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Geology 1104 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When elemental iron (Fe) is exposed to oxygen (O2), what type of chemical weathering takes place?

A

Oxidation

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2
Q

Which of the following is Not a good method for mitigating soil erosion?

A

Repeated tilling

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3
Q

Standard Pedalfer soil

A 
O - Organic layer
A - Mineral Rich
E - Leeched soil
B - Clay accumulation
C - Partially altered parent
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4
Q

Which type of soil has a thicker O-horizon; Histosols (wetland soils) or Laterite (Tropical rainforest soils)?

A

Histosols

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5
Q

Which of the following minerals is most stable at surface Earth conditions?

A

Quartz

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6
Q

What variables are needed to calculate the discharge of a river?

A

Width, depth, velocity

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7
Q

Which type of river is commonly found emerging from the toe of a glacier?

A

Braided river

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8
Q

What river is dominated by tidal forces?

A

The Fly River delta

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9
Q

What immense lake emptied in a catastrophic flood 15,000 years ago when an ice dam failed creating the Scablands?

A

Lake Missoula

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10
Q

Soils

A

Unconsolidated material capable of supporting plant growth

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11
Q

Regolith

A

Unconsolidated material incapable of support growth

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12
Q

Mechanical Weathering

A

Physical break-up of rock without changing the chemical composition; increases surface area and makes it susceptible to chemical weathering in the future.

Examples: Abrasion, frost-wedging

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13
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

Breaks down material via reaction with water, acid, gas

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14
Q

Pedalfer soil

A

Temperate, Fa-Al rich substrate, more leeching

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15
Q

Pedocal soil

A

Arid, Ca-rich substrate, little leeching

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16
Q

Laterite soil

A

Tropical, Fe-Al rich substrate, extensive leeching

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17
Q

Soil colors

A 
Black = Organic rich
Red/orange = mineral rich
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18
Q

Top soil attributes

A

Permeable, nutrient-rich, retains moisture, soft

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19
Q

What causes soil to lose fertility?

A

Repeated tilling, clearing of natural vegetation, failed crops, too much grazing

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20
Q

Drainage Basin (Watershed)

A

The source region from which a stream draws its water

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21
Q

Divide

A

Ridge or crest that separates drainage basins from one another

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22
Q

Runoff

A

Precipitation that moves across the ground to enter streams

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23
Q

Infiltration/Percolation

A

Absorption and movement of precipitation or surface water into groundwater

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24
Q

Headwaters

A

Where streams begin

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25
Q

Base Level

A

Endpoint of a river of stream

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26
Q

Thalweg

A

Fastest part of the stream

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27
Q

Gradient

A

Rise over run. The gradient is typically the steepest near the headwaters and the shallowest towards base level.

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28
Q

Traction Load (Bed Load)

A

Heavy debris rolled, pushed or dragged across the stream floor

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29
Q

Suspended Load

A

material suspended by turbulence of the stream

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30
Q

Dissolved Load

A

Material completely dissolved

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31
Q

Progradation

A

The river deposits sediments faster than the sea is able to remove them, so the delta grows outwards into the sea

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32
Q

Aggradation

A

The river deposits build up via overbank flooding, accumulation of biotic remains, etc. so the delta grows upwards

33
Q

Transgression

A

The retreat of the delta, usually by the loss of sediments caused by continued wave attack or the reduction of nourishment soils

34
Q

Point Bar

A

Stream velocity slows down around curves, deposits sediments

35
Q

Cut Bank

A

Stream velocity is greater around the outside of a curve, so erosion is greater

36
Q

Meandering Streams

A

Lower energy / velocity
Meanders tend to grow in size and migrate downstream
Can change >100m / year!

37
Q

What causes sea level rise?

A

Glaciers are melting, adding water to oceanic basin.
Thermal expansion - warm things take up greater volume
Gravitational pull of glacial mass

38
Q

Isostaty

A

Gravitational equilibrium between the lithosphere and asthenosphere.

39
Q

Principle of Buoyancy

A

An object will sink so that the mass of displaced fluid is equal to the mass of the object.

40
Q

Consequences of rapid sea level rise

A 
Increased storm damage
Increased coastal erosion
Salinization of wetlands and aquifers
Loss of marine habitats
Displacement of human populations
41
Q

Wave Refraction

A

Wind produces waves oblique to beach face.
Shallowing slows leading end
Waves bend as trailing edge travels faster

On irregular shorelines refraction acts to concentrate waves energy at headlands; facilitates erosion.

42
Q

Hard Stabilization

A

Seawalls & Revetments
Groins
Breakwaters
Jetties - Form sandbars

43
Q

Soft Stabilization

A

Beach nourishment

44
Q

Land-use Restrictions

A

No build zones

“Strategic retreat”

45
Q

Thermal Categories

A

Used to classify glaciers; determined by climate.
Temperate glaciers – Ice is at or near melting temperature.
Polar glaciers – Ice is well below melting temperature.

46
Q

Wet-bottom glaciers

A

Water flows along base of glacier.

Basal sliding – Ice slips over a meltwater/sediment slurry.

47
Q

Dry-bottom glaciers

A

Cold base is frozen to substrate.

Movement is by internal plastic deformation of ice.

48
Q

How do glaciers move?

A

Highest velocities on the top and in the middle; crevasses form at the top of glaciers since it’s moving the fastest
Lowest velocities on the bottom and on the sides due to friction

49
Q

Sea Level

A

Ice ages cause sea level to rise and fall.
Water is stored on land during an ice age – sea level falls.
Deglaciation returns water the oceans – sea level rises.
Sea level was ~ 100 m lower during the Wisconsinan.
If ice sheets melted, coastal regions would be flooded.

50
Q

Dendritic Patterns

A

River flows over homogeneous landscape and water makes trunk streams (looks like a tree)

51
Q

Radial Patterns

A

Precipitation runs away in all directions

52
Q

Rectangular patterns

A

Crust broken up along parallel fault lines and rivers follow them

53
Q

Ephemeral Streams

A

Water table drops below channel

54
Q

Capacity

A

Willingness to transport more material.
Silty river = at capacity
At capacity = aggrading

55
Q

Alluvium

A

River deposited sediments in a valley

56
Q

Stream shape related to type

A

Soft sediments = slumps, L shape

Hard = Steep-sided canyons

57
Q

Deltas

A

When rivers reach base level and velocity = 0, a delta is formed.

58
Q

Isostatic Rebound

A

Happens due to removal of ice, or erosion/uplift

59
Q

Wave-cut Platform

A

Steep edges/steps show historical coastline; land rising

60
Q

Why is the ocean warmest around the equator, and coolest around the poles?

A

Due to salinity. Low amounts of ocean salt in the pole areas, and at the equator,

61
Q

Thermohaline Circulation

A

Warm water at surface is fresh, and as it cools off, becomes salty and drops down due to increased mass

62
Q

Lunar Pull

A

Gravitation pull of moon

63
Q

Why do we have two tides a day?

A

Centrifugal force; Earth spins and pushes water out opposite side of moon. The sun also affects tides
Sun + moon = Spring tide

64
Q

Tidal Flats

A

Sea retreats

65
Q

Ebb Tidal Delta

A

Outgoing tidal flow is stronger than incoming

66
Q

Flood Tidal Delta

A

Flood-dominated since tide is strong, comes in to deposit sediments, and weak outgoing tide cannot get rid of them

67
Q

Undercutting

A

Wave smacking into tall cliff can cause it to retreat

68
Q

Longshore Drift

A

Wave activity moving things downshore

69
Q

Barrier Islands

A

Very delicate; require stable sea level

70
Q

Beach Sediments

A

Sediments dumped by rivers at sea shore, collapse of cliff faces, wind, glacial melting

71
Q

Erratics

A

Large, non-local rocks

72
Q

Conditions to form a glacier

A

Cold climate
Snow has to be abundant
Snow must not be removed by avalanches or winds

73
Q

Types of glaciers

A

Mountains glaciers - found due to high altitude

Continental glaciers - Found due to high latitude

74
Q

Surging Glacier

A

Fast-moving glacier; can move meters per week. Caused by thinning and leads to crevassing

75
Q

Parts of glacier

A

Zone of accumulation - year-round snow
Zone of ablation - seasonal snow

Equilibrium line separates these.
If accumulation > ablation, glacial toe advances and equilibrium line lowers.
If accumulation < ablation, toe will retreat upslope

76
Q

Glacial Outwash Plates

A

Dominated by braided rivers due to high sediment load

77
Q

Kettle Lakes

A

Retreating glacier drops off chunks of ice that melt and create depressions

78
Q

Drumlins

A

Piles of sediments that form under glaciers

79
Q

Eskers

A

When a glacier drains, one outflow location becomes preferred and leaves behind pile of sediment

Geology 1104 (3 decks)

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