Exam 2 Flashcards
The % DM that hay should be baled at is _____.
a. 90-95
b. 85-90
c. 80-85
d. 75-80
b. 85-90
The % DM for proper corn silage production should be _____.
a. 18-30
b. 32-38
c. 42-58
d. 58-72
b. 32-38
As cutting height at harvest of corn silage increases, energy value of the silage _____.
a. increases
b. decreases
c. stays the same
a. increases
At what stage of growth should alfalfa be harvested for silage?
a. full-bloom
b. mid-bloom
c. pre-bloom
c. pre-bloom
What is the dominant grass used for PNW irrigated pasture?
a. alfalfa
b. smooth bromegrass
c. timothy
d. orchard grass
d. orchard grass
Characteristics of forages include the following except (answer all that apply):
a. high digestibility
b. high fiber
c. low density
d. less than 18% Crude Fiber
a. high digestibility
d. less than 18% Crude Fiber
What is the rate of application (on a % DM basis) that chemical treatments should be applied to low quality forages to get optimal results?
a. 1-2%
b. 3-5%
c. 6-8%
d. 10-12%
b. 3-5%
Which analysis is used to calculate RFV (answer all that apply)?
a. ADF
b. CP
c. NDF
d. NDFD
a. ADF
c. NDF
Grasses vs Legumes
Which has higher Crude protein?
Legumes
Grasses vs Legumes
Which has higher cell wall content?
Grasses
Grasses vs Legumes
Which has higher lignin content in response to maturity?
Legumes
Grasses vs Legumes
Which has potential for bloat?
Legumes
Grasses vs Legumes
Which has a greater amount of Energy?
they both have about the same
List 5 examples of cool season grasses
Orchardgrass Smooth bromegrass Downy bromegrass Tall Fescue Ryegrass
Explain nutritional characteristics of alfalfa.
Queen of forages bioavailable palatable extreme bloat problem very nutritious - protein, Ca, Mg High producing legume
High NDF = _____
Low Intake
High ADF = _____
Low digestibility
High NDF and ADF = _____
High maturity
More stems = _____
More ADF
Grasses vs Legumes
Which has minerals (Ca & Mg)?
Legumes
List characteristics of Orchardgrass
Shade tolerant
Extremely productive
Suited for pasture and hay crop
List characteristics of Smooth Bromegrass
Noted for high protein content
NOT noted for regrowth
Suited for pasture and hay crop
List characteristics of Downy Bromegrass
Tolerant to drought and grazing
Negatives - not productive, fast maturing, fire prone
List characteristics of Tall Fescue
Tolerant of poor conditions - drought, fertility, overgrazing
Negatives - unproductive in summer, fescue toxiscosis
List characteristics of Birdsfoot Trefoil
Long lived perennial
Difficult to establish
Above average in production and nutrition
List characteristics of Red clover
Higher yield but lower protein than Alfalfa
Easy to establish
High risk for bloat
Explain Ammoniation in Detail
Increase CP Increase digestibility Increase intake Changes from a liquid to a gas and penetrates the forage Takes several weeks
List 3 examples of chemical treatment of forages
NaOH
Calcium Oxide
Ammoniation
Explain sources of losses associated with ensiling.
Losses depend on management harvesting and handling in the field left in field for to long surface and perimeter spoilage seepage or runoff
Explain stage 1 of silage fermentation
Cell respiration, Production of CO2, heat and water
60 degrees F
pH - 6.0-6.5
Aerobic activity
Explain stage 2 of silage fermentation
Production of Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, and Ethanol
95 degrees F
pH - 5.0
Anaerobic Activity
Explain stage 3 & 4 of silage fermentation
Lactic Acid Formation
84 degrees F
pH - 4.0
Anaerobic activity
Explain stage 5 of silage fermentation
Material Storage
Anaerobic activity
Explain stage 6 of silage fermentation
Aerobic Decomposition on Re-exposure to Oxygen 115 degrees F pH - 7.0 Mold & yeast activity Aerobic Activity
Explain the effect if lignin on the energy value of forage and its association with plant maturity.
Lignin decreases the energy value of forage
Lignin increases with maturity
Why does the protein value decrease is hay is harvested too wet? What analysis can you look at on a forage report to determine this?
mold production
heat that denatures the protein
look at DM content
Explain what is meant by a representative sample.
sample of hay taken from at least 20 bales from a plot per cutting, and is meant to represent the average of all your hay
How do you go about making sure you get a representative sample of hay?
probe method, push the core into the center of the bale 14-24 inches.
How do you go about making sure you get a representative sample of silage?
bagged - cut open 5-6 slits along the bag and take about 1.5lbs to sample.
What are the main goals of low quality forage treatments (how will it increase the feed value)?
make nutrients more accessible to rumen microbes
increase energy intake
Explain how physical treatment achieve the goal of low quality forage treatment.
increasing the surface area
Explain how chemical treatment achieve the goal of low quality forage treatment.
break linkages between lignin and hemicellulose
List the characteristics of grain
high in starch
high digestibility
low in protein
deficient in Ca and some vitamins
List 5 grains
Corn Barley Wheat Oats Sorghum
Why is wheat not common in livestock diets?
wheat is human food, do NOT want to create competition
Do you have to sample grains or forages every season?
Forages
Define the relationships among dietary NDF, rumen pH, and DMI
increase dietary NDF = decreased intake (DMI)
Rumen pH goes up and down with the amount and type of intake
increase NDF = increased saliva production = increased pH
List 3 methods of physical treatments of forages
Pelleting
Chopping
Grinding
What are the objectives of making “hay”?
harvest the crop at or near its optimum nutrient content = optimum yield
minimize losses = more money
Explain various sources of losses associated with haymaking.
drying losses mechanical losses heat damage storage losses maturity
