exam 2

Question 1

protolanguage

Answer 1

get it by comparing all of the daughter languages; parent language

Question 2

prelanguage

Answer 2

communication system that preceded full-fledged languages

Question 3

language death

Answer 3

when the last speakers of a language die

Question 4

loan words

Answer 4

lexical borrowings from one language to another

Question 5

descriptive linguistics

Answer 5

social and cultural context - how it is used today without historical context

Question 6

historical linguistics

Answer 6

diachronic-investigates relationships through earlier stages of the languages

Question 7

language family

Answer 7

includes all of those languages that are related by virtue of having descended from a single ancestral line

Question 8

glottochronology

Answer 8

method of determining the time depth of a linguistic relationship

Question 9

cognate

Answer 9

a word related to another by descent from the same ancestral language

Question 10

language isolates

Answer 10

languages that are not related to any other language

Question 11

leonard bloomfield

Answer 11

well know american linguist - took 4 daughter languages and posited a proto-algonquian language

Question 12

frank siebert, jr.

Answer 12

looked at bloomfield’s proto-algonquian language and argued he could probably figure out where they lived through pulling out 50 words and where they fit in the world, and its surround cultural environment

Question 13

pidgin

Answer 13

a wya of interacting across language boundaries; usually formed when speakers of tow or more mutually unintelligible languages develop a need to communicate with each other for certain limited or specialized purposes; limited vocabulary, reduced grammatical structure

Question 14

creole

Answer 14

a pidgin that becomes sponsored by the government and becomes an official language

Question 15

standard language

Answer 15

a variety of speech that does not call forth negative reaction; is used on formal occasions and carries societal prestige

Question 16

idiolect

Answer 16

an individual’s speech variety; often dependent on the circumstances of communication (location, tone, etc); your understanding of the way you speak in a speech community

Question 17

lingua franca

Answer 17

a method of bridging language gaps; a language agreed upon as a medium of communication by people who speak different first languages; usually used by UN, parliament, etc whenever countries must come together for a discussion

Question 18

langue

Answer 18

everything about a language

Question 19

parole

Answer 19

individual’s knowledge about the language; micro cultures you belong you; if language is like culture and langue is language, there is not one person that understands culture as a whole

Question 20

linguistic competence

Answer 20

the knowledge of the grammatical rules of their mother tongue

Question 21

ethnography of communication

Answer 21

the nature and function of communicative behavior in the context of culture

Question 22

speech community

Answer 22

all those who share specific rules for speaking and interpreting speech and at least one speech variety

Question 23

rules of interaction

Answer 23

guides communicative activity; knowledge of what is and what is not appropriate; ie - how to react, interruptions, etc vary culturally

Question 24

binary oppositions

Answer 24

claude levi-strauss first defined these terms; terms that have direct opposite meanings

Question 25

componential analysis

Answer 25

the focus is on the necessary and sufficient features that are used to distinguish all the terms in the domain

Question 26

sound symbolism

Answer 26

the presumed association of sound and meaning found in some cases of many of the world’s languages

Question 27

communicative competence

Answer 27

the knowledge of what is and what is not appropriate to say in any specific cultural context

Question 28

speech situation

Answer 28

the context in which speech occurs; any particular circumstances typically associated with speech behavior; ie - meals, auction, meetings, any situation that involves participations, goals and are distinguishable as speech situations

Question 29

speech area

Answer 29

an area in which speakers of different languages share speaking rules

Question 30

frame

Answer 30

what the participants in a face-to-face interaction are doing when they speak; ie - bargaining, complaining, reporting, mimicking, etc

Question 31

polysemy

Answer 31

a single lexeme carrying more than one meaning; ie - patch in the English language both means a plot of land and a piece of cloth used to repair clothing

Question 32

ethnopoetics

Answer 32

discourse for the sake of aesthetic effect; the study of native languages that have remained relatively intact and can be examined using symbolism, para-linguistics and narrative episodes

Question 33

speech act

Answer 33

a minimal unit of speech for purposes of an ethnographic analysis; could be a greeting, apology, questions, compliment, introduction, etc.

Question 34

speech event

Answer 34

a basic unit of verbal interaction; examples include a conversation, a confession, an interview, etc

Question 35

genre

Answer 35

speech acts or events associated with a particular communicative situation and characterized by a particular style, form and content

Question 36

semantics

Answer 36

the study of meaning of language when it interacts with the outside world

Question 37

ethnoscience

Answer 37

focused on lexical classification of the social and physical environments of speakers in a language by means of its vocabulary rather than the relationships of grammatical categories. an attempt to find a way to extract accurate information from the minds of informants, despite the fact that much of this knowledge was overtly unknown to them; assuming through words that you can understand a culture

Question 38

talanoa

Answer 38

gossip talk as labeled in village Hindi through this Fijian loan word; to talk about absent others

Question 39

parbacan

Answer 39

religious speeches; oratorical performances with sacred content given at weekly religious services

Question 40

jangali bat

Answer 40

“jungle talk”; associated with home, farm and informal conversation; atlanta is considered to be the most jangli variety available, at the same time a source of shame and of rural pride

Question 41

batcit

Answer 41

private conversation; not necessarily gossip so it is treated as neutral, general conversation