Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Early Civilization for infants
A
Greek/Romans: harsh to build strong children with morals (infanticide)
China: foot binding
Maya: head binding
Bible: discipline
2
Q
Middle Ages
A
teething is illness
Saints for children, use charms to protect children.
BUT, infants left to die for money consolidation. Parents had right to sell children into servitude.
3
Q
Medical texts in late middle ages (1100-1300)
A
Few gave advice on childbirth and early infant care
4
Q
Renaissance (1450-1650)
A
First written child-rearing philosophies
5
Q
Enlightenment (18th century)
A
Emphasized value of children and importance of the body
6
Q
Childhood time of privilege, children are good, education reform
A
Rousseau, Romanticism
7
Q
Infants are tabula rasa, early education important, children need structure and disipline
A
Empiricism
Locke
8
Q
19th century
A
Nuclear family (white)
Medical advances in infant care
Domesticity/full time mother role emerged
Public playgrounds/dolls appear
9
Q
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
A
First to consider infants.
Natural Selection,, infants need to learn skills to survive.
Never studied children himself, but shaped how we think about infancy
10
Q
G Stanley Hall (1847-1924)
A
First psychologist in US
Believed Science could help create better individuals and better society
11
Q
James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934)
A
Began research program in Toronto on infant psychology where he studied movement patterns and handedness
12
Q
Nature v. Nurture: Arnold Gesell (1880-1961)
A
NATURE:
Child study lab @ Yale 1911.
Genetic Maturation
First scientist to use one-way mirror, one of the first to study twins.
Focused on “average” child and developmental milestones.
13
Q
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
A
NURTURE
Classical Conditioning
14
Q
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
A
NURTURE
Behaviorism
Children can be trained to do anything
15
Q
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
A
Operant conditioning
NURTURE
16
Q
Positive Reinforcer
A
Reward that INCREASES operant
17
Q
Negative reinforcer
A
Removing aversive stimulus, INCRASING Operant
18
Q
All reinforcement
A
INCREASES likelihood of behavior
19
Q
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
A
First year important
He and Anna focused too much on NURTURE
recognized infants experience emotions, desires, and need love
20
Q
First to explicitly integrate nature/nurture
A
Jean Piaget
21
Q
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
A
knowledge is active process of co-construction
Intelligence is adaption to environment
What we know depends on environment and how environment responds
Stages of development
22
Q
What theorist associated with maturation?
A
Arnold Gesell
23
Q
_____ constructed the theory of attachment, and ____ observed mother-child interaction
A
John Bowlby
Mary Ainsworth
24
Q
Interdisciplinary collaboration
A
Applying research on education, health care, public policy
25
Stage vs. continuous
Stage- piaget (object permanence)
Continuous- habituation
26
the interaction of genes with each other and with the organism’s internal and external environment to produce developmental outcomes, such as new structures, behaviors, and abilities
Epigenetics
Ex: PKU, differences in caregiving
27
Parens patriae
children are viewed as their parents’ possessions; the government may only interfere in extreme circumstances of abuse & neglect
28
Covers prenatal care for mothers and postnatal care for infants
Medicaid
29
Food vouchers up to 5 years old
Supplemental nutrition (WIC)
30
Some financial support to families of children under 3 years
Temporary assistance to needy families (TANF)
31
Provides tax refunds for working poor families
Earn income tax credit (EIC)
32
Prevents or protects children from abuse and neglect
State programs of child welfare
33
Promotes early child development for poor children under 3
Early Head Start
34
Parents can take up to 12 weeks off work without penalty, but usually without pay
Parental leave
35
Naturalistic Settings
Home, childcare, school etc.
Research is passive
Event sampling- only what you're looking for
Narrative record- write what you see
36
Naturalistic settings have a high ____
External validity
37
Naturalistic settings need good _____ and can be used for cultural research called ___
operational definitions
Ethnographic research
38
Laboratory studies
• A specially designed research space that isolates the influence of selected independent variables on dependent variables
Internal validity tends to be high.
39
Qualitative
Attempting to capture meaning/quality of the behavior while maintaining scientific stance.
The observers focus on the meaning of the situation for participants
The ROLE OF RESEARCH TAKEN EXPLICITY INTO ACCOUNT
Examines situation in broader context
Credibility depends on researcher's skill, experience, rigor
40
Quantitative
Representing complex behavioral processes with numerical index (a variable)
Employs stats to analyze data
Collects a small amount of data from a large group of people
Allows generalization to larger population
41
Case Studies
In depth examination of one child
Baby Biographies- infants' early development
Single subject: gives researcher more control, but the more unique the child, the harder to replicate
42
Quasi-experimental (nonexperimental) Studies
Groups of participants are already formed before study
ex: twin studies, alcohol exposure, etc.
43
Experimental Studies
Random Assignment
IV manipulated
DV measured
Control and Contrast group
Internal validity high
External validity low
44
Longitudinal:
| What is it, examples, cons
Reveals continuity and change within the same individuals over a long period of time, can show long term effects of interventions
Ex: birth weight and reading ability later on
Cons: time consuming, expensive, attrition of participation, practice effects
45
Cross-sectional
Compares different age groups at one point in time.
Ex: ability of 12/18/24 month old to imitate
Need to be ware of cohort effects (generational differences)
46
Microgenetic
Documents the process of development over a relatively short period of time. (Example: The onset of walking over a period of months)
47
Infant research methods (name 3)
1. Behavior responses
2. Parental report
3. Archival research
48
Paired-preference tests
researchers determine which of two stimuli is preferred by infants
49
Habituation procedures
decline in looking time over repeated trials of the same stimulus
50
Response-contingent procedures
Infants trained to change their behavior if they can detect certain features of stimuli and will alter their behavior to receive their favorite stimulus)
51
Physiological recording and Limitations
Automatic recording- heart rate, respiration, brain activity, hormones eye movements.
Limits: Hard to know precise meaning, hard to say when/where response originates or is encoded in body
52
Issues in infant research (logistics)
Behavioral State: more likely to cooperate when awake
Inference/interpretation: infants can't respond verbally to questions.
53
Issues in infant research (ethics)
since infants cannot provide informed consent to participate in research, their parents must do so
if child can answer questions verbally can give assent (agreement)
researchers must pledge to keep the subjects’ identity confidential & to limit access to their data only to those persons directly involved with the research
Both parents do not always agree about consent
researchers must be careful when communicating any developmental concerns
54
How to reduce bias
attention to reliability, validity, observer bias, and representative smaples
55
Conception
Union of ovum and spermatozoon creating zygote
56
Gametes have __ chromosomes. Most cells have __
23.
46
57
Genotype
spiral shaped molecules of DNA, which contains genes
58
Chromosomes work in
pairs
59
Regions of related genes are called
alleles
60
Sex linked
23rd chromosomes
| color blindness, baldness, hemophilia
61
Dizygotic Twins
two ova fertilized and two different zygotes develop
62
Monozygotic
fertilized zygote divides and splits into two separate zygotes
63
Researchers like monozygotic twins because of the
different epigenetic markers
64
Measures of fetal behavior
1. Spontaneous movement (around 9 weeks)
2. Fetal Heart rate (110-180 bmp), used to test cognition, correlation to movements
3. Breathing- begins around 10 weeks, increases in frequency
65
epigenome
biochemical markers that turn on or turn off actions of particular genes within DNA of each cell
66
Period of Zygote
End of 2nd week zygote to blastocyst. Consists of embryonic disk, sacs, and HCG
67
human chorionic gonadotropin
inhibits menstruation
68
endoderm (E)
digestive urinary and respiratory systems
69
mesoderm (E)
muscles bone circulatory system and reproductive system
70
Ectoderm (E)
CNS/brain, sense organs, skin, hair, nails, teeth
71
Yolk sac (E)
produces blood cells, becomes part of liver, spleen, and bone marrow
72
Amniotic sac (E)
grows to cover the embryo and contains the amniotic fluid (cushions fetus)
73
Chorion (E)
membrane that surround yolk and amniotic sacs- where placenta forms
74
```
Heat beat-
Limb differentiation-
Faint spine-
Rudimentary sensory system-
Face development-
```
(E)
Heart beat- end of 1st month
Limb differentiation- 8 weeks
Spine- 4 weeks
6.5 weeks- sensory system
Face- 5.5-8.5 weeks
75
Fetus Period
7-16 weeks
(2-3 months)
Fetal-1
Spontaneous movements, changes in glucose/oxygen levels, helps develop nerve endings in sensory receptors.
9 weeks- 2 hemispheres
15 weeks- communicates with sense organs/muscles
16 weeks- 3in/0.5 oz
Thalamocortical projections established- others give birth around now, but humans do not.
External genitals form
76
When does fetus look human
9 weeks
77
ultrasounds use
high frequency sound waves
78
Fetus-2
17-22 weeks
4-6 months
Rapid brain development- subcortical/cortical cells inhibit spasm movements.
24 weeks- movements specialized/control
Hair on body (lanugo)/eyebrows/eyelashes
Vernix caseosa protects skin
Nails/tooth buds
6 months- 2 lbs
79
Fetus-3
23-36 weeks
7-9 months
Waking/sleep states= active/quiet
20-30%- less, but mom can feel
75% time in REM sleep
Pain between 26-30 weeks
Movement patterns - 8 m thumb sucking, grasping, adjustment movements, fetuses can see, hear, feel, and smell, cry and grunt/yawn
Distinguish voices, prefer certain songs
Prenatal learning
80
Infertility
about 1/6 couples
unable to conceive successfully for at least 1 year
81
Female infertility
failure to ovulate (treatable) or the unsuccessful journey of ovum to fallopian tubes (treated by surgery and drugs)
82
Male infertility
potentially treatable factors (smoking, tight underwear, hot baths, saunas) or by injuries, underdeveloped testes, and some childhood diseases
83
Enhancing fertility
NFP
good diet/exercise
Medical intervention: artificial insemination/in vitro
84
Artificial insemination by donor
sperm from donor provided to woman during ovulation
85
Egg donation
egg from donor is inserted in another woman's uterus
86
Fertility drugs
drugs given to stimulate the development and release of eggs from ovary
87
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
surgical insertion of sperm and egg in the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs
88
In vitro fertilization
eggs harvested from ovaries and fertilized in petri dish for subsequent implantation
89
Surrogacy
woman carries fetus from her own egg and donated sperm or zygote from in vitro fertilization
90
Issues with assisted reproductive tech
Surrogacy: attachment to gestation mother, compensation, child identity
Donating eggs: medical risks, coercison of donors
Good to have older parents?
Cloning
Couple divorces
Embryonic stem cells: when does human life begin.
91
Changes in mother during pregnancy
Failure to menstruate
80%- nausea/vomiting (adaptive, prolactin/estradiol, help avoid bad food)
Fatigue/frequent urination
20% do not get prenatal care during 1st trimester
weight gain 25-35 pounds
92
placenta
secretes hormones that nurture the fetus and prepare the mother's body for birth and that induce changes in breasts to become ready for lactation
93
Colostrum
yellowish liquid high in protein/antibodies that is first food for infant may be secreted by 4th month of pregnancy
94
Nutritional Requirements
Micronutrients, vitamins, minerals
Folic acid, b9, zinc, iodine
Healthy nutrition (micronutrients, omega-3s) and weight gain are essential
95
Exercise during pregnancy
Moderate exercise- fetal neurodevelopment
Intense exercise only during first trimester
96
Brain growth in some areas
hypothalamus, amygdala, parietal cortex, prefrontal cortex
97
Mothers- successful adaption to pregnancy
knowledge of pregnancy and childbirth
presence of father
marital satisfaction
low levels of family stress
Social support from friends and family
Ability to remain active
emotional well-being
stress reduction
98
Fathers- successful adaption
Emotionally distant/cheating/abuse (1/6)
Better if knowledge, social support, marital satisfaction, low levels of family stress, emotional well-being
99
Siblings- successful adaptation
preparing a first child for the second DOES NOT WORK
Conflict between mom and first child predicts more interfering behavior of the first child with new baby
100
Most defects occur
1st trimester, organs developing
101
Two main types of birth defects
1. structural defects
| 2. Defects resulting from genetic and chromosomal abnormalities
102
Neural Tube Defect
1st month
Spina bifida/Anencephaly
prevent by folic acid before and during pregnancy
103
Spina bifida
spinal columa doesn't close completely.
Nerve damage/paralysis
104
Anencephaly
most of brain/skull don't develop
Death
105
Congenital heart defects
structure of heart
| MOST COMMON BIRTH DEFECT
106
3 types of genetic disorders
1. Single gene
2. chromosomal
3. complex
107
Single gene: Cystic fibrosis
inherited. buildup of sticky mucus that can damage the body's organs.
Autosomal recessive
108
Sickle cell anemia
hemoglobin
slow blood flow
autosomal recessive
109
Marfan syndrome
connective tissue
| heart, blood vessels, bones, joints, eyes
110
Huntington's disease
progressive brain disorder caused by defective gene
symptoms 30-50 years.
defect is dominant
111
Chromo: Turner's
missing/incomplete X
Girl's short, ovaries don't work
112
Chromo: Klinefelter syndrome
XXY on sex chromosomes (occurs in men)
infertility/small testicles
113
At what age of genetic/chromosomal errors more common?
Mother 35+
| Fathers 40+
114
Study of birth disabilities and behavioral problems from environmental influences during prenatal period
Teratology
ex: alcohol drugs, radiation, disease
115
Thalidomide (tranq)
Heart defects, missing limbs
116
DES hormones
vaginal cancer in girls and sterility and genital abnormality in boys
117
Tertogens: what makes it worse
2/3 during 1st trimester
| risk in embryotic when organs forming
118
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
44% higher risk in heavy drinkers
1/3 per 1,000 births in US
mental retardation, facial abnormalities, hyperactivity, growth retardation, more premature births & miscarriages, lower birthweight,
heart defects
119
Smoking (tabacco)
respiration problems, antisocial, learning, excitability, gastrointestinal, obesity, asthma
lowers sperm count
passive smoking hurts too
effect of lower birth weight same regardless of who is smoking (mom or dad)
120
Cocaine
Low birthweight
circulatory/respiratory/urinary problems
Sudden infant death, attention difficulties, language delay
other problems due to environment
121
Maternal depression
9-14% during pregnany
35% take SSRIs, no birth defects
122
Maternal anxiety/stress cortisol effects on fetus
fetuses higher activity level, cry more as infants and difficult emotion regulation
more likely to have ADHD/anxiety/low IQ, mental illness
123
Maternal Illness: Diabetes
extra sugar, large babies, birth defects/miscarriage
124
Maternal Illness: Rh disease
mom rh-
baby rh+
firstborn babies not effect, but bad later
125
Maternal illness: rubella (german measles)
mother during embryonic period, birth defects
126
Zika
microcephaly
127
AIDS
risk reduced if antiretrovirals
128
Paternal influences associated with tetrogens
lower sperm count/abnormal sperm
Cocaine risk birth defects
smoking leads to lower birthweight and childhood cancer
129
Amniocentesis
sample of amniotic fluid
130
Chrorionic villus sampling (CVS)
diagnosing wider range of disorder
131
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis PGD
detect genetic disorders early
132
prenatal screening
terminate healthy child that does not meet expectations
133
CRISPR
Gene editing tool for correcting disease mutations
134
Teen pregnancy risk
Poor, low academics, end in divorce, children prone to delinquency
Birth defects, infant death, low birthweight
135
Prevent teen pregnancy
internal locus of control
academic achievement
life choices/poverty alleviation
conception/contraception
136
Babies expected to be born
280 days from last menstrual period
137
Timing of birth controlled by
CRH
138
3 stages of labor
1. opening of cervix
2. Passage through vagina
3. birth of placenta
139
Opening of cervix
dilation widening to 10 cm.
Effacement- thinning of cervix
loss of mucus plug.
Latent phase- spaced contractions
active-intense/frequent
140
Delivery of Infant
gradually pushed out head first
141
placental expulsion
placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled through final set of contractions
remaining tissue could cause postpartum hemorrhage
After expulsion, placenta examined for abnormalities
142
Induction of labor
hormone stimulates uterine muscles
143
Fetal monitoring
only for high risk deliveries
144
Forceps
may cause brain/spinal cord injuries, used only during early phases of labor (high forceps)
145
Vacuum Extraction
soft/rigid cup with handle and vacuum pump applied to baby's head to help guide baby out of canal
risks lower than with forceps
146
Risks of drugs
mothers might have fevers, not remember birth, newborns high temp, cried more, slow to respond, affect organs
147
C-sections
Approx. 1/3 of births were C-sections in 2015.
Save lives, but risk- of infection/stress. longer to heal
no ill effects
148
a practitioner who has been trained to assist women who are giving birth. They also offer pre- and postnatal care. They often work alongside doctors
midwife
149
works alongside doctors and midwives to offer emotional support during labor and delivery
doula
150
The Newborn Appearance
covered in vernix caseosa, lose weight due to loss of meconium and drinking colostrum
brain doubles in size, myelination during first year. Born with all nerve cells
151
Screening Assessments
APGAR
indication of newborn's ability to survive, immediate medical needs
152
Neurological assessments
problems with CNS/PNS, major brain/spinal cord or sensory damage
153
Behavioral Assessments
used to rate presence and strength of behavior responses to stimulate spontaneous activity
154
Dubowitz scale
used when infants born preterm to estimate gestational age
155
NBAS
examination used w/infants to assess reflexes/social behaviors
Useful for screening instrument for gross neurological dysfunction
156
Newborn behavioral observation (NBO)
structured set of observations designed to help clinician and parents. Identify kind of support infant needs for his successful growth and development.
157
Perinatal period is 1 month before birth to 1 month after: problems?
disorder of delivery, infections, asphyxia, hypoglycemia, etc.
3-5 children show severe developmental problems before school- 85% due to prenatal/perinatal causes
158
Short term effects of prematurity
Newborn death, esp. ELBW babies
More likely to have lack of oxygen during birth, jaundice, physical/mental impairments
Gestational age is better indicator of developmental status than birth age (feeding/sleeping)
34 weeks- the age at which premature infants show increase in ability to respond to stimulation
159
Long term effects
shorter/smaller than full-term individuals (catch-up growth: more rapid growth than term infants)
deficits until adolescence: behavior, cognition, language, motor, emotion, at risk for illness
160
Kangaroo care
skin-to-skin contact
161
Premature
vestibular-proprioceptive stimulation
Successful intervention depends on gestation age/health
open beds, low lights, gentle touch, pain control, monitor oxygen
162
postdate birth
weight more
| problems due to malnutrition or oxygen deprivation due to placenta aging
163
Macrosomic
weight more than 8lbs 13oz
164
Spontaneous abortions
embryo stage (up to 8 weeks)
165
Stillbrith
Full-term infant who dies before or during delivery
166
Perinatal death biggest causes
1. poverty
2. Disease
prevent by supplemental nutrition for mothers/infant, breast feeding, growth monitoring, rehydration, immunization
167
Are basic brain connections laid down b4 birth?
True
168
Greatest density of brain cell connectors
by age 3
169
After age 3 does window close
no
170
majority info comes from
animal research
171
Glial Cells (support cells)
perform a variety of critical support functions.
more numerous,
provide oxygen, remove waste, myelin
white matter
172
Brain stem
ANS- respiration, heart rate, bp, sucking, swallowing, digestion
Cerebellum- balance, posture, coordination
173
Sympathetic Nervous system
prepares the body for action
174
Parasympathetic Nervous system
allows body to relax
175
Limbic System
emotion, memory, regulation
hornmones
Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus,
Thalamus- attention span, sensing pain,
176
Stress
Amygdala, hypothalamus, pituitary adrenal
Hypo: CRH
pit: ACTH
Adrenal: Cortisol
177
Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe is one of four lobes in the cerebral hemisphere. This lobe controls a several elements including creative thought, problem solving, intellect, judgment, behavior, attention, abstract thinking, physical reactions, muscle movements, coordinated movements, smell and personality.
178
Parietal Lobe
Governs spatial processing and integrates sensory input with information in memory. Located in the cerebral hemisphere, this lobe focuses on comprehension. Visual functions, language, reading, internal stimuli, tactile sensation and sensory comprehension will be monitored here.
179
Sensory Cortex
, receives information relayed from the spinal cord regarding the position of various body parts and how they are moving. This middle area of the brain can also be used to relay information from the sense of touch, including pain or pressure which is affecting different portions of the body.
180
Temporal Lobe
involved in memory, visual recognition, and processing of emotion and auditory information. The temporal lobe controls visual and auditory memories. It includes areas that help manage some speech and hearing capabilities, behavioral elements, and language. It is located in the cerebral hemisphere.
181
Wernicke's Area
temporal lobe
| understand speech
182
Broca's
facial neruons, understand speech and language
located in triangular and opercular section of intferior frontal gyrus
183
What lets us voluntarily regulate body states and behaivor
prefrontal cortex
184
by time baby born
50% prental neurons died
185
2nd half development
synaptogenesis
186
initial wiring of brain complete by
7th month
| fetuses begin to feel pain and control movement
187
Experience Expectant neural pathways
prepare infant for survival
more or less fully developed at birth allowing infant to adapt to environmental stimuli
Brain is expecting specific experiences, for which specific skills are best adapting (pain=crying)
188
Experience dependent neural pathways
Pathways and regions that are not fully formed and need environment stimuli to develop
189
Most important factor regulating individual differences in brain development
Stress
190
When does stress occurs?
can't find balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
191
__ is result of prolonged sympathetic activiation in depletion of boidly resources
trauma
192
nonconscious evaluation of environment
neuroception
193
Cortisol when
prolonged SNS
| suppression PNS
