Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AVS 306 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

As forage advances in maturity (from early age to lat e maturity), what happens to its concentration of:

a) fiber,
b) energy,
c) protein

A

a) fiber increases
b) energy decreases
c) protein decreases
this makes the forage less digestible as is matures, because as fiber increases, digestibility decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is “Grass tetany”? Explain.

A

Grass tetany is a deficiency in Magnesium.
This happens during cool, cloudy weather in the early spring or late winter.
It can be very bad for the animal and even cause death.
Mature animals are more likely to be affected, particularly lactating females.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are NDF and ADF? Compare them.

A

NDF: Neutral Detergent fiber, composed of Hemicellulose, Cellulose, and Lignin

ADF: Acid Detergent fiber, composed of cellulose and lignin making it less digestible than NDF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do we like to feed fats to livestock? Explain.

A

Fats have 2.25% more energy than carbs

Fats can help keep the dust down and can increase palatability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to an N containing feed (soybean meal or urea) as it enters the GI tract of cattle? Explain.

A

Urea Production
Ammonia is used for microbial protein
N-containing feed can be recycled back through the animal, or can be excreted out if there is excess urea in the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two most commonly fed carbohydrates in livestock nutrition? Give two examples for each. How do they differ?

A

Starch: (cellulose, hemicellulose) molassa, grain, cornstalks
Fiber: (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) wheat, alfalfa

Starch is more available and easier to digest than Fiber.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does RFV stand for? Explain its importance and application. How do you determine RFV?

A

Relative Feed Value
RFV = (digestible DM% * DM intake %)
This is a method of determining the value of hay based on NDF and ADF content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does “Biological Value” (BV) show? How do you determine this?

A

BV is the portion of AAs that is actually retained by the animal.
BV of a protein source depends on 2 factors:
(1) how well the animal converts proteins to AAs
(2) Ending AA balance compared to the animal’s AA requirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Excess consumption of iron can cause zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium absorptions to be:

a. only affect zinc absorption
b. increased
c. decreased
d. not affected

A

c. decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which one is the most energy efficient VFA?

a. acetic acid
b. propionic acid
c. butyric acid
d. lauricacid

A

b. propionic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The most expensive macro-nutrient (per weight) to feed is _____.

a. protein
b. carbohydrates
c. fat
d. calcium

A

a. protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Ca:P ratio for growing animals and lactating is _____ and for laying hens is _____.

a. 1.2 to 1.5:1, 6:1
b. 2:1, 4:1
c. 6:1, 1.2 to 1.5:1
d. 3:1, 2:1

A

a. 1.2 to 1.5:1, 6:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acute “hypomagnesemia” or “grass tetany” can be caused by the following except:

a. high dietary Ca
b. low soil P
c. low forage K
d. low forage Mg

A

c. low forage K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Too much grain in a ration fr ruminants causes the rumen pH to first be _____:

a. unchanged
b. increased
c. depends on the day light duration
d. decreased

A

d. decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
Feeding fats in ration will: 
a increase energy density 
b. increase absorption of vitamin A
c. may decrease fiber digestion 
d. all of the above
A

d. all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the rumen the interaction between Mo and S form thiomolybdates which are absorbed if:

a. adequate amounts of Cu is present
b. adequate amounts of S is present
c. low amounts of Cu is present
d. adequate amounts of Mo is present

A

c. low amounts of Cu is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Excess NH3 is first:

a. excreted in the urine
b. recycled through the liver
c. recycled through the rumen
d. excreted in the feces

A

b. recycled through the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Feeding ionophores can be beneficial because:

a. acetate production decreases
b. feed:gain decreases
c. propionate production decreases
d. methane production decreases

A

b. feed:gain decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which one is a factor that influences metabolic evaluation of protein utilization in a ruminant?

a. diffusion of ammonia from the rumen
b. muscle turnover
c. overfeeding protein
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How would you assess to see whether or not you are over feeding protein?

a. urinary nitrogen content
b. fecal nitrogen content
c. milk urea nitrogen content
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When evaluating the protein content of a feed, why would you want to know its amino acid profile?

a. amino acids are necessary energy substrates for protein synthesis
b. protein synthesis will decrease when a required amino acids is inadequately supplemented
c. protein synthesis will increase when a required amino acids is inadequately supplemented
d. you would not need to. protein synthesis is independent of amino acid requirements

A

b. protein synthesis will decrease when a required amino acids is inadequately supplemented

22
Q

Which feedstuff has the greatest biological value for protein?

a. blood meal
b. soybean meal
c. egg albumin
d. fish meal

A

c. egg albumin

23
Q

Which one is NOT a component of determining metabolizable energy requirement for an animal?

a. gas energy
b. fecal energy
c. heat increment
d. urine energy

A

a. gas energy

24
Q

Why is a ruminant less energy efficient than a non-ruminant?

a. ruminants can not absorb nutrients efficiently
b. ruminants eat rations with lower energy per kg
c. ruminants lose energy through methane production and heat of fermentation
d. ruminants digest feed in more than one location

A

c. ruminants lose energy through methane production and heat of fermentation

25
Q

Which statement about quality of a feed and its respective voluntary intake is true?

a. grains with high energy density have greater intakes than grains with lover energy density
b. forages with slow digestion rates have decreased intake than those with faster digestion rates
c. overcooked/burned co-products have greater intake than those normally
d. all of the above

A

b. forages with slow digestion rates have decreased intake than those with faster digestion rates

26
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a factor for regulating feed intake?

a. liporeceptors
b. hormones
c. rumen pH
d. all of the above regulate feed intake

A

d. all of the above regulate feed intake

27
Q

In situ studies are performed…

a. in a tube
b. in a site (organ)
c. in a machine
d. in a flask

A

b. in a site (organ)

28
Q

Which one of the following methods are used to evaluate protein quality?

a. pepsin digestibility
b. urease test
c. amino acid index
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

29
Q

The Van Soest Fiber analysis system replaces the Weende system because it is…

a. cheaper
b. faster
c. more accurate
d. more environmentally friendly

A

c. more accurate

30
Q

When problems warrant, drinking water is analyzed for…

a. nitrates and sulfates
b. vitamins
c. NDF & ADF
d. all of the above

A

a. nitrates and sulfates

31
Q

Labels on commercially prepared feeds (i.e., feed tags) provide a guaranteed feed analysis, which includes the…

a. minimum % of crude protein
b. minimum % of crude fiber
c. maximum % of crude fat
d. minimum % of moisture

A

a. minimum % of crude protein

32
Q

In NIR system, absorbance is mainly related to…

a. carbon bonds
b. hydrogen bonds
c. nitrogen bonds
d. oxygen bonds

A

b. hydrogen bonds

33
Q

True digestibility is always _____ apparent digestibility.

a. less than
b. equal to
c. greater than
d. none of the above

A

c. greater than

34
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a use of energy for maintenance in an animal?

a. growth
b. thermoregulation
c. digestion
d. protein turnover

A

a. growth

35
Q

Which of the following are sources of water for the animal?

a. metabolic water, urine, drinking
b. nutrient oxidation, food, urine
c. feed, metabolic water, drinking
d. respiration, perspiration, blood

A

c. feed, metabolic water, drinking

36
Q

Starch is made up of _____ and _____ which have alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 linkages. However, cellulose is made up of _____ linkages.

a. glucose; galactose; delta 1,6
b. lignin; glycogen; beta 1,4
c. amylose; pectin; beta 1,6
d. amylose; amylopectin; beta 1,4

A

d. amylose; amylopectin; beta 1,4

37
Q

What are the components of ADF?

a. fiber, pectin, cellulose
b. cellulose, lignin
c. cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
d. cellulose, pectin

A

b. cellulose, lignin

38
Q

All following are monosaccharides except:

a. lactose
b. fructose
c. glucose
d. galactose

A

a. lactose

39
Q

Which body component makes up the least percent of total body mass at birth?

a. bone
b. fat
c. muscle
d. none of the above

A

a. fat

40
Q

As age increases body water content _____.

a. stays the same
b. increases
c. decreases
d. decreases then increases

A

c. decreases

41
Q

Which is not one of the basic nutrients needed by animals?

a. vitamins
b. starch
c. water
d. protein

A

b. starch

42
Q

Nonstructural carbohydrates are mostly made up of what?

a. pectin
b. ADF
c. starch
d. NDF

A

c. starch

43
Q

Name 4 laboratory methods of protein evaluation, and briefly explain one of theses methods.

A

Amino acid Index - determines all of the AAs in a feed, lets you know if there are any limiting AAs
Urease test
Pepsin Digestibility
Dye Binding

44
Q

What do we measure in “proximate analysis”? Briefly explain the mythology for one of them

A 
Dry matter
Ash - burn at 500 degrees C, want to be very small because it is inorganic
Crude Fiber
Crude Protein
Ether Extract
45
Q

What do we measure in “Fiber detergent analysis (Van Soest method) what is the benefit of performing this analysis as compared with “crude fiber” analysis.

A

Van Soest method is more beneficial because it is more accurate and more specific than just crude fiber

Fiber detergent analysis measures the NDF, ADF, and lignin content of the feed.

46
Q

What type of condition can too much of “nitrates” in water cause? why?

A

Can cause death because it blocks oxygen from binding to hemoglobin in the blood.

47
Q

Explain “net energy system

A 
Gross energy 
( Fecal energy losses) 
Digestible energy 
( Gaseous & urine energy losses) 
Metabolizable energy
( Heat increment losses) 
Net energy 
( 1st Maintenance then productive)
48
Q

Describe “total digestible nutrient (TDN)”. Explain how it is determined.

A

TDN is for estimating the available energy content of the diet. Expressed on a DM basis.

49
Q

TDN equation=

A

digCP + digCF + digNFE + digEE(2.25)

50
Q

BV equation =

A

[(N intake - (FN +UN)) / (N intake - FN)] * 100

FN = fecal N losses
UN = urine N losses
51
Q

Explain the factors that affect voluntary feed intake.

A
  1. gut fill (stop eating when full)
  2. Energy content, DM content, Moisture content
  3. Palatability
  4. Environment, weather
  5. Sickness
  6. Liporeceptors, hormones, Rumen pH

AVS 306 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions