Exam 2 Flashcards
Define physical activity and physical education. How are PA and PE similar or different?
- physical activity: any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure
- physical education: teaching of physical activity
What are the three purposes of physical education as discussed in lecture? How doeseach purpose shape the experience of students participating in that type of PE?
The purposes of PE:
- citizenship: promotes PA (to prepare for military, how fit the nation and state expect citizens to be) (military oriented)
- morality: use PA as an intervention (keep kids off street)
- health: prevent obesity and death caused by poor diet and lack of exercise (kids moving a lot)
Give examples of PE curricula or initiative driven by each of the three purposes. What purpose currently drives PE in the U.S.?
-Citizenship: Eisenhower promoting PA to prepare for military, JFK and La Sierra High School
-morality: the YMCA (keep kids/men off streets)
-health: Michelle Obama 0-60 campaign
Health currently drives PE in the US (kids moving a lot)
How does the consumer determine the expertise of a fitness authority? What makessomeone seem reliable or not? How do we determine whether the exercise or diet advice of an expert is valid?
how does consumer determine expertise of a fitness authority
- how fit they are
- usually pick someone that looks like you, or how you want to look
- how good results appear
how to determine if advice is valid
- reviews
- prior knowledge/experience
- educations/certifications
How does fitness equipment and apparel change the way someone exercises? Whateffect do these material goods have on an individual’s comfort or confidence in fitnessspaces (e.g. weight room, track, exercise studio, etc)?
Equipment:
-History: equipment changes over time, fad workouts, equipment can become more advanced, better suit for workouts overtime
-Gender: some equipment may be geared toward a specific gender
-Race/Ethnicity: race/ethnicity could effect one’s access to equipment
-Ability: there are specialized equipment for those who are disabled
-Class: people of higher class have more access to equipment
-Health: equipment can help you participate more effectively in order to be health and fit
apparel:
-History: apparel has changed over time to fit societal expectations, especially for gender norms
-Gender: women’s apparel is typically more tightly fit, short and revealing; men’s apparel is typically more conservative, loosely fit
-Race/Ethnicity: race/ethnicity can affect how much skin you reveal and your access to more luxurious/expensive athletic apparel
-Ability: apparel may be altered for those who are disabled
-Class: those of higher social class typically have more access to luxury/expensive workout apparel
-Health: people may be more motivated to care for their health
*these material goods increase an individual’s comfort and confidence when working out because they are wearing clothes and equipment made to used for work out, clothes make you feel like you are more apart of that space
Consider Dr. Nina Palmo’s guest lecture on behavioral economics. What does it mean tosay that humans are predictably irrational? Describe prospect theory and how it explainsthe success of apps like GymPact.
-People consume irrationally, but in predictable ways (taking risks vs not taking risks, endowment effect= value what belongs to you more than what doesn’t, anchoring effect=feel like you’re getting a deal, heuristics, framing, loss aversion),
to act rational: we try to maximize our value
prospect theory: people feel losses more acutely than gains.
gympact: get money for workouts, lose money for missing workouts, encourages them to workout so they don’t lose money
What is Thaler and Sustein’s “nudge”? Describe how nudges are used to promotephysical activity. How does framing also help to promote physical activity? Finally,describe the role of technology and big data in physical activity promotion.
nudges: the way an environment is designed in order to get people to participate in PA without them realizing (ex: putting more facilities in population dense areas, putting up ads that promote PA where people are more likely to see them)
framing: phrasing words to promote PA; “have to do” - duty to health, “get to do” - make PA seem fun
- technology and big data are taking information from apps, peoples’ smartwatches/smartphones to help promote physical activity in new ways and collect info on peoples’ sleep habits, PA habits, etc
Define upstream vs downstream approaches to health. Know how these frameworksrelate to clinical medicine, public health, and the proximate and distal causes of disease.Give an example of each.
upstream approaches:
-Built environment,
Natural environment, and,
-The social/policy environment
-●Install sidewalks and improve lighting●Improve waste disposal
-●Provide material and other resources for PE●Increase (or decrease) USDA regular off an original product●More access to health care.
downstream approaches:
-●Increase physical activity●Drink water - stay hydrated●Sleep●No smoking●Take time for yourself●Eat healthy●Get vaccinations●Practice good hygiene
-●Reduce number of food deserts,●Encourage participation in blood drives
*proximal causes of disease: immediate reason for getting sick/injured
distal causes of disease: underlying causes for poor health (environment, disadvantages, degree to which someone is put at risk)
What are the CDC’s physical activity recommendations? How do the recommendationsvary by age group?
adults: 150 min moderate PA/week or 75 min high intensity PA/week, muscle training 2x a week; additional 300 mins/week
children: 1 hr/day, Aerobic and bone strengthening 3x/week, additional ben: 300 mins/week
older adults: 150 min moderate or 75 vigorous, add’l benefits: 300 mins; muscle training 2x/ week, for poor mobility balance exercises 3x/week
Compare the two TED talks by Rogmo and Balcetis. How does each determine what thepublic health problem is? How do they recommend addressing the problem?
Balcetis sees the public health problem as peoples’ differing perceptions of exercise and her solution is to have people set attainable short term goals to get them motivated to exercise; “keep your eyes on the prize,” focus should be on the exercise task on hand
Rogmo thinks inactivity is the problem and causes heart disease and poor health; his solution is make time for 75 mins of high intensity exercise throughout the week
Explain the purpose, priorities, and organization of the National Physical Activity Plan.Be able to discuss where tactics in the public health sector are upstream or downstreamand how they consider sociocultural factors.
purpose: striving to create a plan to promote physical activity
priorities: surveillance, funding, office for CDC, promote research (upstream/downstream)
organization: collection of books from Gov, etc
Understand the increased prevalence of obesity and the health risks associated with it. Explain whether body “ideals” seen in media and the fitness industry encourage physicalactivity for the population or discourage it. Be able to describe the motivation betweenpublic health entities and fitness companies in increasing physical activity.
30.0-35.0Obese (Class I Obesity)
35.0-40.0Class II Obesity
Above 40.0Class III Obesity
-obesity has increased tremendously since 1985
▶Increased risk of…▶All-causes of death (mortality)▶High blood pressure ▶High cholesterol▶Type 2 diabetes ▶Coronary heart disease ▶Stroke ▶Gallbladder disease ▶Osteoarthritis▶Cancer (endometrial, breast, colon, kidney, gallbladder, and liver) ▶Low quality of life ▶Mental illness▶Body pain and difficulty with physical functioning
- public health recommendations of PA and how we should eat
-direct and implied recommendations from fitness media
-public health entities can decrease obesity by helping people make healthy choices
-fitness companies can discourage people with their “ideal bodies,” fitness companies are looking to make money
Define and give examples of print and electronic media as well as “old” and “new”media. What does it mean to consume media?
-print media: newspaper, magazines, fanzines, books, journal, catalogue, event programs, trading cards
-electronic media: radio, television, film, anything online, tablets, phones, etc
-old media: print media, radio, combining lifestyle with fitness
-new media: technology, ads, brand building, social media, memes
consume media: interacting with/purchasing any type of media
Give some examples of the following concepts in media: Orthodox Gender Ideology,racial/ethnic stereotyping, ability, meritocracy ideology, and invoking history.
- orthodox gender ideology: in media coverage, people who don’t conform to expectations of their gender may be ridiculed/have assumptions made about them, while people who do conform may get more positive coverage
- racial/ethnic stereotyping: “ghettocentrism,” assumptions made about physical ability based on race (“blacks run faster”)
- ability: not as much coverage of “special olympics” compared to “olympics”
- meritocracy ideology- “rags to riches” stories for those who are black - ghettocentrism
- invoking history: media coverage of big social breakthroughs
Consider Kathryn Wiley’s guest lecture on Ghettocentrism. What is Ghettocentrism andwhy/how was it used by the NBA? What are common ghettocentric images/motifs inmedia? According to lecture, where does Ghettocentrism appear outside of sports?
- ghettocentrism: framework for understanding black culture that focuses on images/stereotypes from the ghetto
- ghettocentrism used in NBA to promote white people to watch it, presents “rags to riches” stories, meritocracy/American Dream
- also used in music, advertising, consumerism
