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Intro to Sociology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sociology

A

science of society and human behavior in a group setting

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2
Q

sociology and common sense

A

common sense is not reliable, science (aka sociology) is

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3
Q

origins of sociology

A

mid 19th century

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4
Q

August Comte

A
  • understand and improve society through scientific method

- use science to alleviate social problems

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5
Q

Herbert Spencer

A
  • sociologists should be only concerned with better and more accurate understanding of society
  • societies evolve from simple/primitive to developed/complex and we shouldnt interfere
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6
Q

“survival of the fittest”

A
  • Herbert Spencer
  • social darwinism
  • letting people be creates a more developed society
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7
Q

Emile Durkheim

A
  • work on suicide

- not based on personality or psychological problems dependent on social integration

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8
Q

Karl Marx

A

-class conflict and class struggle

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9
Q

economic determinism

A

importance of economic arrangements

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10
Q

economic base

A
  • mode of production

- determines ideas, values, social institutions

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11
Q

2 social classes

A
  • proletariat = working class

- bourgeoisie = capitalist

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12
Q

Max Weber

A
  • sociologists cant just depend on what they observe, have to put ourselves in peoples shoes
  • include peoples beliefs, intentions, and values
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13
Q

Verstehen

A
  • understanding

- interpretation of social actor’s behaviors and intentions

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14
Q

Weber believed social change came from

A

religious ideas

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15
Q

W.E.B. DeBois

A
  • academic, sociologist, and reformer

- studied racial divide

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16
Q

Macrosociology

A

theoretical perspectives that focus on large scale phenomena

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17
Q

functionalist perspective

A
  • society is a system of interrelated and interdependent parts
  • manifest and latent functions
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18
Q

manifest functions

A

intended function

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19
Q

latent function

A

not obvious function

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20
Q

conflict perspective

A
  • society consists of different groups that compete for scarce resources
  • class struggle (Marx)
  • conflict creates social change
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21
Q

microsociology

A

theoretical perspectives that focus on small scale phenomena/face to face interaction/small groups

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22
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

society is composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another

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23
Q

social life depends on…

A

the ways we define ourselves and others

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24
Q

casual logic

A

cause and effect

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25
Q

variable

A

a measureable trait or characteristic that varies from one case to another

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26
Q

dependent variable

A

a factor that is changed by an independent variable (effect)

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27
Q

independent variable

A

a factor that causes change

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28
Q

positive correlation

A

move in same direction, one goes up = another goes up

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29
Q

negative correlation

A

move in opposite direction, one goes up = another goes down

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30
Q

survey

A

reach large population

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31
Q

random sample

A

every member of the population has an even chance of getting selected

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32
Q

experiment

A

-experimental and control group

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33
Q

experimental group

A

group exposed to the independent variable

34
Q

control group

A

group not exposed to the independent variable

35
Q

analysis of documents

A

newspapers, first hand accounts

36
Q

ethics in sociological research

A
  • protecting the subjects

- not misleading the subjects

37
Q

culture

A
  • totality of learned, socially transmitted knowledge, customs, material objects, and behaviors
  • passed down to generations
38
Q

material culture

A
  • jewelry, art, buildings, machines, weapons, hairstyles, clothing
  • tangible things
39
Q

nonmaterial culture

A

a groups way of thinking and doing things (common patterns of behavior

40
Q

cultural ethnocentrism

A

using our own groups way of doing things as parameter for judging other groups

41
Q

cultural relativism

A

understanding a different culture on our own terms

42
Q

Robert Edgerton and “sick societies”

A

evaluating cultures on their quality of life when comparing

43
Q

values

A

collective conceptions of what is considered good and desirable

44
Q

norms

A

standards or rules of behavior

45
Q

mores

A

very important norms that are essential to core values

46
Q

folkways

A

not so important norms, not strictly enforced

47
Q

sanctions

A

-penalties and reward for conduct concerning conformity to social norms

48
Q

positive sanction

A

approval for following a norm

49
Q

negative sanction

A

disapproval for breaking a norm

50
Q

culture shock

A

disorientation people experience when they come into contact with a fundamentally different culture

51
Q

taboo

A

norm so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion

52
Q

culture lag

A

human behavior lagging behind tech innovations

53
Q

cultural diffusion

A

the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another

54
Q

subculture

A

a group within the larger dominant culture group

55
Q

counterculture

A

groups with values and norms that are at odds with the dominant culture

56
Q

Socialization

A

a life long process of learning attitudes, behaviors, and values appropriate for members of a particular society

57
Q

nature

A

hereditary traits

58
Q

nurture

A

social environment and contact with others

59
Q

Isabelle and Anne

A
  • I found at age 6 isolated in a room with her deaf/mute mother. able to develop normally
  • A had no human interaction, never got passed a certain level IQ
60
Q

Genie

A
  • discovered when she was 13
  • scored at level of 1 yr old on intelligence test
  • remained in primitive functioning state
61
Q

3 Steps of the looking glass self

A
  1. we imagine how we appear to those around us
  2. We interpret others reactions
  3. We develop a self concept
62
Q

G.H. Mead

A

the development of self

(self += I=Me

63
Q

3 stages of Me development

A

imitation, play, team games

64
Q

Imitation

A
  • till age 3
  • only mimic others
  • no self separate from others
65
Q

play

A
  • 3 to 6

- pretend to take roles of specific people

66
Q

significant other

A

individuals that influence our life

67
Q

generalized other

A

our perception of how people in general think of us

68
Q

J Piaget

A

4 stages of cognitive development

69
Q

Team games

A
  • 6 to 12

- take on multiple roles

70
Q

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

71
Q

Sensorimotor

A
  • birth to age 2
  • direct contact
  • dont know that our bodies are separate from the environment
72
Q

Preoperational

A
  • 2 to 7

- ability to use symbols

73
Q

Concrete Operational

A
  • 7 to 12
  • reasoning abilities develop
  • can understand numbers, size, causation, and speed
  • able to take on role of another
74
Q

Formal Operational

A
  • age 12 and up

- abstract thought

75
Q

S. Freud

A

developed theory of origin of personality

76
Q

3 Parts of Personality

A

ID, ego, superego

77
Q

ID

A
  • basic needs

- instant gratification

78
Q

Ego

A

balancing force between id and demands of society that surpress it

79
Q

Ego

A

balancing force between id and demands of society that suppress it

80
Q

Superego

A

the conscience

Intro to Sociology (2 decks)

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