Exam 2

Question 1

Value Judgments: Egocentrism

Answer 1

self centered philosophy

Question 2

Value Judgments: Ethnocentrism

Answer 2

culture centered philosophy

Question 3

Value Judgments:

Anthropocentrism

Answer 3

human centered (spiecism)

Question 4

Value Judgements: Sentientism

Answer 4

all sentient beings deserve moral consideration

Question 5

Value Judgments: Biocentrism

Answer 5

life centered philosophy (all life is morally considerable)

Question 6

Value Judgments: Ecocentrism

Answer 6

complete ecosystems deserve moral consideration

Question 7

Moral Reasoning

Answer 7

Requires moral value judgement as premise and reasoning about morality involves creating an arg. With conclusions that are moral value judgements

Question 8

precautionary principle

Answer 8

Moral rule or belief that helps you know what is right and wrong and that influences your actions

Question 9

value Judgment words

Answer 9

Words like ought, should, right, wrong are used in value judgements

Question 10

Moral theories: Divine command

Answer 10

moral duty is set by divine commandment (god)

Question 11

Moral theories: Utilitariansim

Answer 11

if an individual can feel pleasure/pain then they deserve moral consideration. Primarily concerned with consequences and says that right actions result in most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone

Question 12

Moral theories: Deontology/Duty theory

Answer 12

view that person should perform action b/c it’s their moral duty to perform it, not b/c of any consequences that may follow from it. (example of Khant and like chidi)

Question 13

Moral theories: Virtue Ethics

Answer 13

focuses not only on what to do, but on how to be. Concerned with questions of character

Question 14

Moral Types: Moral Skepticism

Answer 14

diverse collection of views that doubt or deny the existence of morality

Question 15

Moral types: Moral subjectivism

Answer 15

what is right and wrong is merely a matter of subjective opinion

Question 16

Moral types:Moral relativism

Answer 16

the idea that right and wrong depends on and is determined by one’s group or culture

Question 17

Modus Ponens:

Answer 17

Mode of affirming
If A then B
A
B

Question 18

Modus Tollens

Answer 18

Mode of denying
If A then B
Not B
Not A

Question 19

Chain argument

Answer 19

Conditional statements
If A then B
If B then C
If A then C

Question 20

Formal Fallicies

Answer 20

all are invalid. These include affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent, undistributed middle, and precise change

Question 21

Invalid: affirming the consequent

Answer 21

If A then B
B
A

Question 22

Invalid: denying the antecedent

Answer 22

If A then B
Not A
Not B

Question 23

invalid: the undistributed middle

Answer 23

If A then B
If C then B
If A then C

Question 24

A claim

Answer 24

All X are Y

Question 25

E claim

Answer 25

No X are Y

Question 26

I claim

Answer 26

Some X are Y

Question 27

O claim

Answer 27

Some x are not Y

Question 28

Anatomy of conditional statement

Answer 28

If P (antecedent) then Q (consequent)

Question 29

square of opposition: Contrary

Answer 29

cannot both be true, but can both be false A← —> E

Question 30

square of opposition: sub-contrary

Answer 30

cannot both be false, can both be true I←- → 0

Question 31

square of opposition: contradiction

Answer 31

cannot both be true, cannot both be false (true opposites) 
A    E
   \ /
   / \
I       O

Question 32

converse

Answer 32

for E and I claims only. Created by switching positions of subject and predicate terms
(No S are P&raquo_space;> No P are S)

Question 33

Contraposition

Answer 33

Valid for A and O claims. Created by switching positions of subject predicate terms and replacing both terms w/ their complements
(All S are P»> All non P are Non S)
(Some S are not P&raquo_space;> Some non P are not non S)

Question 34

Obverse

Answer 34

valid for all claims. Created by changing affirmative to negative or vise-versa and replacing predicate term w/ it’s complement
(A: all S are P> All S are non P)
(I: Some S are P> Some S are not non P)

Question 35

Distribution: A claim

Answer 35

All (S) are P

Question 36

Distribution: I claim

Answer 36

None: some S are P

Question 37

Distribution: E claim

Answer 37

No (S) are (P)

Question 38

Distribution: O claim

Answer 38

some S are Not (P)

Question 39

1st rule of testing for validity

Answer 39

The number of negative claims in the premises must be the same as the number of negative claims in the conclusion

Question 40

Second rule of testing for validity

Answer 40

At least one premise must distribute the middle term

Question 41

3rd rule of testing for validity

Answer 41

Any term that is distributed in the conclusion of the syllogism must be distributed in its premises

Question 42

Moral theories

Answer 42

utilitrianism, divine command, deontology/duty, virtue ethics

Question 43

Moral types

Answer 43

Moral skepticism, moral subjectivism, moral relativism