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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The % DM that hay should be baled at is _____.

a. 90-95
b. 85-90
c. 80-85
d. 75-80

A

b. 85-90

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2
Q

The % DM for proper corn silage production should be _____.

a. 18-30
b. 32-38
c. 42-58
d. 58-72

A

b. 32-38

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3
Q

As cutting height at harvest of corn silage increases, energy value of the silage _____.

a. increases
b. decreases
c. stays the same

A

a. increases

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4
Q

At what stage of growth should alfalfa be harvested for silage?

a. full-bloom
b. mid-bloom
c. pre-bloom

A

c. pre-bloom

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5
Q

What is the dominant grass used for PNW irrigated pasture?

a. alfalfa
b. smooth bromegrass
c. timothy
d. orchard grass

A

d. orchard grass

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6
Q

Characteristics of forages include the following except (answer all that apply):

a. high digestibility
b. high fiber
c. low density
d. less than 18% Crude Fiber

A

a. high digestibility

d. less than 18% Crude Fiber

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7
Q

What is the rate of application (on a % DM basis) that chemical treatments should be applied to low quality forages to get optimal results?

a. 1-2%
b. 3-5%
c. 6-8%
d. 10-12%

A

b. 3-5%

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8
Q

Which analysis is used to calculate RFV (answer all that apply)?

a. ADF
b. CP
c. NDF
d. NDFD

A

a. ADF

c. NDF

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9
Q

Grasses vs Legumes

Which has higher Crude protein?

A

Legumes

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10
Q

Grasses vs Legumes

Which has higher cell wall content?

A

Grasses

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11
Q

Grasses vs Legumes

Which has higher lignin content in response to maturity?

A

Legumes

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12
Q

Grasses vs Legumes

Which has potential for bloat?

A

Legumes

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13
Q

Grasses vs Legumes

Which has a greater amount of Energy?

A

they both have about the same

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14
Q

List 5 examples of cool season grasses

A 
Orchardgrass
Smooth bromegrass 
Downy bromegrass 
Tall Fescue 
Ryegrass
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15
Q

Explain nutritional characteristics of alfalfa.

A 
Queen of forages
bioavailable 
palatable 
extreme bloat problem 
very nutritious - protein, Ca, Mg
High producing 
legume
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16
Q

High NDF = _____

A

Low Intake

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17
Q

High ADF = _____

A

Low digestibility

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18
Q

High NDF and ADF = _____

A

High maturity

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19
Q

More stems = _____

A

More ADF

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20
Q

Grasses vs Legumes

Which has minerals (Ca & Mg)?

A

Legumes

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21
Q

List characteristics of Orchardgrass

A

Shade tolerant
Extremely productive
Suited for pasture and hay crop

22
Q

List characteristics of Smooth Bromegrass

A

Noted for high protein content
NOT noted for regrowth
Suited for pasture and hay crop

23
Q

List characteristics of Downy Bromegrass

A

Tolerant to drought and grazing

Negatives - not productive, fast maturing, fire prone

24
Q

List characteristics of Tall Fescue

A

Tolerant of poor conditions - drought, fertility, overgrazing
Negatives - unproductive in summer, fescue toxiscosis

25
List characteristics of Birdsfoot Trefoil
Long lived perennial Difficult to establish Above average in production and nutrition
26
List characteristics of Red clover
Higher yield but lower protein than Alfalfa Easy to establish High risk for bloat
27
Explain Ammoniation in Detail
``` Increase CP Increase digestibility Increase intake Changes from a liquid to a gas and penetrates the forage Takes several weeks ```
28
List 3 examples of chemical treatment of forages
NaOH Calcium Oxide Ammoniation
29
Explain sources of losses associated with ensiling.
``` Losses depend on management harvesting and handling in the field left in field for to long surface and perimeter spoilage seepage or runoff ```
30
Explain stage 1 of silage fermentation
Cell respiration, Production of CO2, heat and water 60 degrees F pH - 6.0-6.5 Aerobic activity
31
Explain stage 2 of silage fermentation
Production of Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, and Ethanol 95 degrees F pH - 5.0 Anaerobic Activity
32
Explain stage 3 & 4 of silage fermentation
Lactic Acid Formation 84 degrees F pH - 4.0 Anaerobic activity
33
Explain stage 5 of silage fermentation
Material Storage | Anaerobic activity
34
Explain stage 6 of silage fermentation
``` Aerobic Decomposition on Re-exposure to Oxygen 115 degrees F pH - 7.0 Mold & yeast activity Aerobic Activity ```
35
Explain the effect if lignin on the energy value of forage and its association with plant maturity.
Lignin decreases the energy value of forage | Lignin increases with maturity
36
Why does the protein value decrease is hay is harvested too wet? What analysis can you look at on a forage report to determine this?
mold production heat that denatures the protein look at DM content
37
Explain what is meant by a representative sample.
sample of hay taken from at least 20 bales from a plot per cutting, and is meant to represent the average of all your hay
38
How do you go about making sure you get a representative sample of hay?
probe method, push the core into the center of the bale 14-24 inches.
39
How do you go about making sure you get a representative sample of silage?
bagged - cut open 5-6 slits along the bag and take about 1.5lbs to sample.
40
What are the main goals of low quality forage treatments (how will it increase the feed value)?
make nutrients more accessible to rumen microbes | increase energy intake
41
Explain how physical treatment achieve the goal of low quality forage treatment.
increasing the surface area
42
Explain how chemical treatment achieve the goal of low quality forage treatment.
break linkages between lignin and hemicellulose
43
List the characteristics of grain
high in starch high digestibility low in protein deficient in Ca and some vitamins
44
List 5 grains
``` Corn Barley Wheat Oats Sorghum ```
45
Why is wheat not common in livestock diets?
wheat is human food, do NOT want to create competition
46
Do you have to sample grains or forages every season?
Forages
47
Define the relationships among dietary NDF, rumen pH, and DMI
increase dietary NDF = decreased intake (DMI) Rumen pH goes up and down with the amount and type of intake increase NDF = increased saliva production = increased pH
48
List 3 methods of physical treatments of forages
Pelleting Chopping Grinding
49
What are the objectives of making "hay"?
harvest the crop at or near its optimum nutrient content = optimum yield minimize losses = more money
50
Explain various sources of losses associated with haymaking.
``` drying losses mechanical losses heat damage storage losses maturity ```

AVS 306 (9 decks)

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