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Human Factors Psychologist > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does an HTA involve?

A

breaking down task into hierarchy of goals, operations, and plans (hierarchical task analysis)

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2
Q

Define HTA goal

A

the unobservable task goals associated with the task in question

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3
Q

Define HTA operations

A

observable behaviors or activities

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4
Q

Define HTA plan

A

unobservable decisions and planning

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5
Q

What are the 4 steps of creating an HTA

A
  1. Determine overall goal ex. boil kettle
  2. Sub-goals - break it down
  3. sub-goal decomposition - further sub-goals and operations
  4. Plans analysis - how the goals are achieved
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6
Q

What are operations?

A

Actions made by the operator

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7
Q

What are some advantages of using HTA?

A 
starting point
easy
quick
used extensively
can depict everything that needs to be done
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8
Q

What are some disadvantages of using HTA?

A

little info can be used directly for design solutions
doesn’t cater to cognitive components of task
Time consuming
Analysts need to be well trained
No ideal software

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9
Q

What is a CTA?

A

Cognitive task analysis
Breaks down into steps of cognitive abilities required during each step
Perceptual and/or motor abilities as well

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10
Q

How is information collected during a CTA?

A

in-depth interviews

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11
Q

What are some advantages to CTA?

A

deals with cognitive aspect HTA doesn’t take care of

aids experts in articulating knowledge that is difficult to verbalize

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12
Q

What are two requirements of CTA?

A
  1. understanding of cognition

2. expert-level understanding of task (think-aloud protocol helpful)

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13
Q

What is the purpose of a secondary task?

A

Provide a profile of the resources used during the primary task
ex. reaction time, mental arithmetic

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14
Q

What is a downside to a secondary task and how can you avoid it?

A

artificiality - lack of external validity
ex. mental arithmetic while driving
Can use embedded secondary task - natural
ex. listening to the radio while driving a car

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15
Q

What is another method of gathering data other than behavior?

A

psychophysiological measures

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16
Q

What is a benefit of psychophysiological measures?

A

can provide online measurement, doesn’t require secondary task

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17
Q

What is a negative of psychophysiological measures?

A

equipment may interfere with primary task

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18
Q

What are the three psychophysiological measures used?

A

pupilometry - larger the pupil, greater the workload
heart rate - increased hr=increased mental workload
Brain activity - fMRI; may interrupt performance, expensive

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19
Q

What evaluates workload by obtaining users’ judgments about their tasks?

A

subjective assessment techniques - ask users to rate overall mental workload

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20
Q

What are the limitations of subjective workload measures?

A
  1. may not be sensitive to aspects of task environment - best to couple with primary task measure
  2. user may confuse difficulty with effort
  3. Many factors unconscious
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21
Q

What are the two types of subjective workload measures?

A
  1. NASA task load index

2. workload profile

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22
Q

What is the NASA task load index?

A

6 scales for users to rate workload (mean)

  1. mental demand
  2. physical demand
  3. temporal demand
  4. performance
  5. effort
  6. frustration level
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23
Q

What are the advantages of using NASA TLX

A

quick to use

easy to understand

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24
Q

What are disadvantages of using NASA TLX

A

doesn’t map very closely to existing models of how we process things

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25
Q

What is the workload profile?

A

based on Wickens’ multiple resource theory
several distinct cognitive subsystems
each subsystem has limited resources

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26
Q

What dimensions does the workload profile examine?

A 
input modality (visual/auditory)
processing code (spatial or verbal)
processing stage (encoding and central processing or responding)
output modality (manual output or speech)
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27
Q

What are advantages of workload profile?

A

based on sound theory (multiple resource theory)

Gives specifics about dimensions

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28
Q

What are the two main issues with subjective measurement and their interpretation?

A
  1. sensitive to only the range of conditions - only have info of the tasks they’ve done so far, not as accurate ratings as an expert
  2. subjective estimates
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29
Q

What is the difference between empirical techniques and analytical techniques?

A

do not require a user to interact with system

30
Q

What are the 5 categories of analytical techniques?

A
  1. comparison
  2. expert opinion
  3. mathematical models
  4. task analysis
  5. simulation models
31
Q

What is the comparison technique?

A

uses data from a predecessor system to estimate workload of a new system
often data does not exist from predecessor

32
Q

What is the expert opinion?

A

designers of the system asked to predict workload

33
Q

What is a mathematical model?

A

Using algorithms and mathematical models to predict the workload

34
Q

what is a task analysis?

A

decomposes overall system goal into segments

35
Q

What is a simulation model?

A

computerized version of reality

36
Q

What are the three types of warning signals?

A

Advisory
caution
warning

37
Q

What is an advisory?

A

draw attention, may or may not have to act

38
Q

What is a caution?

A

immediate attention, relatively rapid response

39
Q

What is a warning?

A

immediate attention, immediate action

40
Q

How can you design a display to maximize detectability?

A

near to line of sight, large and bright
flashing stimuli
use standards (ex. red for emergency)

41
Q

When are warning signals most effective?

A 
you know consequences if it's ignored
wide, colorful borders
short, to the point
salient and relevant to user's goals
near the hazard
42
Q

When are warning signals least effective?

A

users familiar with object warning is attached to

users do not perceive risk (don’t recognize unsafe actions, objects)

43
Q

What are auditory displays best for?

A

simple information ex. warning signal

44
Q

What is an auditory icon?

A

use everyday sound with stereotypical meanings

ex. police car siren -> antivirus warning sound

45
Q

What is an earcon?

A

brief, recognizable sequences of tones to provide info (no meaning)
ex. receiving a text

46
Q

What is required of a warning?

A

must be detectable within normal conditions (masking, should be above threshold)
info easily communicated (limit # of alarms)

47
Q

What is a 3D display?

A

using auditory localization cues; provide spatial info by directing attention without requiring visual change
ex. surround sound

48
Q

What is a dichotic display?

A

each ear receives different auditory info; good lateral localization, headphones can be used

49
Q

What is a speech display good for?

A

transmit more complicated info

50
Q

What are requirements of a speech display?

A

intelligible voice, gramatically correct
Better when paired with visual - even if both are unintelligible on their own, combining can make more intelligible (ex lip reading)

51
Q

What are problems with speech display?

A

potential for masking

synthesized speech takes more effort to understand than natural speech

52
Q

What are tactile/haptic displays?

A

rely on touch, good when other senses are overwhelmed, spatial info

53
Q

What is tactile?

A

touch, useful in dark
powered - active (Braille)
or unpowered - passive

54
Q

What is haptic?

A

apply force, vibration, or motion to the user
alerting signals
ex. vibrating car seat

55
Q

What are the four rules of writing questions?

A
  1. be brief - ask one thing at a time
  2. be objective - word neutrality
  3. be simple - simple words and phrases
  4. be specific - precise
56
Q

What is social desirability bias?

A

respondents give answers to make them look better to others

make surveys anonymous

57
Q

What are the pros and cons of open-ended questions

A

good for recall, opinions, comments

bas for when people don’t know how to express their opinions, require more effort, analyzing responses can be difficult

58
Q

What are the types of close-ended questions?

A

dichotomous: two categories (y/n)
multichotomous: multiple categories (very likely-very unlikely

59
Q

What is the Likert scale?

A

rate level of agreement, can be positive or negative

60
Q

What is a semantic differential scale?

A

involves opposite responses (weak to strong on a scale)

61
Q

What is a prototype?

A

model of a new project (limited representation) , can be used in realistic settings through simulating scenarios, not designed to replicate full functionality, helps decide between alternative designs

62
Q

What purposes to prototypes serve?

A

test technical feasibility
clarify requirements - environment
user testing and evaulation

63
Q

What is a low fidelity prototype?

A

Doesn’t look like the final product

simple, cheap, quick to produce

64
Q

What are the advantages to low fidelity prototypes?

A

easy and fast to modify

65
Q

What is storyboarding?

A

type of low fidelity prototpye
sketch of how users might progress through a task
get feedback
prompt design team to consider scenario in more detail - gives you a better idea of how users interact at all stages
“sketch-like” art can help remind people they’re working with an early prototype

66
Q

What is a high fidelity prototype?

A

looks more like finished product
may use software tools
useful for selling ideas to people, testing technical issues

67
Q

What are some negatives of low fidelity prototypes?

A

device doesn’t work

could design something that isn’t feasible

68
Q

What are downsides of high fidelity prototypes?

A

takes longer to build
comments on superficial aspects rather than content
developers reluctant to change

69
Q

What are two compromises that must be traded against each other for prototypes?

A

breadth of functionality v depth of functionality

70
Q

What is horizontal prototyping?

A

providing a wide range of functions but with little detail

71
Q

What is vertical prototyping?

A

providing a lot of detail for only a few functions

Human Factors Psychologist (3 decks)

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