Exam #2 Flashcards
strict domination
no amount of satisfaction of lower-ranked constraints can make up for a violation of a high-ranked violation
what is the constituency of a syllable?
adjunct, onset, nucleus, coda, rhyme, appendix
What is the sonority sequencing principle
a universal principle of language but its
application is language specific
what is the minimal distance?
there must be a minimal difference between the sonorities of two sounds in a syllable onset in order for that onset to be viable
For which types of clusters is it relevant? (minimal distance)
stops < fricatives
l < r
vowels high < low
What is syllable weight?
Syllables can be divided into light and heavy depending on language-specific requirements
light syllable
has no coda and a short vowel
heavy syllable
has a heavy vowel (a long vowel or a dipthong)
open syllable
has no coda
closed syllable
has a coda
1 headness of feet
Head in the stressed syllable of a foot
2 Bounded or unbounded (of foot)
whether there are more than two syllables per foot
3 Directionality of footing
How are feet built
4 Exhaustiveness of footing
if you have a word grouping syllables and you have a syllable left over
5 Headedness of metrical word
where is the primary stress
6 Quantity sensitive
does the language stress heavy syllables
7 Extrametricality
does the language ignore one syllable for the purpose of stress assignment?
8 line conflation
parameters are independent
How are syllables, feet, and metrical words hierarchically organised
look at the graph
If foot is iambic
when second syllable is the stressed one, it’s weak to strong
if foot is trochaic
when the first syllable is the stressed one
what is the degenerate foot
it’s a single foot and is exhaustive
how might stress clashes be resolved?
if the stressed syllable is by a non-stressed syllable, then you take out the star for the non stressed
ultimate meaning
stress on the final syllable
ultimate meaning
stress on the final syllable
penultimate meaning
next to last syllable
antepenultimate
third from last syllable
what are some reasons we use optimality theory
1) lots of similar rules co-occur across languages
2) children acquire rules not in their target language
3) we need both rules and constraints
4) conspiracy
what are conspiracies
multiple rules that work together for the same purpose
What advantages does optimality theory have over rule-based phonology
1) lots of similar rules co-occur across languages
4) conspiracy
Context-sensitive markedness
bans a structure in a specific environment
context-free markedness
bans a marked structure everywhere
faithfulness
requires the input and output to be identical in some respect
How do you determine how many possible rankings are there
3!=3x2x1
inventory constraint
Context-free M > Context-sensitive M, Faithfulness
full contrast
Faithfulness > all markedness
allophonic distribution
context-sensitive M > context-free M > Faithfulness
positional neutralization
context-sensitive M > faithfulness > Context-free M
