Exam 2 Flashcards
Growth during first __ years of life is faster than at any other point. Birth weight typically doubles by __ months and triples by __ months.
3 years
5 months, 12 months
Babies are also almost __ inches longer than at birth by age 1
10
To compare infant growth what do pediatrician’s use?
International growth charts developed by world health organization to document growth of children birth to age 2.
(screen for abnormal/unhealthy growth with BMI)
Failure to Thrive
Child’s growth falter and weight gain not as expected
usually caused by inadequate nutrition, possibly lack of physical contact
Using recording of electrical activity generated by active neurons
EEG (electroencephalography)
Record changes in brain’s electrical activity in response to presentation of particular stimulus
ERPs (event-related potentials)
Use magnetic field to detect blood flow. Identify brain location
Infants must be sleeping/sedated
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
Infrared light that passes through the skin and tissues to examine blood flow
See locations, not deepest
Infant can be sitting up, does not require special lab
fNRI (functional near infrared spectroscopy)
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Abusive head trauma
Even 20 seconds= brain damage or death
Early Adversity and developing brain
alter the brain’s neuronal connections, increase the number of stress neurons, and increase the vulnerability to future stress signals
Outcomes to bad experiences depend on
the child’s age, duration of the adversity, and the severity of any additional psychiatric disorders the child may have. The findings also make it clear that the same experiences do not affect all children in the same way and that some children show remarkable resilience.
Factors linked to infant mortality
Vary by race/ethnicity
poverty, inadequate prenatal care, complications of pregnancy, malnutrition, lack of clean drinking water, and low rates of immunization against childhood illnesses and diseases.
US has __ rates of infant mortality than other developed countries
higher
SIDS
Leading cause of unexplained death 1 month –> 1 year
1/1,000
High risk 1-4 months
No single cause
Factors associated with SIDS
Colds, respiratory infection, influenza, smoking, stomach sleep, low SES, bed sharing, excessively covered during sleep
Neurological weakness
Prevent SIDS?
Quit smoking, change sleep position, firm sleep surface, no soft bedding, share bedroom not sleep surface (room sharing down by 50%),
Signs of hunger
Rooting or pressing face against body, bringing fingers to mouth
Parents should try to initiate feeding when these signs appear and before fussing and crying – last indicators of hunger
Signs of fullness
Turning head away from nipple, closing mouth, showing interest in other things
How do we know baby is eating good?
swallowing, gaining weight, and producing 6-8 wet diapers daily
Breastfeeding better?
Yes. First 6 months, first milk colostrum.
Contains all nutrients, immunity to various diseases, digests more easily than formula, may enhance cognitive growth, protects against poor jaw development and tooth decay.
Mother: oxytocin helps uterus return to normal size, burns 500 calories per day
Why avoid breastfeeding.
Metabolic disorder, medication has side effects, HIV (safe if antiretroviral)
When should children be introduced to solid food
After 6 months
Introducing food to early
food allergies, kidney malfunction, iron deficiencies, and strong food dislikes
Properly introduce solid food
1 at a time
Cereals –> strained fruits –> vegetable –> proteins –> egg yolk –> egg while
Parents eat healthy
Don’t rush meals
Birth most infants
19-21 in, 7-8 lbs
Growth Asynchronous
different parts of the body grow at different rates, and growth spurts occur at different times in each body region
Cephalocaudal development
head grows faster than body
Proximodistal development
Growth proceeds outward, first centered on torso and then limbs
.REM and non-REM at `__ weeks; other states at __ weeks
32
38
Babies sleep about __ hours per day
17 hours
By 3/4 months, more during night
Quite Sleep (NREM)
Regular respiration
eyes closed
Baby motionless
Active sleep (REM)
Muscles tense
Eye still or REMS
irregular breath
rhythmic startles, sucks, body movement
1/2 sleep, decreases throughout life
Drowsiness
Open/close eyes
increased activity
rapid/regular breath
occasional smiling
Quiet alert
open eyes, scan environment, baby still, rapid respiration
Active Alert
Awake, body and limb movements, less focused than in quiet alert state
Crying
Elevated activity and respiration rate, cry vocalization, facial expression of distress
Worldwide, is co-sleep popular
yes
Benefits of co-sleeping
no long term risks/benefits
What is the most common reason for co- sleeping
Breastfeeding
What cultures co-sleep?
Not North American white middle class
Waking orienting response
a heightened alertness that includes behavioral localization toward the source of the stimulation (a head turn to the source of a sound)
Waking defense response
a behavioral action that involves withdrawal from the source of stimulation
The frequency of crying increase between birth and ___ months, then decreases
2 months
Do babies have distinct types of cries?
No consistent research by interesting
Colic
the infant cries at least 3 hours a day, on at least 3 days per week, for at least 3 successive weeks
the parents find the crying very intense
the infant is otherwise normal; and
the infant is relatively unresponsive to soothing & feeding
Colic related to
Stressed mothers, infant inattention, emotionally reactivity, sensitivity to stimulation
Effect of crying on adults
Adults perceive crying as an index of distress & they try to figure out the source
nonparents are as responsive as parents
levels of arousal & responsiveness are equal for men & women
Child abusers more upset with crying
Best ways to sooth crying baby
nonnutritive sucking Swaddling daily massage Rocking Continuous sound
Newborn Motor Stage:
Body need tranquility and rest
Attention depends on stress free state of alter
State regulates the types of interactions
Reflexes
Trigged by elicitor
Look the same
Primitive form of orienting behavior/defense
Elementary coordination for later adaption, or no clear function.
When do reflexes disappear
6 months
Drop infant’s head and trunk 30 degrees with arm up, arms and legs extend, abduct,
Moro Reflex
Infant’s palm touched near finger base. Hand makes fist
Palmar grasp reflex
Area below TOES is touched, the infant’s toes curl
plantar grasp reflex
Stroking lateral sole in infant’s foot from heel across ball. Toes flare out
Babinski reflex
Feeding, touch cheek near mouth, head turns
rooting reflex
Needed for normal life, when mouth touched by nipple, begin to suck
sucking reflex
When in supine position, extend arm/leg on the side of head, flex extremities on other side
Fencing reflex/tonic neck reflex
When infants held upright with their feed touching solid surface.
Stepping reflex
___ least controlled parts of infant’s body
arms/hands
Gross motor sills
require whole baby
Fine motor skills
small movements
Motor Stage: 2-5 months
Control posture
Movements of hands/arms
Coordinated reaching
rolling over
Babies motor ability depends on
- existing abilities
- Difficulty of task
- environment supports
Motor Stage: 2-6 months
Adapt to object size/shape
Coordinated eye gaze
point when alert, movement related to emotional state
Resources that help with motor development from parents
Holding infants in good postures
Mali motor development
mothers put babies through workout
African babies have advanced motor coordination compared to Caucasian babies
Navaho motor development
infants spend hours strapped tightly onto cradle boards, motor development slow
Motor Stage: 6-9 Months
Independent sitting
Supported standing
Rolling over
Creeping or Crawling
When can infants few step while holding furniture and pick up small objects?
9 months
When do infants begin to show hand preference?
Around 2 months
When do infants learn to sit without support, extend non-reaching hand, and reach with single hand
6 months
Stand alone between
9-16 months
Avg. 11
Walk alone between
9-17 months
Avg. 11.75 months
Crawl up and down stairs by
12 months
Toddler’s gait
often symmetrical, but many steps are unsymmetrical
toddlers still have trouble balancing and they need to walk this way to keep from falling
About 6 months after walking, smoothness of adult
Infants prefer to walk on
surfaces that are matte (rather than shiny) and rigid.
Benefits of locomotion
social and cognitive
Increase social contacts, persist more in looking for hidden objects
Threats to infant safety
collision/fall poisoning swallowing small objects burns/drowning sharp objects, cords, heavy objects
___ months walk smoothly, stand on one foot with help and walk up stairs with help. Steps longer, narrower, straighter, more consistent.
16
Children have hand preference
by age 3
2-3 years: Exercise play
physically vigorous playful movement, possibly social, 7-14% behavior, boys more than girls
Benefits of exercise play
increases fitness, endurance, strength and skill, reduce fat, increase ability to regulate temperature, enhance cognitive ability
Newborn Visual Acuity
20/500
see colors
20/20 by 6 months
Newborn tracking
jerky, only follow slowly moving objects, 6-8 weeks more like adults
Oculomotor skills
Eye movements to bring objects into focus, follow moving objects, adjust for objects at different distances
Scanning
eye traces path across visual stimulus in small rapid movements
Depth perception
distances between objects
Kinematic depth cues
based on motion, infants
Stereoscopic depth info
ability to compare two retinal images (distance) between 3-6 months
Pictorial Depth Cues
5-7 months
6 months: see 3D, infer object properties and depth from visual cues
What do infants like to look at?
objects with clearly marked edges & outlines
circular patterns over straight lines
the external contours of a figure, especially if the edges are sharp
prefer faces and attractive/familiar ones bias to upper half
Ability to recognize whole patterns increases around
3 months
Visual perception of moving objects
3-5 month olds prefer normal walkers over inverted/impossible ones
young infants look longer at movement
3-4 months, moving objects are whole units.
Haptic Perception
perception of the properties of object using touch
newborns use mouth,
4-6 month actively
6+ specialize hand movements
Cross-Modal Perception
Ability to integrate information coming from at least two sensory modalities.
4 months +, expect sights/sounds to go together
What system more advanced at birth
Auditory
Newborn auditory system
40-60 dB, only sounds 50-70 dB can awaken them.
Sounds babies like
middle range sounds, high pitch, 1+ notes, melodic sequences, adult female voice, familiar sounds
When do infants like music
4 months
consonant music, maternal singing, remember songs for at least a week, prefer singing over recording, attend more to their own bodies during lullabies and to the singer during play songs
Newborn Taste
4 tastes, sweet only one liked. Influence by what mom consumed during pregnancy. Emotional Associations
Newborn Smells
Sweet smells, dislike bad odors, differentiate odors, recognize mom by odors.
Newborn Touch
Need contact to grow
Reflexes
hard/soft and smooth/rough
Show distress at pain.
Do infants feel pain how do we know
Yes, respond to medical procedures with distress
How do we help infants with pain?
Skin to skin contact
Sucrose Analgesia: a pacifier and sweet liquid – may also reduce pain.
Play
activity that is intrinsically motivated, focused on means rather than ends, different from purely exploratory behavior, nonliteral, and free from externally applied rules
What does play do?
What is the best play object?
Develop motor, cognitive and social skills
Best play object? A friend
Play stages
Birth-4m: Exploratory 4-12m: Relational 12-18m: Functional/Functional relational 12-24m: Gross 24-36m: Fine
Every Reckless Ferret Grabs Figs
Play across cultures
Individualistic: guided to focus on toys
Collectivist: Guided to promote social interactions
Play enforces cultural norms
Parallel pretend play
15 months, play together, but not with each other
Sociodramatic play
elaborate and coordinated narratives
What happens when parents involved in play?
Duration and quality of play increases
Imaginative play at age 2
Inventing whole new situations in make-believe
Liquidating pretend play at age 3
Occurs during the 3rd year. Usually after unpleasant event, allow self to be victorious
At about what age do they know difference between real and pretend play?
3 years
Piaget’s Theory: Constructing and representing knowledge
Infant actions are adaptations to environment
Learning is adaption
Assimilation
employing previously used actions to explore an object; add to existing database
(ex: kitty)
Accommodation
adjusting exploratory actions in response to an object’s novel characteristics
Sensorimotor Stage 1 Newborn
Reflexes
External stimulation with innate reflex actions
Sensorimotor Stage 2
1-4 Months or 5 months
Primary circular reactions
Infants repeat initially random actions for fun
Act purposefully
Cause/effect
Sensorimotor Stage 3
4-8 months (4-8 or 9)
Secondary circular reactions
Intentionally use schemes to repeat actions and achieve outcomes
Repeated occurrences have meaning, more goal directed
Sensorimotor Stage 4
8-12 months (10-12)
Coordination of secondary schemes:
Coordinate 2 separate schemes to produce specific result (multiple actions)
2x secondary reaction (grab toy while pushing away)
Symbol: away from context
Sensorimotor Stage 5
12-18 months
Tertiary circular reactions
Experiment with schemes to discover how they work (little Scientists)
multiple goals
Sensorimotor Stage 6
18-24 months
Mental combinations
Toddlers think about/select schemes to achieve desired outcome
Clear object permanence
mental representation
Primary Circular reactions
repetitive movements in which the infant focuses on his or her own actions
Object Permanence
the ability to remain aware of an object even after it has gone out of sight infants will not actively search for an object that has been hidden until after 9 months
In what sensorimotor stage do we first see true intention?
Stage 3
Secondary circular reaction
repeat pleasurable actions that involve objects as well as actions involving their own bodies.
Tertiary Circular reactions
intentional adaptations to specific situations.
____ suggests Piaget’s theory of infants understanding of objects may occur earlier
Violation of expectation
___ organization of concepts and memorize in terms of how events are related to each other in time
Script
A-not-B error prior to 15 months
infants look up first piece of cloth not the second, even while toy hidden in plain view.
Definition of object includes location.
Preoperational thought stage
2-3 years to age 7 Language Internal representation systems Symbolic play Egocentrism- unable to see other points of view
No complete logical thinking
Vygotsky
Learning before development.
Greater role of language
Social/Cultural context
Zone of proximal development
Infant skills that are in the process of development
Capable individuals/structure boost less capable individuals’ performance
Scaffolding
External communication used to talk to others (from age 2)
Social Speech
Speech direction to self and serves intellect function (From age 3)
Private Speech
private speech goes underground (from age 7)
silent inner speech
Private speech importance
helps with difficulties, self-regulate, collaborate with themselves, way to plan
Guided Participation
Process through which young children learn during interactions with parents, caregivers
Importance of guided participation
higher levels of symbolic play
Coordinate joint attention
Habituation
decline in strength of response after repeating same stimulus
How does speed of habituation change with age?
2-5 months, improve speed processing
3 months habituate 1-2 minutes, 6 months down to 30 seconds
Speed relates to cognitive differences
Is speed of habituation index of cognitive differences a good predictor?
Not long term, only over a period of 4 to 5 months
Faster habituators
more likely to habituate fast at 6 months
Slower habituators
more likely to have perinatal risk factors, illness, malnutrition, poor state control
Why is imitation important
Relating to people
Conceptual relationship between two actions
how does perception of intention play into later imitative behavior?
2x as likely to imitate if action is intentional
Deferred imitation
occurs following a delay from the time the action is observed
Attention in relation to infant cognition
develops are prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe mature
Infants who can sustain attention longer
more exploratory play
score higher on tests of mental and motor abilities
Short more efficient looking patterns (attention shift) correlated with..
more advanced performance in other cognitive abilities
How to develop executive functioning skills?
- Provide opportunities where executive functioning is needed/practical
- Provide aids
- Challenge them
- Enhance supports
Gaze following
characteristic of social interaction in which one person shifts his or her visual attention in the direction another person has turned to look
Joint attention
Shared perceptual exploration during social interaction, in which gaze alternates between some aspect of the environment and another person involved in the interaction
Autism have difficultly
Types of joint attention
- Response- gaze following/coordinated attention in response to another person’s gaze shifts, head turns, and other behaviors
- Initiating- spontaneous use of eye contact, gesturing, and vocalizing to elicit another’s attention
Theory of Mind
A cognitive achievement that enables children to understand others’ feelings and beliefs.
Gradually emerges during first 3 years of life
According to mobile experiment
infants have short term but not as much long term memory
Autobiographical memory
ability to remember experiences verbally
life history
Verbal recall if happens around age 2
Participatory memories
traumatic memories may be particularly likely to persist in form of nonverbal unconscious participatory memories.
Amygdala and hippocampus
How do traumatic memories before age 2 persist if no explicit memory/verbal recall?
Participatory
Gender: I’m girl/boy
2 years
When is gender constancy
4-5 years
TV/media
harmful for children under age of 3
Aggression, hyperactivity, fewer words
