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Psychopharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

order these in negative feedback loop- sensor, control, stimulus, effector

A

stimulus, sensor, control, effector

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2
Q

t or f REGULATOR systems are activated to maintain endpoints called CONTROLS

A

f, CONTROL systems are activated, endpoints are REGULATED by them- body temp regulated by ctrl system thyroid, metabolism, perspiration, etc

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3
Q

which autonomic nervous system has short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers

A

sympathetic NS, a lot of cross-talk between the ganglia in the chain enables it to activate a bunch of different body parts at one time

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4
Q

blood vessels only receive _______ innervation

A

sympathetic

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5
Q

which autonomic nervous system has long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers

A

parasympathetic

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6
Q

what is the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord

A

gives rise to preganglionic fibers that connect to the sympathetic chain of the sympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

vagal motor system projects from ______ is part of _______ nervous system

A

medulla oblongata, parasympathetic

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8
Q

preganglionic and postganglionic, which are myelinated

A

all preganglionic myelinated, all post unmyelinated

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9
Q

neurotransmitter of both parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia

A

ach

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10
Q

read slide 15 ppt 6

A

yes

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11
Q

dose response curve shifts to ________ with supersensitivity

A

left

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12
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia both have _________ ACh receptors

A

nicotinic

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13
Q

sympathetic receptor (target tissue) has ______ receptor, what is the NT from the postganglionic cell

A

adrenergic norepinephrine receptor

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14
Q

parasympathetic receptor (target tissue) has ______ receptor, what is the NT from the postganglionic cell

A

muscarinic ACh

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15
Q

2 cholinergic receptor agonists, what receptors do they work on and where

A

nicotine- nicotinic recptor agonist at ganglion

muscarine- muscarinic receptor agonist at postganglionic site

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16
Q

2 cholinergic receptor antagonists, what receptors do they work on and where

A

hexamethonium- nicotinic receptor antagonist ganglion
atropine- muscarinic receptor antagonist at postganglionic site

these guys both induce supersensitivity in target tissues

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17
Q

nicotine acts where and how in ANS

A

it acts as an ACh agonist in the nicotinic receptors in ganglion

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18
Q

muscarine acts where and how in ANS

A

muscarinic receptor agonist (of ACh) at postganglionic site

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19
Q

hexamethonium acts where and how in ANS

A

nicotinic receptor antagonist (of ACh) in ganglion

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20
Q

atropine acts where and how in ANS

A

muscarinic receptor antagonist (of ACh) in postganglionic site

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21
Q

if during the ganglionic blockade the target tissue acts like a parasympathetic influence has been put on it, this means that the predominant input tone is from the ________

A

sympathetic Nervous system

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22
Q

what has lower pre- to postganglionic fiber ratio Parasympathetic or sympathetic and why

A

sympathetic- wants all hell to break loose, para side wants more of a chilled out localized effect

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23
Q

what ANS neurons exit from craniosacral region of CNS

A

parasympathetic

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24
Q

what ANS neurons exit from thoracolumbar region of CNS

A

sympathetic

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25
Q

sympathetic or parasympathetic ns produces a generalized response, which produces sharply localized response

A

sympathetic-
generalized

parasympathetic-
sharply localized

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26
Q

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors bind ____ and ____

A

NE and E, adrenergic agonists and antagonists

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27
Q

organize these NE, E, Tyrosine, DA, dopa

A

Tyrosine Dopa, DA, NE, E

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28
Q

What ionotropic receptors does glutamate have

A

NMDA, AMPA, Kainate

also has GPCRS but we dont care

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29
Q

t or f glutamate involved in every behavior

A

t it is a ubiquitous excitatory nt

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30
Q

glutamate response- what do AMPA and Kainate receptors do for NMDA receptor

A

NMDA has to experience cellular depolarization before it allows Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell, AMPA and Kainate allow depolarization by allowing Na+ influx

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31
Q

what type of cell is important in GABA and Glutamate synthesis

A

astroglia

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32
Q

slide 8 ppt 9

A

yes

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33
Q

t or f GABA involved in every behavior

A

t ubiquitous inhibitory nt

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34
Q

what does GABA do

A

acts as a brake in the CNS, anxiolytic, relaxation functions

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35
Q

GABAa Receptor type, what is its function

A

ionotropic, allows influx of chloride ions

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36
Q

how is GABA synthesized

A

glutamate loses CO2 by glutamate decarboxylase enzyme

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37
Q

slide 12 ppt 9

A

yes

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38
Q

slide 14 ppt 9

A

yes

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39
Q

drug relationship to BDZ receptor on GABAa that could cause anxiogenic effects or convulsive effects

A

inverse agonists of BDZ

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40
Q

barbiturates vs BDZ activity on GABAa receptor activity

A

Barbiturates increase open phase of GABAa receptors to allow more cl- into cell
Benzos increase flickering (opening-closing) of receptors to allow more cl- into the cell

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41
Q

most common issue causing overdose in barbiturates

A

barbiturates depress respiratory drive and rhythm- at a certain dose it causes death. this LD doesn’t change, but the ED changes due to tolerance

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42
Q

read slide 19 ppt 9

A

yes

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43
Q

short acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use

A

thiopental, high lipid solubility, intravenous anesthetic

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44
Q

intermediate acting barbiturates, lipid solubility level, use

A

secobarbital, pentobarbital, moderate lipid solubility level, surgical anesthetic and sleep inductor

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45
Q

long acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use

A

phenobarbital, low lipid solubility, prolonged sedative and seizure controller

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46
Q

phenobarbital, short-intermediate-long acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use

A

long acting, phenobarbital, low lipid solubility, prolonged sedative and seizure controller

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47
Q

pentobarbital, short-intermediate-long acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use

A

intermediate, moderate lipid solubility level, surgical anesthetic and sleep inducer

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48
Q

thiobarbital, short-intermediate-long acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use

A

short, high lipid solubility, intravenous anesthetic

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49
Q

secobarbital, short-intermediate-long acting barbiturate, lipid solubility level, use

A

intermediate, moderate lipid solubility level, surgical anesthetic and sleep inducer

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50
Q

t or f phenobarbital use increases levels of deep sleep

A

false, REM and stage 3 and 4 sleep are suppressed

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51
Q

most commonly used sedative-hypnotic

A

BDZ

52
Q

what sedative hypnotic preferentially acts on the limbic system to potentiate GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission

A

BDZ

53
Q

what sedative hypnotic increases the length of time that GABAa receptors are open, allowing more Cl- influx

A

barbiturates

54
Q

what sedative hypnotic increases the frequency of GABAa channel opening, allowing more Cl- influx

A

BDZ

55
Q

read slide 24-25, 27-28

A

yes

56
Q

what type of sedative hypnotic undergoes many metabolic (phase 1) changes for creation of active metabolites

A

long-acting BDZ

57
Q

how does disulfiram use condition alcoholics

A

stops ethanol breakdown at acetaldehyde phase because it inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase but not alcohol dehydrogenase, making you feel like shit. Should break all the way down to acetic acid

58
Q

epilepsy treatments that act to Enhance Na+ channel inactivation

A

carbamazepine, valproate

59
Q

epilepsy treatments that act to enhance GABAergic transmission

A

phenobarbital, clonazepam

60
Q

epilepsy treatment that acts to inhibit CA2+ channels

A

ethosuximide

61
Q

common therapy drug class for insomnia treatment

A

BDZ

62
Q

nonBDZ therapy drugs for insomnia- antipsychotic class

A

haloperidol, chlorpromazine

63
Q

nonBDZ therapy drug for insomnia- antihistamine

A

diphenhydramine

64
Q

enzymes that degrade DA and NE

A

Monoamine oxidase MAO and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

65
Q

what nucleus in brain important for controlling blood pressure

A

paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus

66
Q

what type of hormones enter the target cell and bind to a specific cytoplasmic receptor. The hormone-receptor complex is then transported into the nucleus, where it binds to specific sites on the genome (DNA) and activates transcription of new RNA, which mediates the response characteristic of the cell by directing protein synthesis.

A

steroid hrmns

67
Q

posterior pituitary sends what hormones

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

68
Q

what part of pituitary is adenohypophysis? what is the other one?

A

anterior pituitary is adeno, posterior pituitary is neurohypophysis

69
Q

two names for hormone that increases blood pressure by promoting reabsorption of water back into circulation- adjusting nephron

A

vasopressin, antidiuretic hrmn

70
Q

what does CRH do

A

corticotropin releasing hormone is released from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary and causes release of ACTH, which causes adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

71
Q

target tissue of ACTH

A

adrenal cortex- releases glucocorticoids- cortisol and corticosterone, mineralocorticoid-aldosterone

72
Q

adrenal medulla releases what

A

NE and E

73
Q

two general functions of glucocorticoids

A

increase available amount of glucose, major source of readily available energy, reduce activity of immune system

74
Q

appetitive vs consumatory phases of instinctive behaviors

A

appetitive- looking for food or sex

consumatory- eating or fucking

75
Q

3 animal behavioral drug screening models for analgesics

A

tail flick, hot plate test, flinch-jump procedure

76
Q

what will the effect of shocking rats on anxiolytics when they press food bar be (skinner box)

A

if anxiolytic is good, rat wont care as long as it gets food

77
Q

what test and what disorder is involved with drug screens with reasonable predictive validity but low face and construct validity

A

Differential reinforcement of paced responses- depression

78
Q

read note slide 41 ppt 7

A

yes

79
Q

models of depression with reasonable predictive validity with some face and or construct validity

A

swim test immobility, chronic mild stress

80
Q

explain swim test immobility, what disorder does it model

A

depression model-
Animal tries to get out on day one, next 24 hours get the drug or no treatment (vehicle), day two they are placed back in. animals that got vehicle wont struggle on day two. Animals that got antidepressant with increase in their struggling- characteristic of depression is
giving up- behavioral despair

81
Q

homologous vs animal assay models

A

animal assay have predictive components but aren’t a complete model of the human disease, homologous basically models the human disease

82
Q

animal assay model of schizophrenia

A

paw test

83
Q

homologous model of schizophrenia

A

prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex

84
Q

what biological rhythm period of <24 hrs

A

ultradian

85
Q

what biological rhythm period is a multiple of the circadian period

A

infradian

86
Q

the light-dark cycle acts as the main _____ for the circadian rhythm, without it we would be in a ________ phase

A

zeitgeber, free running

87
Q

projections from the ____ influence the rhythmicity of many physiological and behavioral functions, mainly influences the _____

A

SCN, subparaventricular zone SPVZ

88
Q

what part of night does deepest sleep happen

A

beginning

89
Q

what area in brain stem has cell groups containing NE ACh and 5HT that project to the thalamus and cortex to control arousal

A

Reticular activating system- thought to activate the rest of the brain

90
Q

descending projections from the _______ terminate on and inhibit major brain stem “arousal nuclei” like the locus coeruleus

A

Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (VLPO)

91
Q

hypothalamic secretion that increases eating behavior and locomotion, part of a body clock

A

hypocretin/orexin

92
Q

what type of neurons can release NT all along the axon and not just at terminals

A

noradrenergic neurons

93
Q

subtypes of adrenergic receptors, what class of receptors are they

A

alpha and beta, all are 7TM metabotropic GPCRS

94
Q

mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine

A

depletes catecholamines by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase

95
Q

mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse-reserpine

A

depletes catecholamines by inhibiting vesicular uptake

96
Q

mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- 6-hydroxydopamine

A

damages or destroys catecholaminergic neurons

97
Q

mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- amphetamine

A

releases catecholamines

98
Q

mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- cocaine and methylphenidate

A

inhibit catecholamine reuptake

99
Q

mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- desipramine

A

selectively inhibits NE reuptake

100
Q

mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- phenylephrine

A

stimulates alpha receptors- agonist

101
Q

mechanism of action at noradrenergic synapse- propranolol

A

blocks beta receptors generally- antagonist

102
Q

NE cell groups, DA cell groups- names and locations

A

NE- A1-A7 in more caudal portion of brain

DA- A8-16 in more rostral portion of brain

103
Q

The firing of ___(brain structure)__ neurons is activated by arousing sensory stimuli and inhibited during the performance of maintenance functions such as sleeping, grooming, and ingestive behaviors. From these and other findings, it is hypothesized that NE plays an important role in vigilance; that is, attentiveness to salient and relevant external stimuli.

A

locus coeruleus

104
Q

four major dopaminergic tracts in the brain

A

nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, mesocortical, tuberoinfundibular

105
Q

the _____ tract may be involved in positive symptoms of schizophrenia, what nt is involved

A

mesolimbic, DA tract

106
Q

the _____ tract may be involved in negative symptoms of schizophrenia, what nt is involved

A

mesocortical, DA tract

107
Q

the three long-length DA systems

A

nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, mesocortical

108
Q

how many types of DA receptors, what class of receptor are they

A

6 types, all have 7 membrane spanning regions

109
Q

2 important antagonists of DA systems- involved in receptor blockade

A

haloperidol, chlorpromazine

110
Q

action of haloperidol and chlorpromazine

A

receptor blockade of DA systems

111
Q

important DA releasing drug

A

amphetamine

112
Q

important DA vesicular storage inhibiting drug

A

reserpine

113
Q

action of reserpine

A

DA vesicular storage inhibitor

114
Q

action of amphetamine with DA

A

causes release

115
Q

pump (reuptake) inhibiting drug of DA

A

cocaine

116
Q

action of cocaine with DA

A

reuptake inhibitor

117
Q

drug that inhibits synthesis of dopamine

A

carbidopa

118
Q

action of carbidopa with dopamine

A

inhibits synthesis

119
Q

drug that acts to destroy DA cells

A

6-hydroxydopamine

120
Q

drug that stimulates DA transmitter production

A

Dopa

121
Q

dopa drug activity with dopamine

A

stimulates transmitter production

122
Q

read slide 45-end ppt 8

A

yes

123
Q

mechanism of action of cocaine

A
  • Blocks neuronal reuptake of NE and DA

* Acts to increase DA in nucleus accumbens to produce euphoria

124
Q

mechanism of action of amphetamine

A
  • Enhances release of NE, 5-HT and DA
  • Also mild MAO inhibitor
  • Probably acts to increase DA in nucleus accumbens to produce euphoria
125
Q

nicotine mimics action of what and where

A

ACh in autonomic ganglia

126
Q

mechanism of action of nicotine- low dose vs high dose

A
  • Low dose – ganglionic agonist
  • High dose – ganglionic blockade
  • Low doses – arousal, relaxation, improves attention, learning and reaction time
  • High doses – depress central respiratory and cardiovascular areas

Psychopharmacology (3 decks)

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