Exam 2 Flashcards
social structure
a framework of society that guides our behavior by providing us with directions and limits
social status
position/location
role
behavior/obligations attached to a status
social interaction
what people do when they are in one another’s presence
groups
a collection of people who regularly and consciously interact with one another
impression management
the effort to manage our impressions for different audiences
bureaucracies
formal organization
essential characteristics of bureaucracies
- hierarchy of authority
- division of labor
- written rules/regulations
- written communications/records
- impersonality
Dysfunctions of bureaucracy
- trained incapacity
- goal displacement
types of leadership
- instrumental leader
- expressive leader
styles of leadership
- democratic
- authoritarian
Asch’s experiment
- conformity
- wrong answer cards
deviance
behavior that violates significant social norms that is dissaproved by a large number of people in a society
social control
-used by society to enforce its norms
negative sanctions
- punishments
- show society’s disapproval of deviance
positive sanctions
- rewards
- show society’s approval of conformity
cultural transmission theory
deviant behavior is learned
differential association theory
we learn deviant behavior from different groups we associate with
strain theory
discrepancy between socially approved goals and socially approved (institutionalized) means
-conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
labeling theory
- William Chamblis
- “the saints” and the “roughnecks”
- labels people are given effect their deviance
conflict theory
social class is related to criminal justice -white collar v. property crimes
Thomas Szasz
medicalization of deviance
symptom of underlying illness
social stratification
the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and privilege
open stratification system
class system -
closed stratification system
slavery, caste, estate
-
Karl Marx social class definition
class=relationship to the means of production
-bourgeoisie, proletariat
Max Weber social class definition
multidimensional approach to social class
-power, prestige, wealth
Lenski’s theory of social inequality
a synthesis of certain points taken from functionalist and conflict theories
- functionalists right for groups not creating surplus
- conflict right for groups that create surplus
achieved status
positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve some effort on individuals part
ascribed status
positions inherited at birth or involuntarily received later in life
role conflict
conflict between 2 different roles
role strain
conflict happening within 1 (the same) role
primary groups
cooperative, long term, face to face, intimate relationships
secondary groups
relatively temporary, more formal, impersonal
in group
part of
out group
separate from
reference group
group used for self comparison, peers/family/etc
bureaucracies
formal organizations
goal displacement
replacing old goals with new ones
after org. reaches its goal and has no reason to continue on…it does
instrumental leader
tries to keep the group moving forward, task oriented
expressive leader
increases harmony and minimizes group conflict
democratic leadership
leads by trying to reach a consensus
authoritarian leadership
leads by giving orders
conformity
going along with the group even when you disagree or think differently
obedience
doing what your told even if you disagree
group think
thought by group of people, only one correct answer, no independent thoughts
biological explanations of deviance
deviance occurs inside the individual, genetic, personality disorder
sociological explanations of deviance
deviance occurs outside the individual and depends on social factors
functionalist theory of social inequality
- some positions are more important than others
- most important positions filled by most qualified people
- most important positions receive greater rewards
- inequality is inevitable/good
conflict theory of social inequality
- some people inherit money and opportunities
- differential functional importance of positions
- neglect of dysfunctions of stratification
- inequality =not inevitable/bad
milligrams experiment
- obedience
- electric shock
