Exam 2 Flashcards

(36 cards)

1
Q

What do animal cells use in cytokinesis and what is it made up of?

A

Contractile ring made up of actin and myosin motor proteins

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2
Q

How does the contractile ring work to split animal cells?

A

Radially pinches the cell into two (cleavage furrow)

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3
Q

What do plant cells use in cytokinesis to split the cell?

A

Membrane bound vesicles accumulate in the middle of the cell creating a cell plate

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4
Q

How does the temporary cell plate work to split plant cells?

A

The cell plate becomes a cell wall

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5
Q

After which phases is a cell haploid?

A

Mitosis, meiosis I and meiosis II

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6
Q

What is meiosis I also called?

A

A reduction division

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7
Q

What does spermatogenesis result in?

A

4 haploid sperm cells

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8
Q

What does oogenesis result in?

A

1 viable haploid egg cell and 3 haploid polar bodies

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9
Q

What occurs during meiosis I?

A

Genetic variation (crossing over, independent assortment), homologs are separated, reduction division, and 2 haploid cells are produced (2 chromatid chromosomes)

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10
Q

What occurs during meiosis II?

A

Chromatids are separated and 4 haploid cells are produced (1 chromatid chromosomes)

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11
Q

What happens during prophase I?

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle poles begin to form, homologs pair up and form a tetrad

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12
Q

What are tetrads held together by?

A

Synaptonemal complex proteins

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13
Q

When does crossing over occur and what does it cause?

A

Prophase I; increase genetic variation

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14
Q

What occurs during metaphase I?

A

Kinetochore microtubules connect to homologs, chromosomes line up along metaphase plate

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15
Q

When does independent assortment occur and what does it cause?

A

Metaphase I; increases genetic diversity

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16
Q

What occurs during anaphase I?

A

Homologs separate and are segregated to opposite spindle poles

17
Q

What occurs during telophase I?

A

Chromosomes decondense, spindle network breaks down, and nuclear membranes reform

18
Q

What happens at the end of meiosis I?

A

Cytokinesis: 1 diploid cell becomes 2 haploid cells
Interkinesis: cell rests before meiosis II; no DNA replication

19
Q

What occurs during meiosis II?

A

Chromatids are separated and 4 haploid cells are produced

20
Q

What occurs during prophase II?

A

Spindle poles form, chromosomes condense, and nuclear membrane breaks down

21
Q

What occurs during metaphase II?

A

Kinetochore microtubules attach to kinetochore proteins and chromosome line up at metaphase plate

22
Q

What occurs during anaphase II?

A

Chromatids get pulled apart

23
Q

What occurs during telophase II?

A

Nuclear membranes reform, spindle poles and microtubules break down and then cytokinesis

24
Q

Who is the scientist credited with founding modern science of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

25
What ratio does a monohybrid cross of F1 result in?
3:1
26
What is the law of segregation?
Maternal and paternal alleles segregate during gamete formation
27
What does Mendel's law of dominance say?
Dominant vs recessive alleles
28
What ratio does a dihybrid cross result in F2?
9:3:3:1
29
What is the law of independent assortment?
Different genes are independent of other genes; color and shape alleles are assorted independently and must be on separate chromosomes
30
A Mendelian pattern of inheritance only occurs if...
- each trait is controlled by a single gene - the gene only has 2 alleles - there is a clear dominant-recessive relationship
31
What is incomplete dominance?
Parents with 2 different phenotypes can produce offspring with a 3rd phenotype; for example, Japanese 4 o'clock flowers
32
What is codominance?
Heterozygote will have a combination of both parental phenotypes; for example, blood type
33
What is epistasis?
One gene can affect the activity of another gene; for example, lab retrievers
34
What is gene expression?
How a genotype is converted into a phenotype
35
What is the Central Dogma?
DNA to (transcription) RNA to (translation) Protein
36
Who were the scientists that found the relationship between genes and proteins?
George Beadle and Ed Tatum