Exam 1 Flashcards
Know the different methods of inquiry used by social scientists. How do they differ fromeach other? What research questions does each method best address?
- experiments, interviews, surveys, document analysis
- experiments: giving treatment and observing response; question about treatment
- interviews: understand why people behave/think
- survey: get an idea of populations behaviors, thoughts, beliefs
- document analysis: get an idea of physical activity based on what people have written about it
Describe how ethnography and autoethnography are related. Why are we focusing onautoethnography in our journal entries? What makes Dickerson’s piece anautoethnography and why do we use it?
Ethnography is writing about the customs of individual people and cultures. Autoethnography is writing about your observations in that culture. Dickerson’s piece is an authoethnography because he writes about his experience in the hockey culture. We use Dickerson’s piece because he discusses the controversy he experiences as a black man who plays hockey.
Describe the difference between upstream and downstream approaches/perspectives inhealth care. Think about how these apply to PA questions. Connect them to Link andPhelan’s fundamental causes and distal/proximate causes of disease. Why do risk factorsneed to be contextualized? Finally, how do money, status, and power impact health(based on Michael Marmot’s Status Syndrome)?
- Upstream interventions and strategies focus on improving fundamental social and economic structures in order to decrease barriers and improve supports that allow people to achieve their full health potential.
- Downstream interventions and strategies focus on providing equitable access to care and services to mitigate the negative impacts of disadvantage on health.
- In PA, upstream could be putting in place policies to ensure that people have access to physical activity (ex: schools requiring PE or increasing amount of parks/facilities)
- Downstream: recommendations on amount of healthcare
- proximate: immediate reason for getting sick
- distal: underlying causes for poor health (ex: living situation)
- people with less money, social status and power tend to have more stress and health issues
What are noncommunicable diseases? Who/how many are impacted by themworldwide? How are they related to physical activity?
noncommunicable diseases are diseases that can not be passed on to others and include heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes. People from low income backgrounds tend to have noncommunicable diseases. A lack of physical activity causes noncommunicable diseases.
What are the PA recommendations for children, adults, and older adults? What are thefour objectives of the global strategy on diet, PA, and health?
- children: 60 mins/day, strengthen muscle & bone 3x week
- adults: 150 min moderate/week or 75 min vigorous/week, 300 min/week for more benefits, muscle strengthening 2x+/week
- older adults: 150 min moderate/week or 75 min vigorous/week, 300 min/week for more benefits, balance exercise 3x/week, muscle strengthening 2x/week
- 4 objectives: reduce risk for chronic illness, increase awareness and understanding, Develop, strengthen and implement global, regional, national policies and action plans, Monitor science and promote research
Describe functionalism and conflict theory. What are the advantages and problems witheach theory? How can they be applied to sport and physical activity?
- functionalism: Framework for seeing society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
- advantages: Observes social patterns for their function in society
- problems: Focuses exclusively on positive aspects and none of the negative. Assumes needs of individuals overlap with needs of society.
- apply to PA: tells us how sport brings about unity and teamwork
- conflict theory: Framework that views society as a site of inequality that generates conflict and change.
- advantages: tells us about the inequalities in society
- problems: -Overemphasizes capitalism -Ignores athletes at all level who cite sport as positive experience-How much power do top officials really have to disseminate control?
- applied to sports: NFL power, unequal opportunities in sports
Describe the naturalistic and constructionist views of the body. Which academic disciplines use which views? How is the type of research conducted relate to each view?
naturalists: Natural, biological, mechanical; biologists, people in medicine; conducted by looking at how the body is formed
constructionist: Dependent on society and social context; socialists/behaviorialists; conducted through how the body is seen in a social aspect
How are themes of imperialism, colonialism, trade, appropriation, and an interest inEastern culture reflected in the history of Indian club swinging?
Through imperialism, Britain colonized India, saw their clubs and recreated them and made them their own but still called them “Indian” and traded them globally
How did Indian club size, weight, and swinging techniques change with the British adoption of Indian clubs? Describe how this change allowed for the adoption of clubs in Britain.
the size was smaller and lighter. Made so everyone could use them, even women and children
What are the differences between primary and secondary sources? Given examples ofeach (think back to the Stark Center trip). Why and how are these sources important tohistorians studying PA? What does the Stark Center tell us about physical culture? Howdoes Jan Todd’s article connect to our current PA environment?
- primary sources are sources from people who were there for that event/time period (news article about event)
- secondary sources are people writing about the past without experiencing it firsthand
- these sources are important to historians studying PA bc it tells them about the history of physical activity and who/how they were participated
- the stark center presents media coverage of physical activity and has pictures of who participated and what their bodies looked like
- Jan Todd’s article connects to our current PA environment bc women are increasingly participating in physical activity
Briefly explain each of the following: gender identity, gender expression, sex, sexual orientation, and romantic orientation. How is each related to the other?
-gender identity: how one identifies their gender (male, female, nonbinary)
-gender expression: how one chooses express their gender
sex: assigned at birth (Male, female, intersex)
sexual orientation: attraction
romantic orientation: attraction
-relation: people can have different combinations
Explain “Orthodox Gender Ideology” as described by Coakley. How do athletes that donot conform to this ideology meet resistance in their sport and from the public?
- OGI: “behavior for a gender should be consistently masculine for men and feminine for women”
- athletes who do not conform to OGI tend to see a lot of resistance; they either get made fun of, get their true abilities questions, or they don’t receive the same opportunities
What was the significance of Capt. Kristen Griest and 1st Lt. Shaye Haver completingRanger School in 2015? Why is this example important to understanding gender inphysical activity?
Kristen Giest and Shaye Haver were the first to complete Ranger School which proved to everyone that women could be as strong as men and endure as much as men
Define race. What does it mean to say race is socially constructed? Define ethnicity.How did we describe cultural heritage in class and how is it related to ethnicity? How arerace and ethnicity different? How are they treated similarly in society? Finally, what isintersectionality? Why does Crenshaw say it is important to remember and focus onintersectionality?
- race: a population of people who are believed to be naturally or biologically distinct from other populations
- race is socially constructed bc racial categories are developed around meaning that people hive to real or assumed physical traits
- ethnicity: cultural heritage that people use to identify a particular population
- race is based on physical traits/biology while ethnicity is based on cultural heritage
- they are sometimes used interchangably
- intersectionality: all of the identities that someone has that they could be discriminated against for
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Define each in youranswer. Think of a situation in sports or physical activity where each (or both) arepresent. Discuss how prejudice and discrimination in terms of gender, age, ability, andclass as well.
- prejudice(racial/ethnic): preconceived notions and opinions about races/ethnicities and people that are believed to be associated with those groups
- discrimination: behaviors, policies, actions, speech etc that (in)advertently disadvantage a person or people based on perceived or actual racial or ethnic identity
