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Psychopharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

investigation of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs

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2
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

mechanism of action of drugs

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3
Q

class of psychoactive drugs: cause neural and behavioral excitation

A

stimulants and convulsants

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4
Q

class of psychoactive drugs: reduce neural excitability, produce drowsiness, sedation and sleep, reduce anxiety symptoms

A

neural depressant, sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytics

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5
Q

class of psychoactive drugs: relieve pain, cause sleep

A

narcotic analgesics

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6
Q

why is drug action by PO administration less than other routes of administration

A

First pass effect through liver

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7
Q

acidic or basic drugs are often highly bound to plasma proteins and not in very high concentrations in tissues?

A

acidic

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8
Q

drugs with what functional group are often found in high concentrations in tissues

A

amine groups

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9
Q

at how many half lives is the drug considered gone from system

A

6

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10
Q

advantage of establishing the therapeutic range

A

patient adherence, avoiding toxicity, reducing costs of therapy

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11
Q

drug metabolism converts drug to more hydrophobic or more hydrophilic compound

A

hydrophilic so drug can be better eliminated through urine

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12
Q

phase I biotransformation reaction

A

introduce or unmask a chemically functional group (nonsynthetic)

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13
Q

Phase II biotransofrmation reaction

A

combines a functional group with an endogenous substance, making it less lipid soluble to be excreted easier (synthetic)

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14
Q

term for a drug jumping onto something that is endogenous to the body, making the metabolite more likely to be excreted from the body

A

conjugation

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15
Q

ways renal excretion can be increased

A

increasing volume of urine, changing pH of urine, increasing blood flow to kidneys

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16
Q

7TM receptors do they have g proteins

A

yes

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17
Q

distinguish ED50 EC50 and Emax, which one is Emax related to

A

ED50 is the dose required to produce a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population, EX50 is the concentration needed to produce a response that is 50% of the maximum response (Emax)

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18
Q

Therapeutic index (TI) = ? (what ratio, do we want it to be large or small number)

A

LD50/ED50. Large number please

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19
Q

slide 45-47 ppt 2

A

yes

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20
Q

organize highest to lowest level distributed systems, local circuits, nerve cell, specific behavior, genes, macromolecules, synapes, microcircuits

A

specific behavior, distributed systems, local circuits, nerve cell, microcircuits, synapse, macromolecules, genes

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21
Q

do enzymes reduce the amount of energy for a given reaction to take place?

A

yes. The availability of the enzyme determines the amount of the product

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22
Q

what type of enzyme phosphorylates proteins

A

protein kinase

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23
Q

what type of enzyme dephosphorylates proteins

A

protein phosphatase

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24
Q

Sense or antisense- strand of DNA used as the template for the RNA strand

A

sense

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25
Q

Who coined the term Eugenics, what is it

A

francis Galton. Intellectual abilities must follow the rules of inheritance in the same way as the physical traits of height and eye color (twin studies, behavior inherited)

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26
Q

what accounts for “missing heritability” in things like hypertension

A

epigenetics

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27
Q

forces that will determine ion movement across cell membrane

A

electrostatic forces and diffusion potential

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28
Q

what keeps neurons in resting state

A

Na-K pump

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29
Q

decremental conduction

A

signal gets weaker further away from source

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30
Q

Initial segment=trigger zone=?

A

axon hillock

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31
Q

what is the chemical that loewi discovered?

A

Ach

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32
Q

IPSP caused by movement of what ions

A

cl into k out of cell

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33
Q

slide 37 ppt 4

A

yes

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34
Q

two ways neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse

A

transporters (reuptake) and enzymes to metabolize them

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35
Q

MAO

A

monoamine oxidase- metabolizes monoamine neurotransmitters 5-HT, DA, NE

36
Q

metabolizes catecholamines DA and NE

A

catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT)

37
Q

metabolizes acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

38
Q

4 requirements to be a neurotransmitter

A

The neurotransmitter is present in the presynaptic neuron

The neurotransmitter is released in response to depolarization

There are receptors specific for the neurotransmitter located on the post-synaptic cell

  1. The neurotransmitter must be either metabolized or removed from the synapse (i.e. there must be a physiological mechanism to stop the ligand from being available to bind the receptor)
39
Q

agents derived from a source external to a cell that act on receptors of a cell are called _____, different types are

A 
first messengers
-Neurotransmitters/Neuromodulators
•  Drugs
•  Hormones
•  Cytokines
•  Growth Factors
40
Q

slide 51 ppt 4

41
Q

autoreceptors are not transporters

42
Q

neuromodulators faster or slower than neurotransmitters

43
Q

what is volume transmission?

A

Often released from varicosities

  • Usually involved in neuropeptide release
  • Allows neuropeptide to interact with many post-synaptic neurons
44
Q

what is a ubiquitous neurotransmitter, is glutamate one? is GABA one?

A

on every neuron, involved in every behavior, yes, yes

45
Q

receptors for glutamate, ionotropic

A

NMDA, AMPA, Kainate

46
Q

how many metabotropic receptor subtypes for glutamate, involved in what

A

8, producing cell products

47
Q

GABAa ionotropic or metabotropic receptor, what does it mediate. post or Presynaptic receptor

A

ionotropic, inhibition caused by influx of chloride ions, postsynaptic receptor

48
Q

GABAb metabotropic or ionotropic, post or presynaptic receptor

A

metabotropic, presynaptic (autoreceptor)

49
Q

does serotonin act primarily on ionotropic or metabotropic receptors

A

metabotropic

50
Q

drugs that promote what neurotransmitter activity are the most widely used antidepressants

51
Q

dopamine receptors are iono or metabotropic

A

metabotropic

52
Q

where are serotonin neuron cell bodies located

A

raphe nuclei midbrain to hindbrain

53
Q

three areas where dopamine neurons are located

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra, arcuate nucleus

54
Q

in order- metabolic cascade of these substances (what comes from what) l-dopa, tyrosine, dopamine, norepinephrine

A

tyrosine->l-dopa->dopamine->norepinephrine

55
Q

three catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

56
Q

where is norepinephrine made

A

locus coeruleus

57
Q

what nt contributes to anxiety disorders and PTSD

A

norepinephrine

58
Q

what nt is in neurons that degenerate to cause alzheimer’s

59
Q

which class of ACh receptors are ionotropic

60
Q

which class of ACh receptors are metabotropic

A

muscarinic

61
Q

slide 65 ppt 4

62
Q

syndrome of fatigue and exhaustion of the muscle system, due to impaired ACh neurotransmission, autoimmune disease, due to destruction of postsynaptic ACh receptor

A

Myasthenia Gravis

63
Q

What is myasthenia gravis caused by

A

Destruction of postsynaptic ACh receptor

64
Q

How does neostigmine work? what does it treat?

A

treats myasthenia gravis by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase from breaking down ACh

65
Q

neuropeptides almost exclusively act ionotropically or metabotropically

A

metabotropically

66
Q

it is important to know that the amount of an amino acid in the brain is about three orders of magnitude greater than a biological amine or acetylcholine, that and in turn, the concentration of a biological amine or acetylcholine in the brain is about three times that of a neuropeptide.

67
Q

slide 73 ppt 4

68
Q

slide 8 ppt 5

69
Q

what brain division are these part of- cerebral hemispheres, amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, septum

A

telencephalon

70
Q

what brain division are these part of- thalamus, hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

71
Q

what brain division are these part of- cerebellum, pons, medulla

72
Q

Why is there more gray matter in coccyx than in cervical spine?

A

The higher you go up, the more information you are exchanging, more axons are present

73
Q

what structure connects the thalamus and the hypothalamus

A

the massa intermedia

74
Q

what brain division are these part of- pons and cerebellum

A

metencephalon

75
Q

what part of the brain? inferior colliculus and superior colliculus. also substantia nigra and periaqueductal grey matter

A

midbrain: mesencephalon

76
Q

What section of the brain- medulla oblongata

A

myelencephalon

77
Q

what brain circuit is involved in parkinsons

A

basal ganglia

78
Q

name structures in basal ganglia

A

amygdala, striatum (caudate plus putamen), globus pallidus

79
Q

what is the reticular activating system

A

nuclei in the brainstem that have ascending projections that send neurochemicals to thalamus for communication with the cortex- for sleep. damage causes persistent sleep

80
Q

what brain circuit- amygdala, striatum (caudate plus putamen), globus pallidus

A

basal ganglia

81
Q

what brain circuit- amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, and mamillary body- what is it in charge of

A

limbic system- emotions and drives

82
Q

limbic system, whats in it and what is it in charge of

A

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, and mamillary body- emotions and drives

83
Q

between what membranes are brain vasculatures

A

pia and arachnoid

84
Q

areas that lack a blood brain barrier, allow brain to communicate with the body are?

A

circumventricular organs

85
Q

circumventricular organs

A

areas that lack a blood brain barrier, allow brain to communicate with the body

Psychopharmacology (3 decks)

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