Exam 2 Flashcards
order these in negative feedback loop- sensor, control, stimulus, effector
stimulus, sensor, control, effector
t or f REGULATOR systems are activated to maintain endpoints called CONTROLS
f, CONTROL systems are activated, endpoints are REGULATED by them- body temp regulated by ctrl system thyroid, metabolism, perspiration, etc
which autonomic nervous system has short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers
sympathetic NS, a lot of cross-talk between the ganglia in the chain enables it to activate a bunch of different body parts at one time
blood vessels only receive _______ innervation
sympathetic
which autonomic nervous system has long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers
parasympathetic
what is the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord
gives rise to preganglionic fibers that connect to the sympathetic chain of the sympathetic nervous system
vagal motor system projects from ______ is part of _______ nervous system
medulla oblongata, parasympathetic
preganglionic and postganglionic, which are myelinated
all preganglionic myelinated, all post unmyelinated
neurotransmitter of both parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia
ach
read slide 15 ppt 6
yes
dose response curve shifts to ________ with supersensitivity
left
sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia both have _________ ACh receptors
nicotinic
sympathetic receptor (target tissue) has ______ receptor, what is the NT from the postganglionic cell
adrenergic norepinephrine receptor
parasympathetic receptor (target tissue) has ______ receptor, what is the NT from the postganglionic cell
muscarinic ACh
2 cholinergic receptor agonists, what receptors do they work on and where
nicotine- nicotinic recptor agonist at ganglion
muscarine- muscarinic receptor agonist at postganglionic site
2 cholinergic receptor antagonists, what receptors do they work on and where
hexamethonium- nicotinic receptor antagonist ganglion
atropine- muscarinic receptor antagonist at postganglionic site
these guys both induce supersensitivity in target tissues
nicotine acts where and how in ANS
it acts as an ACh agonist in the nicotinic receptors in ganglion
muscarine acts where and how in ANS
muscarinic receptor agonist (of ACh) at postganglionic site
hexamethonium acts where and how in ANS
nicotinic receptor antagonist (of ACh) in ganglion
atropine acts where and how in ANS
muscarinic receptor antagonist (of ACh) in postganglionic site
if during the ganglionic blockade the target tissue acts like a parasympathetic influence has been put on it, this means that the predominant input tone is from the ________
sympathetic Nervous system
what has lower pre- to postganglionic fiber ratio Parasympathetic or sympathetic and why
sympathetic- wants all hell to break loose, para side wants more of a chilled out localized effect
what ANS neurons exit from craniosacral region of CNS
parasympathetic
what ANS neurons exit from thoracolumbar region of CNS
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic ns produces a generalized response, which produces sharply localized response
sympathetic-
generalized
parasympathetic-
sharply localized
alpha and beta adrenergic receptors bind ____ and ____
NE and E, adrenergic agonists and antagonists
organize these NE, E, Tyrosine, DA, dopa
Tyrosine Dopa, DA, NE, E
What ionotropic receptors does glutamate have
NMDA, AMPA, Kainate
also has GPCRS but we dont care
t or f glutamate involved in every behavior
t it is a ubiquitous excitatory nt
glutamate response- what do AMPA and Kainate receptors do for NMDA receptor
NMDA has to experience cellular depolarization before it allows Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell, AMPA and Kainate allow depolarization by allowing Na+ influx
what type of cell is important in GABA and Glutamate synthesis
astroglia
slide 8 ppt 9
yes
t or f GABA involved in every behavior
t ubiquitous inhibitory nt
what does GABA do
acts as a brake in the CNS, anxiolytic, relaxation functions
GABAa Receptor type, what is its function
ionotropic, allows influx of chloride ions
how is GABA synthesized
glutamate loses CO2 by glutamate decarboxylase enzyme
slide 12 ppt 9
yes
slide 14 ppt 9
yes
drug relationship to BDZ receptor on GABAa that could cause anxiogenic effects or convulsive effects
inverse agonists of BDZ
barbiturates vs BDZ activity on GABAa receptor activity
Barbiturates increase open phase of GABAa receptors to allow more cl- into cell
Benzos increase flickering (opening-closing) of receptors to allow more cl- into the cell
most common issue causing overdose in barbiturates
barbiturates depress respiratory drive and rhythm- at a certain dose it causes death. this LD doesn’t change, but the ED changes due to tolerance
read slide 19 ppt 9
yes
short acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use
thiopental, high lipid solubility, intravenous anesthetic
intermediate acting barbiturates, lipid solubility level, use
secobarbital, pentobarbital, moderate lipid solubility level, surgical anesthetic and sleep inductor
long acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use
phenobarbital, low lipid solubility, prolonged sedative and seizure controller
phenobarbital, short-intermediate-long acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use
long acting, phenobarbital, low lipid solubility, prolonged sedative and seizure controller
pentobarbital, short-intermediate-long acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use
intermediate, moderate lipid solubility level, surgical anesthetic and sleep inducer
thiobarbital, short-intermediate-long acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use
short, high lipid solubility, intravenous anesthetic
secobarbital, short-intermediate-long acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use
intermediate, moderate lipid solubility level, surgical anesthetic and sleep inducer
t or f phenobarbital use increases levels of deep sleep
false, REM and stage 3 and 4 sleep are suppressed
most commonly used sedative-hypnotic
BDZ
what sedative hypnotic preferentially acts on the limbic system to potentiate GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission
BDZ
what sedative hypnotic increases the length of time that GABAa receptors are open, allowing more Cl- influx
barbiturates
what sedative hypnotic increases the frequency of GABAa channel opening, allowing more Cl- influx
BDZ
read slide 24-25, 27-28
yes
what type of sedative hypnotic undergoes many metabolic (phase 1) changes for creation of active metabolites
long-acting BDZ
how does disulfiram use condition alcoholics
stops ethanol breakdown at acetaldehyde phase because it inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase but not alcohol dehydrogenase, making you feel like shit. Should break all the way down to acetic acid
epilepsy treatments that act to Enhance Na+ channel inactivation
carbamazepine, valproate
epilepsy treatments that act to enhance GABAergic transmission
phenobarbital, clonazepam
epilepsy treatment that acts to inhibit CA2+ channels
ethosuximide
common therapy drug class for insomnia treatment
BDZ
nonBDZ therapy drugs for insomnia- antipsychotic class
haloperidol, chlorpromazine
nonBDZ therapy drug for insomnia- antihistamine
diphenhydramine
enzymes that degrade DA and NE
Monoamine oxidase MAO and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
what nucleus in brain important for controlling blood pressure
paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
what type of hormones enter the target cell and bind to a specific cytoplasmic receptor. The hormone-receptor complex is then transported into the nucleus, where it binds to specific sites on the genome (DNA) and activates transcription of new RNA, which mediates the response characteristic of the cell by directing protein synthesis.
steroid hrmns
posterior pituitary sends what hormones
oxytocin and vasopressin
what part of pituitary is adenohypophysis? what is the other one?
anterior pituitary is adeno, posterior pituitary is neurohypophysis
two names for hormone that increases blood pressure by promoting reabsorption of water back into circulation- adjusting nephron
vasopressin, antidiuretic hrmn
what does CRH do
corticotropin releasing hormone is released from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary and causes release of ACTH, which causes adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
target tissue of ACTH
adrenal cortex- releases glucocorticoids- cortisol and corticosterone, mineralocorticoid-aldosterone
adrenal medulla releases what
NE and E
two general functions of glucocorticoids
increase available amount of glucose, major source of readily available energy, reduce activity of immune system
appetitive vs consumatory phases of instinctive behaviors
appetitive- looking for food or sex
consumatory- eating or fucking
3 animal behavioral drug screening models for analgesics
tail flick, hot plate test, flinch-jump procedure
what will the effect of shocking rats on anxiolytics when they press food bar be (skinner box)
if anxiolytic is good, rat wont care as long as it gets food
what test and what disorder is involved with drug screens with reasonable predictive validity but low face and construct validity
Differential reinforcement of paced responses- depression
read note slide 41 ppt 7
yes
models of depression with reasonable predictive validity with some face and or construct validity
swim test immobility, chronic mild stress
explain swim test immobility, what disorder does it model
depression model-
Animal tries to get out on day one, next 24 hours get the drug or no treatment (vehicle), day two they are placed back in. animals that got vehicle wont struggle on day two. Animals that got antidepressant with increase in their struggling- characteristic of depression is
giving up- behavioral despair
homologous vs animal assay models
animal assay have predictive components but aren’t a complete model of the human disease, homologous basically models the human disease
animal assay model of schizophrenia
paw test
homologous model of schizophrenia
prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex
what biological rhythm period of <24 hrs
ultradian
what biological rhythm period is a multiple of the circadian period
infradian
the light-dark cycle acts as the main _____ for the circadian rhythm, without it we would be in a ________ phase
zeitgeber, free running
projections from the ____ influence the rhythmicity of many physiological and behavioral functions, mainly influences the _____
SCN, subparaventricular zone SPVZ
what part of night does deepest sleep happen
beginning
what area in brain stem has cell groups containing NE ACh and 5HT that project to the thalamus and cortex to control arousal
Reticular activating system- thought to activate the rest of the brain
descending projections from the _______ terminate on and inhibit major brain stem “arousal nuclei” like the locus coeruleus
Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (VLPO)
hypothalamic secretion that increases eating behavior and locomotion, part of a body clock
hypocretin/orexin
what type of neurons can release NT all along the axon and not just at terminals
noradrenergic neurons
subtypes of adrenergic receptors, what class of receptors are they
alpha and beta, all are 7TM metabotropic GPCRS
mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine
depletes catecholamines by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase
mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse-reserpine
depletes catecholamines by inhibiting vesicular uptake
mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- 6-hydroxydopamine
damages or destroys catecholaminergic neurons
mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- amphetamine
releases catecholamines
mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- cocaine and methylphenidate
inhibit catecholamine reuptake
mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- desipramine
selectively inhibits NE reuptake
mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- phenylephrine
stimulates alpha receptors- agonist
mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- propranolol
blocks beta receptors generally- antagonist
NE cell groups, DA cell groups- names and locations
NE- A1-A7 in more caudal portion of brain
DA- A8-16 in more rostral portion of brain
The firing of ___(brain structure)__ neurons is activated by arousing sensory stimuli and inhibited during the performance of maintenance functions such as sleeping, grooming, and ingestive behaviors. From these and other findings, it is hypothesized that NE plays an important role in vigilance; that is, attentiveness to salient and relevant external stimuli.
locus coeruleus
four major dopaminergic tracts in the brain
nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, mesocortical, tuberoinfundibular
the _____ tract may be involved in positive symptoms of schizophrenia, what nt is involved
mesolimbic, DA tract
the _____ tract may be involved in negative symptoms of schizophrenia, what nt is involved
mesocortical, DA tract
the three long-length DA systems
nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, mesocortical
how many types of DA receptors, what class of receptor are they
6 types, all have 7 membrane spanning regions
2 important antagonists of DA systems- involved in receptor blockade
haloperidol, chlorpromazine
action of haloperidol and chlorpromazine
receptor blockade of DA systems
important DA releasing drug
amphetamine
important DA vesicular storage inhibiting drug
reserpine
action of reserpine
DA vesicular storage inhibitor
action of amphetamine with DA
causes release
pump (reuptake) inhibiting drug of DA
cocaine
action of cocaine with DA
reuptake inhibitor
drug that inhibits synthesis of dopamine
carbidopa
action of carbidopa with dopamine
inhibits synthesis
drug that acts to destroy DA cells
6-hydroxydopamine
drug that stimulates DA transmitter production
Dopa
dopa drug activity with dopamine
stimulates transmitter production
read slide 45-end ppt 8
yes
mechanism of action of cocaine
- Blocks neuronal reuptake of NE and DA
* Acts to increase DA in nucleus accumbens to produce euphoria
mechanism of action of amphetamine
- Enhances release of NE, 5-HT and DA
- Also mild MAO inhibitor
- Probably acts to increase DA in nucleus accumbens to produce euphoria
nicotine mimics action of what and where
ACh in autonomic ganglia
mechanism of action of nicotine- low dose vs high dose
- Low dose – ganglionic agonist
- High dose – ganglionic blockade
- Low doses – arousal, relaxation, improves attention, learning and reaction time
- High doses – depress central respiratory and cardiovascular areas
