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Biology 111 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do animal cells use in cytokinesis and what is it made up of?

A

Contractile ring made up of actin and myosin motor proteins

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2
Q

How does the contractile ring work to split animal cells?

A

Radially pinches the cell into two (cleavage furrow)

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3
Q

What do plant cells use in cytokinesis to split the cell?

A

Membrane bound vesicles accumulate in the middle of the cell creating a cell plate

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4
Q

How does the temporary cell plate work to split plant cells?

A

The cell plate becomes a cell wall

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5
Q

After which phases is a cell haploid?

A

Mitosis, meiosis I and meiosis II

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6
Q

What is meiosis I also called?

A

A reduction division

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7
Q

What does spermatogenesis result in?

A

4 haploid sperm cells

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8
Q

What does oogenesis result in?

A

1 viable haploid egg cell and 3 haploid polar bodies

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9
Q

What occurs during meiosis I?

A

Genetic variation (crossing over, independent assortment), homologs are separated, reduction division, and 2 haploid cells are produced (2 chromatid chromosomes)

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10
Q

What occurs during meiosis II?

A

Chromatids are separated and 4 haploid cells are produced (1 chromatid chromosomes)

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11
Q

What happens during prophase I?

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle poles begin to form, homologs pair up and form a tetrad

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12
Q

What are tetrads held together by?

A

Synaptonemal complex proteins

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13
Q

When does crossing over occur and what does it cause?

A

Prophase I; increase genetic variation

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14
Q

What occurs during metaphase I?

A

Kinetochore microtubules connect to homologs, chromosomes line up along metaphase plate

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15
Q

When does independent assortment occur and what does it cause?

A

Metaphase I; increases genetic diversity

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16
Q

What occurs during anaphase I?

A

Homologs separate and are segregated to opposite spindle poles

17
Q

What occurs during telophase I?

A

Chromosomes decondense, spindle network breaks down, and nuclear membranes reform

18
Q

What happens at the end of meiosis I?

A

Cytokinesis: 1 diploid cell becomes 2 haploid cells
Interkinesis: cell rests before meiosis II; no DNA replication

19
Q

What occurs during meiosis II?

A

Chromatids are separated and 4 haploid cells are produced

20
Q

What occurs during prophase II?

A

Spindle poles form, chromosomes condense, and nuclear membrane breaks down

21
Q

What occurs during metaphase II?

A

Kinetochore microtubules attach to kinetochore proteins and chromosome line up at metaphase plate

22
Q

What occurs during anaphase II?

A

Chromatids get pulled apart

23
Q

What occurs during telophase II?

A

Nuclear membranes reform, spindle poles and microtubules break down and then cytokinesis

24
Q

Who is the scientist credited with founding modern science of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

25
Q

What ratio does a monohybrid cross of F1 result in?

A

3:1

26
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Maternal and paternal alleles segregate during gamete formation

27
Q

What does Mendel’s law of dominance say?

A

Dominant vs recessive alleles

28
Q

What ratio does a dihybrid cross result in F2?

A

9:3:3:1

29
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

Different genes are independent of other genes; color and shape alleles are assorted independently and must be on separate chromosomes

30
Q

A Mendelian pattern of inheritance only occurs if…

A
  • each trait is controlled by a single gene
  • the gene only has 2 alleles
  • there is a clear dominant-recessive relationship
31
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Parents with 2 different phenotypes can produce offspring with a 3rd phenotype; for example, Japanese 4 o’clock flowers

32
Q

What is codominance?

A

Heterozygote will have a combination of both parental phenotypes; for example, blood type

33
Q

What is epistasis?

A

One gene can affect the activity of another gene; for example, lab retrievers

34
Q

What is gene expression?

A

How a genotype is converted into a phenotype

35
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

DNA to (transcription) RNA to (translation) Protein

36
Q

Who were the scientists that found the relationship between genes and proteins?

A

George Beadle and Ed Tatum

Biology 111 (2 decks)

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