial cyst
    *
357
Q

What “relationship” is suggested but not proven when it relates to CTS?

A

Relationship to repetitive motion.

358
Q

Describe symptoms of CTS- immediate and future symptoms include?

A
  • Irritative- inflammation- pain paresthesias (immediate)
  • numbness/ anesthesia/ weakness/ atrophy (ablative symptoms)
359
Q

The symptoms of CTS or the result of compression of the _____ nerve as it passes through the _____ and ______ tunnel. It effects the LOAF muscles- which are?

A
  • Median
  • wrist
  • carpal tunnel
  • the loaf muscles are: lumbricals- opponens pollicis- abductor pollicis brevis- flexor pollicis brevis
360
Q

Lumbircals _____ and ____ are affected _____ in the course of CTS

A
  • 1 and 2
  • very late
361
Q

Opponens pollicis is affected ______ in cTS

A
  • Very late
362
Q

Abductor pollicis brevis loss results in _____ and ____ causing thinning of the lateral thenar bulk- (in CTS)

A
  • Weakness and atrophy
363
Q

Flexor pollicis brevis is dually innervated by both the ____ and ____ nerves. Therfore compression of only the ____ nerve does not cause symptoms due to the _____ contribution.

A
  • Median and ulnar
  • median
  • ulnar
364
Q

What is guyons canal syndrome?

A

Syndrome is caused by entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the guyon canal as it passes through the wrist.

365
Q

Regarding gyons canal syndrome GCS: lesions in zone 1 cause?

A

Both motor and sensory symptoms

366
Q

Regarding GCS: lesions in zone 2 cause ?

A

Motor deficits

367
Q

Regarding GCS lesions in zone 3 create ?

A

Sensory deficits

368
Q

Regarding handlbar palsy- drop down handlebar held in lower position can cause compression with which nerve?

A

Ulnar nerve compression

369
Q

Regarding handlebar palsy: drop down handlbar held in upper position is compression on ? Nerve?

A

Median nerve compression

370
Q

Where can compressin of the upper extremity vasculature guarnatee diminshed blood flow to the hand?

A

Brachail artery in cubital fossa

371
Q

Primary raynauds

A

Symptoms occur only by themselves not by other disease- hereditary- or allergic to the cold

372
Q

Secondary raynauds

A

Secondary to other diseases that maybe cause it-

373
Q

Joints of the pectoral girdle are?

A
  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • acromiioclavicular joint
  • glenohumeral joint
374
Q

Sternoclavicular joint is what type of joint? What are the ligaments that are included?

A
  • It is a synovial joint
  • interclavicular ligament
  • costoclavicular ligaments
375
Q

Costoclavicular ligaments anchor the proximal clavicle to?

A

The 1st rib costal cartilage

376
Q

Sternoclavicular joint abducts at _____ degrees and move in AP range at ____ degress.

A
  • 60 degrees
  • 30 degrees
377
Q

Sternoclavicular joint innervated by?

A

Nerve to subclavius

378
Q

What type of joint is acromioclavicular joint?

A

Plane type of synovial joint

379
Q

This ligament strengthens the superior joint capsule and connects bony ends in the acromioclavicular joint

A

Acromioclavicular ligament

380
Q

Coracoclavicular ligament runs from the _____ to the _____ and consists of two parts: the _____ and ____ ligaments.

A
  • Coracoid process
  • clavicle
  • trapezoid ligament- conoid ligament- verticle and horizontal fibers
381
Q

This ligament prevents the ACROMION from being driven beneath the clavicle

A

Coracoclavicular ligament

382
Q

This ligament serves to suspend upper extremity from the clavicle

A

Coracoclavicular ligament

383
Q

Coracoclavicular ligament is considered an _______ which provide the most strength to the joint.

A

Extrinsic ligament- not attached to the joint

384
Q

This ligament anchors the acromion to the coracoid process.

A

Coracoacromial ligaments

385
Q

The coraacromial ligaments are innervated by?

A
  • Lateral cutaneous branch of the suprclavicular nerve,
  • axillary
  • lateral pectoral nerve
386
Q

What type of joint is glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket- synovial joint

387
Q

This joint is the most mobil and unstable joint in the body

A

Glenohumeral joint

388
Q

The glenohumeral joint has a fibrocarilaginous cavity called the ______. The joint surface is lined by ______ and 1/2 of the head is accommodated by the ______

A
  • Glenoid labrum
  • hylane cartilage
  • glenoid fossa
389
Q

The ligaments associated with the glenohumeral joint are?

A
  • Glenohumeral
  • coracohumeral
  • transverse humeral
  • coracoacromial
390
Q

The glenohumeral has _____ and stregthen ____ joint

A

3 bands- anterior joint

391
Q

Coracohumeral ligament is located?

A

Across the top of the glenohumeral joint

392
Q

The transverse humeral covers the ______ groove and keeps the _____ in the _____.

A

Intertubercular groove- head- groove

393
Q

______ contraction or intrinsic tone of the _______ muscles help to keep the ______head in the fossa.

A
  • Tonic contraction
  • rotator cuff
  • glenoid head
394
Q

These ligaments are formed by the folds of fibrous bands radiating from the labrum inferiorly and laterally- they strengthen the anterior capsule

A

Glenohumeral ligaments

395
Q

This ligament runs from the base of the coracoid process to the anterior aspect of the greater tubercle it strengthens the capsule superioly

A

Coracohumeral ligament

396
Q

This ligament runs from the greater to the lesser tubercle and creates a canal for the long head of the biceps

A

Transverse humeral ligament

397
Q

The acromion and coracoacromial ligament and coracoid process form the?

A

Coracoacromial arch

398
Q

This construct is so strong that the humerus or clavicle fractures before this structure fails.

A

Coracoacromial arch

Extremities (7 decks)

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