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Biology 111 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic cells divide by…

A

Binary Fission

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells contain…

A

One circular chromosome

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3
Q

Cell division requires what 3 things?

A

Replication, segregation, and division of cytoplasm

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4
Q

Cell division is important for…

A

Reproduction, growth, wound healing, and replacing cells that die or are lost

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5
Q

How are bacterial chromosomes compacted?

A

DNA is compacted around SMC proteins to form loop domains

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6
Q

How are bacterial cells partitioned?

A

FtsZ proteins from a septum; septation

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7
Q

What genes regulate FtsZ proteins?

A

Kai A, B, C

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8
Q

During cell division in eukaryotes, what proteins are associated with the sister chromatids?

A

Kinetochore and cohesion proteins

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9
Q

What does a cohesion protein do?

A

Hold the sister chromatids together after DNA replication

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10
Q

What does a kinetochore protein do?

A

They are where microtubules attach during cell division

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11
Q

What is a centromere?

A

An area of repetitive DNA sequences; visible constriction on the chromosome

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12
Q

What is a telomere?

A

Repetitive sequences of DNA that protect the ends of chromosomes

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13
Q

What is associated with the shortening of telomeres?

A

Aging and disease

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14
Q

What enzyme maintains telomeres?

A

Telomerase

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15
Q

What charge does DNA have?

A

Negative

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16
Q

What charge do histone proteins have?

A

Positive

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17
Q

What do DNA and histone proteins come together to form?

A

Nucleosome

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18
Q

A nucleosome contains…

A

146 bp of DNA and 8 histone proteins

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19
Q

What do nucleosomes form?

A

Selenoids

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20
Q

When a cell is not actively dividing, DNA has a…

A

Lower level of compaction; the chromosomes are not visible under a microscope

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21
Q

When a cell is actively dividing, DNA is…

A

So compact it is visible under a microscope

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22
Q

What are the 5 main phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M, and Cytokinesis

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23
Q

What is interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2 phases when the cell is metabolically active between nuclear divisions

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24
Q

The cell cycle is …. between …..

A

an oscillation

interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

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25
Q

Mitosis is when…

A

DNA is segregated

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26
Q

Cytokinesis is when…

A

Cytoplasm is divided

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27
Q

What phase is a non-dividing state?

A

G0

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28
Q

What protein controls the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

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29
Q

What is a kinase?

A

A protein enzyme that phosphorylates other molecules

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30
Q

What is a phosphatase?

A

An enzyme that dephosphorylates other molecules

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31
Q

What does CDK stand for?

A

Cyclin Dependent Kinase

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32
Q

What is a CDK?

A

A kinase that is inactive unless they are joined with a cyclin protein

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33
Q

What do activated CDK’s do?

A

Phosphorylate other proteins that are necessary to advance the cell cylce

34
Q

How are different phases of the cell cycle regulated?

A

By different cyclin/CDK complexes

35
Q

What do cell cycle checkpoints do?

A

Halt the progression of the cell cycle if something is wrong

36
Q

When is the first cell cycle checkpoint?

A

The start, whether or not to commit to divide at all

37
Q

When is the second cell cycle checkpoint?

A

G2/M transition, commit to proceed to mitosis

38
Q

When is the third cell cycle checkpoint?

A

The spindle checkpoint, commit to proceed into anaphase

39
Q

The first 2 cell cycle checkpoints are regulated by what?

A

Cyclins/ CDKs

40
Q

The third cell checkpoint is regulated by what?

A

APC (anaphase promoting complex)

41
Q

What happens if a cell fails a checkpoint?

A

Cell division is halted for repairs or induced cell death

42
Q

How does cancer arise from cell cycle regulation?

A

Cells divide when they shouldn’t or cells don’t die when they should because genes that control the cell cycle are the most frequently mutated

43
Q

What holds the sides of the helix in DNA?

A

Covalent (phosphodiester) bonds

44
Q

What holds the middle of the helix together in DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds

45
Q

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G), and free hydroxyl group

46
Q

Where is the phosphate group attached in DNA?

A

The 5’ end of the sugar

47
Q

Where is the hydroxyl group attached in DNA?

A

The 3’ end of the sugar

48
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are in the T/A pairing?

A

2

49
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are in the C/G pairing?

A

3

50
Q

Which direction is DNA synthesized in?

A

5’ to 3’

51
Q

What are the 3 phases of DNA replication?

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

52
Q

What are the DNA sequences where replication begins?

A

Origins of Replication

53
Q

How does DNA replication proceed?

A

Bidirectionally

54
Q

What is helicase?

A

An enzyme that separates the DNA strands

55
Q

What strand of DNA is replicated continously as the replication fork opens?

A

Leading strand

56
Q

What strand is replicated in discontinous fragments away from the replication fork?

A

Lagging strand

57
Q

What enzyme adds the new DNA bases?

A

DNA polymerase III

58
Q

What enzyme provides an RNA ‘primer sequence’?

A

Primase

59
Q

DNA Polymerase III needs what to begin elongation?

A

DNA primase and a free 3’-OH from the RNA added by primase

60
Q

What are the lagging strand fragments called?

A

Okazaki fragments

61
Q

What enzyme replaces the RNA nucleotides in both DNA strands?

A

DNA Polymerase I

62
Q

What protein helps DNA polymerases stay attached to the DNA strand?

A

Sliding clamp protein

63
Q

What happens when there is a mistake in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase can back up and fix mistakes

64
Q

What enzyme detects and repairs mismatches and DNA damage?

A

Excision repair enzyme

65
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

S, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

66
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, two spindle poles (centrosomes) form and migrate to opposite ends of the cell, and microtubules grow from the spindle poles

67
Q

What does DNA polymerase I leave behind?

A

“nicks” in the phosphate backbone

68
Q

What enzyme repairs nicks in the phosphate backbone?

A

Ligase

69
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Kinetochore microtubules grow from the spindle poles and attach to the centromeres and the chromosomes get moved to the metaphase plate

70
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin protein

71
Q

Where do microtubules grow and shrink from?

A

The positive end

72
Q

What is polymerization?

A

The addition of tubulin proteins

73
Q

What is depolymerization?

A

The removal of tubulin proteins

74
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, APC is activated, APC dissolves the cohesion proteins, chromatids separate, chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles

75
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Spindle apparatus disassembles, nuclear envelope forms and each set of chromosomes, and chromosomes begin to decondense

76
Q

What type of microtubules extend from spindle pole to spindle pole?

A

Polar

77
Q

What type of microtubules connect spindles poles to cell membrane?

A

Aster

78
Q

What type of microtubules connect the chromosomes to the spindle poles and segregate DNA

A

Kinetochore

79
Q

What is movement A of anaphase?

A

Chromosomes move to poles

80
Q

What is movement B of anaphase?

A

Poles move apart

Biology 111 (2 decks)

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