Exam 1

Question 1

pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

investigation of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs

Question 2

pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

mechanism of action of drugs

Question 3

class of psychoactive drugs: cause neural and behavioral excitation

Answer 3

stimulants and convulsants

Question 4

class of psychoactive drugs: reduce neural excitability, produce drowsiness, sedation and sleep, reduce anxiety symptoms

Answer 4

neural depressant, sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytics

Question 5

class of psychoactive drugs: relieve pain, cause sleep

Answer 5

narcotic analgesics

Question 6

why is drug action by PO administration less than other routes of administration

Answer 6

First pass effect through liver

Question 7

acidic or basic drugs are often highly bound to plasma proteins and not in very high concentrations in tissues?

Answer 7

acidic

Question 8

drugs with what functional group are often found in high concentrations in tissues

Answer 8

amine groups

Question 9

at how many half lives is the drug considered gone from system

Answer 9

6

Question 10

advantage of establishing the therapeutic range

Answer 10

patient adherence, avoiding toxicity, reducing costs of therapy

Question 11

drug metabolism converts drug to more hydrophobic or more hydrophilic compound

Answer 11

hydrophilic so drug can be better eliminated through urine

Question 12

phase I biotransformation reaction

Answer 12

introduce or unmask a chemically functional group (nonsynthetic)

Question 13

Phase II biotransofrmation reaction

Answer 13

combines a functional group with an endogenous substance, making it less lipid soluble to be excreted easier (synthetic)

Question 14

term for a drug jumping onto something that is endogenous to the body, making the metabolite more likely to be excreted from the body

Answer 14

conjugation

Question 15

ways renal excretion can be increased

Answer 15

increasing volume of urine, changing pH of urine, increasing blood flow to kidneys

Question 16

7TM receptors do they have g proteins

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

distinguish ED50 EC50 and Emax, which one is Emax related to

Answer 17

ED50 is the dose required to produce a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population, EX50 is the concentration needed to produce a response that is 50% of the maximum response (Emax)

Question 18

Therapeutic index (TI) = ? (what ratio, do we want it to be large or small number)

Answer 18

LD50/ED50. Large number please

Question 19

slide 45-47 ppt 2

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

organize highest to lowest level distributed systems, local circuits, nerve cell, specific behavior, genes, macromolecules, synapes, microcircuits

Answer 20

specific behavior, distributed systems, local circuits, nerve cell, microcircuits, synapse, macromolecules, genes

Question 21

do enzymes reduce the amount of energy for a given reaction to take place?

Answer 21

yes. The availability of the enzyme determines the amount of the product

Question 22

what type of enzyme phosphorylates proteins

Answer 22

protein kinase

Question 23

what type of enzyme dephosphorylates proteins

Answer 23

protein phosphatase

Question 24

Sense or antisense- strand of DNA used as the template for the RNA strand

Answer 24

sense

Question 25

Who coined the term Eugenics, what is it

Answer 25

francis Galton. Intellectual abilities must follow the rules of inheritance in the same way as the physical traits of height and eye color (twin studies, behavior inherited)

Question 26

what accounts for "missing heritability" in things like hypertension

Answer 26

epigenetics

Question 27

forces that will determine ion movement across cell membrane

Answer 27

electrostatic forces and diffusion potential

Question 28

what keeps neurons in resting state

Answer 28

Na-K pump

Question 29

decremental conduction

Answer 29

signal gets weaker further away from source

Question 30

Initial segment=trigger zone=?

Answer 30

axon hillock

Question 31

what is the chemical that loewi discovered?

Answer 31

Ach

Question 32

IPSP caused by movement of what ions

Answer 32

cl into k out of cell

Question 33

slide 37 ppt 4

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

two ways neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse

Answer 34

transporters (reuptake) and enzymes to metabolize them

Question 35

MAO

Answer 35

monoamine oxidase- metabolizes monoamine neurotransmitters 5-HT, DA, NE

Question 36

metabolizes catecholamines DA and NE

Answer 36

catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT)

Question 37

metabolizes acetylcholine

Answer 37

acetylcholinesterase

Question 38

4 requirements to be a neurotransmitter

Answer 38

The neurotransmitter is present in the presynaptic neuron The neurotransmitter is released in response to depolarization There are receptors specific for the neurotransmitter located on the post-synaptic cell 4. The neurotransmitter must be either metabolized or removed from the synapse (i.e. there must be a physiological mechanism to stop the ligand from being available to bind the receptor)

Question 39

agents derived from a source external to a cell that act on receptors of a cell are called _____, different types are

Answer 39

``` first messengers -Neurotransmitters/Neuromodulators • Drugs • Hormones • Cytokines • Growth Factors ```

Question 40

slide 51 ppt 4

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

autoreceptors are not transporters

Answer 41

true

Question 42

neuromodulators faster or slower than neurotransmitters

Answer 42

slower

Question 43

what is volume transmission?

Answer 43

Often released from varicosities - Usually involved in neuropeptide release - Allows neuropeptide to interact with many post-synaptic neurons

Question 44

what is a ubiquitous neurotransmitter, is glutamate one? is GABA one?

Answer 44

on every neuron, involved in every behavior, yes, yes

Question 45

receptors for glutamate, ionotropic

Answer 45

NMDA, AMPA, Kainate

Question 46

how many metabotropic receptor subtypes for glutamate, involved in what

Answer 46

8, producing cell products

Question 47

GABAa ionotropic or metabotropic receptor, what does it mediate. post or Presynaptic receptor

Answer 47

ionotropic, inhibition caused by influx of chloride ions, postsynaptic receptor

Question 48

GABAb metabotropic or ionotropic, post or presynaptic receptor

Answer 48

metabotropic, presynaptic (autoreceptor)

Question 49

does serotonin act primarily on ionotropic or metabotropic receptors

Answer 49

metabotropic

Question 50

drugs that promote what neurotransmitter activity are the most widely used antidepressants

Answer 50

serotonin

Question 51

dopamine receptors are iono or metabotropic

Answer 51

metabotropic

Question 52

where are serotonin neuron cell bodies located

Answer 52

raphe nuclei midbrain to hindbrain

Question 53

three areas where dopamine neurons are located

Answer 53

ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra, arcuate nucleus

Question 54

in order- metabolic cascade of these substances (what comes from what) l-dopa, tyrosine, dopamine, norepinephrine

Answer 54

tyrosine->l-dopa->dopamine->norepinephrine

Question 55

three catecholamines

Answer 55

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 56

where is norepinephrine made

Answer 56

locus coeruleus

Question 57

what nt contributes to anxiety disorders and PTSD

Answer 57

norepinephrine

Question 58

what nt is in neurons that degenerate to cause alzheimer's

Answer 58

ACh

Question 59

which class of ACh receptors are ionotropic

Answer 59

Nicotinic

Question 60

which class of ACh receptors are metabotropic

Answer 60

muscarinic

Question 61

slide 65 ppt 4

Answer 61

yes

Question 62

syndrome of fatigue and exhaustion of the muscle system, due to impaired ACh neurotransmission, autoimmune disease, due to destruction of postsynaptic ACh receptor

Answer 62

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 63

What is myasthenia gravis caused by

Answer 63

Destruction of postsynaptic ACh receptor

Question 64

How does neostigmine work? what does it treat?

Answer 64

treats myasthenia gravis by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase from breaking down ACh

Question 65

neuropeptides almost exclusively act ionotropically or metabotropically

Answer 65

metabotropically

Question 66

it is important to know that the amount of an amino acid in the brain is about three orders of magnitude greater than a biological amine or acetylcholine, that and in turn, the concentration of a biological amine or acetylcholine in the brain is about three times that of a neuropeptide.

Answer 66

yes

Question 67

slide 73 ppt 4

Answer 67

yes

Question 68

slide 8 ppt 5

Answer 68

yes

Question 69

what brain division are these part of- cerebral hemispheres, amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, septum

Answer 69

telencephalon

Question 70

what brain division are these part of- thalamus, hypothalamus

Answer 70

diencephalon

Question 71

what brain division are these part of- cerebellum, pons, medulla

Answer 71

hindbrain

Question 72

Why is there more gray matter in coccyx than in cervical spine?

Answer 72

The higher you go up, the more information you are exchanging, more axons are present

Question 73

what structure connects the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Answer 73

the massa intermedia

Question 74

what brain division are these part of- pons and cerebellum

Answer 74

metencephalon

Question 75

what part of the brain? inferior colliculus and superior colliculus. also substantia nigra and periaqueductal grey matter

Answer 75

midbrain: mesencephalon

Question 76

What section of the brain- medulla oblongata

Answer 76

myelencephalon

Question 77

what brain circuit is involved in parkinsons

Answer 77

basal ganglia

Question 78

name structures in basal ganglia

Answer 78

amygdala, striatum (caudate plus putamen), globus pallidus

Question 79

what is the reticular activating system

Answer 79

nuclei in the brainstem that have ascending projections that send neurochemicals to thalamus for communication with the cortex- for sleep. damage causes persistent sleep

Question 80

what brain circuit- amygdala, striatum (caudate plus putamen), globus pallidus

Answer 80

basal ganglia

Question 81

what brain circuit- amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, and mamillary body- what is it in charge of

Answer 81

limbic system- emotions and drives

Question 82

limbic system, whats in it and what is it in charge of

Answer 82

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, and mamillary body- emotions and drives

Question 83

between what membranes are brain vasculatures

Answer 83

pia and arachnoid

Question 84

areas that lack a blood brain barrier, allow brain to communicate with the body are?

Answer 84

circumventricular organs

Question 85

circumventricular organs

Answer 85

areas that lack a blood brain barrier, allow brain to communicate with the body