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Human Factors Psychologist > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are human factors?

A

characteristics of users that affects how they use a system

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2
Q

What are some goals of HF?

A

eliminate human error, make things easier to use, improve productivity, safety, and user satisfaction

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3
Q

what are affordances?

A

relationship b/w user’s capabilities and physical properties of object - determines how the object is used
ex. teapot - handle, top

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4
Q

What is the human-machine system? (6)

A
  1. perception
  2. cognition
  3. action
  4. controls
  5. operation
  6. displays
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5
Q

What are the foundations of science? (4)

A

empiricism, observation, self-correcting over time, scientific method

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6
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

logical approach to obtaining answers to questions

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7
Q

What are the 3 goals of science?

A
  1. Describe
  2. Predict
  3. Explain/understand
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8
Q

What is a theory?

A

best explanation with compelling evidence for something that can’t be proven

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9
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

describes abstract concepts in concrete terms

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10
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency of measurements

Ex. test-retest reliability

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11
Q

What are the two types of reliability?

A

True effects (IQ test), random error (didn’t drink coffee that morning)

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12
Q

What is validity?

A

degree to which it represents what it’s supposed to

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13
Q

What is construct validity?

A

Is the measurement relevant? ex. diabetes self-care and # veggies eaten

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14
Q

What is internal validity?

A

can you draw a conclusion?

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15
Q

What is external validity?

A

can the results be generalized?

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16
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

do observed behaviors reflect actual behaviors in a natural setting?

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17
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

want to examine a situation that can’t be replicated

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18
Q

What is experimental research?

A

test a hypothesis that makes a causal statement about relation among variables
must have manipulation and random assignment

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19
Q

What is knowledge in the world?

A

Maps, labels, signs, etc.

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20
Q

What is knowledge in the head?

A

affordances

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21
Q

What is a gulf of execution?

A

gap b/w goal of user and means to execute that goal

ex. elderly can’t figure out how to print from iPad

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22
Q

What is a gulf of evaluation?

A

not adequate feedback

ex. generic error message

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23
Q

What is response compatibility?

A

Part of mapping. Movement of control should match outcome goal
ex. turn steering wheel left, car should turn left

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24
Q

What is an example of exploiting the power of constraints?

A

Giving one option leads to fewer errors

Ex. putting a sock on v. a toga

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25
Q

What is front-end analysis?

A

before any design solutions are generated: who are the users, main functions, environment, preferences, etc.

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26
Q

What is a persona?

A

Hypothetical typical user derived from statistics

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27
Q

What is the difference b/w within-subject and between-subject experimental design?

A

Within-subjects uses same people in different conditions, between-subjects uses different people and different conditions

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28
Q

What is a slip?

A

Correct intention, carried it out incorrectly. More likely to happen when a familiar behavior must be inhibited.
Ex. putting milk in cabinet

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29
Q

What is a mistake?

A

behavior inappropriate for circumstance

ex. letting a flight leave in inclement weather

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30
Q

What is a lapse?

A

intended action is forgotten and not carried out

ex. failing to attach files to an email

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31
Q

What is a violation?

A

intentional choice to disobey rule or procedure (without intent to cause harm)
ex. not wearing hard hat in construction site

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32
Q

What is a mode?

A

action is inappropriate in one system mode, but is carried out in a different mode
ex. failing to put car into drive after backing up

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33
Q

What is error of commission?

A

User performs inappropriate action

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34
Q

What is error of omission?

A

user fails to perform required action (lapses are these)

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35
Q

What are the types of errors of commission?

A

timing error, sequence error, selection error

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36
Q

What is an input error?

A

info from sensory and perceptual processes (perception)

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37
Q

What is a mediation error?

A

Cognitive processes that translate b/w perception and action (cognition)

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38
Q

What is output error?

A

due to the selection and execution of physical responses (action)

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39
Q

What is operating error?

A

system is not used according to correct procedure

Ex. using cell phone in shower

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40
Q

What is design error?

A

system designer creates an error-likely situation by failing to consider human tendencies or limitation
ex. when you try to delete files and computer asks if you’re sure

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41
Q

How can one design for error?

A

avoid confusion, make consequences visible, lock out inappropriate behaviors, give reminders, avoid multi-mode systems, error-tolerant systems

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42
Q

What is a stressor?

A

not inherent characteristic of a system, info to be processed, usually expected to degrade performance

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43
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

A

deals with performance and arousal, stress moderates arousal

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44
Q

What is cognitive tunneling?

A

tunnel vision on most relevant task, attention focused

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45
Q

What type of memory does stress reduce?

A

Working memory

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46
Q

What is response perseveration?

A

rely on familiar or recently-used actions, make same response even if it isn’t working

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47
Q

What is cognitive narrowing?

A

discourages creative thinking and generation of new strategies or action plans

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48
Q

What is a limited resource?

A

attention - speed and accuracy tradeoff

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49
Q

How do you avoid the negative effects of stress?

A

design to avoid exacerbating cognitive effects (minimize working memory demands), provide knowledge and control (ex. doctors in simulation)

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50
Q

How does information flow in the 3 stage model?

A

stimulus - perception - cognition - action - response

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51
Q

What is the perceptual stage?

A

stimulation of sensory organs, can occur subconsciously, quality of stimulus is important to gain information

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52
Q

What is the cognitive stage?

A

identify/classify image, determines response, retrieval/decision-making/comparison

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53
Q

What is the action stage?

A

If a response is required

  1. choose response
  2. response (neuromuscular commands)
  3. execution
54
Q

How does does a stimulus get to long-term memory?

A

(sensory info) - sensory memory - (attention) - working memory (maintenance rehearsal to keep in WM, encoding) - long-term memory.

55
Q

What is used to move sensory memory into working memory?

A

attention

56
Q

What is used to move long-term memory back into working memory?

A

retrieval

57
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

buffer for stimuli, visual, auditory, haptic (touch)

ex. people swap video

58
Q

What is working memory?

A

temporary, helps you do complicated cognitive tasks

ex. math in your head

59
Q

What are the two components of working memory?

A

phonological loop: stores sound of language

visuo-spatial sketch pad: stores visual and spatial information

60
Q

What is encoding?

A

Linking something new to something you already know

ex. learning Chinese, video of memory games

61
Q

What is data-limited processing? (P)

A

info input to a stage is degraded or imperfect

ex. a number is flashed in a noisy room

62
Q

What is resource-limited processing? (C)

A

system not powerful enough to perform the operations required for a task efficiently
ex. memory resources require to remember a phone number until it is dialed

63
Q

What is structurally-limited processing? (A)

A

inability of a system to perform several operations at once

ex. patting head and rubbing tummy

64
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

how much change is necessary for a person to notice

65
Q

What is detectability?

A

absolute limits of senses to provide info that a stimulus is present

66
Q

What is discriminability?

A

determine 2 stimuli are different

67
Q

What is psychophysical scaling?

A

relation b/w perceived magnitude and physical magnitude

68
Q

What is an absolute threshold?

A

smallest amount of intensity needed for a person to notice a stimulus

69
Q

What is a difference threshold?

A

smallest amount of difference b/w 2 stimuli

70
Q

What is the goal of classical methods?

A

measure thresholds accurately

71
Q

What is the absolute method of limits?

A

present stimulus intensities in a succession of small increments to observer

72
Q

What is difference method of limits?

A

present 2 stimuli at a time, one remains constant and the other changes in small increments

73
Q

What is the method of constant stimuli?

A

different intensities in a random order. Absolute - one stimuli, difference - constant and changing intensity

74
Q

What is it called when you think a signal is present but it is not?

A

false alarm

75
Q

What is direct scaling?

A

ask person to rate intensity

76
Q

What is indirect scaling?

A

derive from their performance at discriminating stimuli

77
Q

What is Stevens’ Law?

A

Relationship b/w physical intensity and psychological magnitude

78
Q

What is a reaction time?

A

the amount of time between the occurrence of an event and a person’s response

79
Q

What is simple reaction time (SRT)?

A

a single response is made after the action occurs, quick response, quicker for audio than visual
ex. car horn

80
Q

What is Recognition reaction time (RRT)?

A

a single response is made after some stimuli (the “memory set”), but not after others (the “distractor set”)
ex. dot test - patterned and solid dots

81
Q

What is Choice reaction time (CRT)?

A

need 2 stimuli and 2 responses, adding more possible stimuli and more possible responses increases reaction time
ex. right arrow visual, press right arrow key

82
Q

What is determined by wavelength of light reflected from or emitted by an object?

A

color perception

83
Q

What are Spectral colors?

A

colors comprised of a single wavelength

84
Q

What are Non-spectral colors?

A

comprised of more than one wavelength, additive mixing increases light reflection, subtraction decreases amount of light reflected

85
Q

What is hue?

A

variations that are described by names like red, blue

86
Q

What is saturation?

A

apparent purity, vividness, or richness

87
Q

What is lightness measured in?

A

luminosity

88
Q

What is the tri-chromatic theory?

A

human color vision - any hue can be matched with a combination of three primary colors

89
Q

What are the three types of photoreceptors?

A

Short wl (blue) - cyanolabe, medium wl (green) - chlorolabe, long wl (red) - erythrolabe

90
Q

What are the types of dichromatic color vision?

A

protanopia: can’t see red
deutanopia: can’t see green

91
Q

What is the opponent process theory?

A

color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems - blue-yellow and red-green, only one can be signaled at a time

92
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

clearness or sharpness of vision

ex. eye chart

93
Q

What is contrast sensitivity?

A

being able to distinguish between bright and dim, function of both contrast and spatial frequency

94
Q

What are the grouping properties?

A

proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, common fate

95
Q

what is proximity?

A

close together, perceived as a group

96
Q

what is similarity?

A

similar elements grouped

97
Q

what is continuity?

A

points connected in straight or smoothly curving lines grouped

98
Q

what is closure?

A

open curves are seen as complete

99
Q

what is common fate?

A

things moving at the same speed in the same direction are grouped

100
Q

What are the ways to introduce artificial grouping?

A

common region, connectedness

101
Q

What is accommodation?

A

automatic adjustments of the lens that maintain a focused image on the retina - good for short distances

102
Q

What is vergence?

A

degree to which the eyes are turned inward to maintain fixation on an object

103
Q

What is interposition?

A

nearer objects will block the view of more distant objects if they are in the same line of vision

104
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

apparent displacement or difference in position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight

105
Q

What is object motion?

A

external object is moving

106
Q

What is induced motion?

A

a stationary background causes movement to be attributed to the wrong part of a scene

107
Q

What is apparent motion?

A

discrete jumps of retinal images can produce the appearance of smooth motion
ex. tv frames

108
Q

What does the vestibular system do?

A

allows us to feel the movement of our bodies

109
Q

What does the somesthetic system do?

A

detects things you can physically feel

110
Q

What is an absolute touch threshold?

A

smallest amount of touch that can be detected

111
Q

What are two-point touch thresholds?

A

determine the distance b/w 2 stimuli

112
Q

What is a passive touch?

A

skin is stationary, external pressure applied ex. someone pokes you

113
Q

What is active touch?

A

skin moves ex. reading braille

114
Q

Which is more sensitive: visual system or somesthetic system?

A

somesthetic

115
Q

What sensitivity has an almost perfect temporal and spatial summation?

A

temperature

116
Q

True or false we are good at accurately locating where hot and cold temperatures are on our skin?

A

False - general area

117
Q

True or false: sensitivity varies across the body?

A

true

118
Q

True or false: there are both temporal and spatial summations for pain?

A

false

119
Q

What are the receptor cells in the nasal cavity called?

A

olfactory epithelium

120
Q

When is it more appropriate to use auditory presentation?

A

short and simple message

121
Q

What is a static display?

A

one display, does not change

122
Q

What is conspicuity?

A

how well the display attracts attention

123
Q

what is visibility?

A

how well the display can be seen

124
Q

what is legibility?

A

ease with which symbols and letters can be individually distinguished

125
Q

what is legibility distance?

A

distance at which you can read

126
Q

what is readability?

A

larger groups of characters, meaning of the words/comprehension

127
Q

what is intelligibility?

A

message should be unambiguous and convey warnings

128
Q

What is absolute judgement?

A

classification of a stimulus when there are several options available - can discriminate between 5 to 7

129
Q

what is relative judgement?

A

directly compared to one another

130
Q

What is the difference between analog and digital?

A

analog: continuous scale, moving pointer (or other way around)
digital: present alphanumeric info

131
Q

what are two ways to display arrangement?

A

frequency of use and sequence of use

132
Q

what is a link?

A

the connection between a pair of items indicating a certain relation between them

Human Factors Psychologist (3 decks)

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