Exam 2 Flashcards
Sexual development in early childhood
- Self-stimulation is common in boys and girls (boys tend to learn from other boys and girls find out accidentally)
- More frequent and more openly in boys than girls
Stress and development
Hippocampus and the amygdala in the midbrain can be affected by toxic stress and exposure to abuse over long periods of time.
Model room relation
70% of three year olds understand the symbol of a small snoopy in a model for a large room
Lateralization of the brain
At approx 8 y.o. the brain is completely lateralized (both hemispheres work together)
- Left: speech, language, writing, logic, science, math
- Right: creative thinking, fantasy, music, art, spatial construction
- *Boys are more left and girls are more more both
Zone of proximal development
Developed by Vygotsky: the difference between what a learner can do independently and what he or she can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. Thus, the term “proximal” refers those skills that the learner is “close” to mastering.
10 reasons on why recess is so important
Cognitive benefits (leads to a more attentive and productive student), Social and emotional benefits (practice social skills and role play), Physical benefits (physical activity of 60 min/day)
Erikson’s theory initiative vs guilt
Occurs 3rd - 5th years
- Yes: Ability to be a “self starter”, to initiate one’s own activities and want to do more
- No: A sense of guilt and inadequacy to be on one’s own, fear leads to guilt
5 biggest problems with helicopter parenting
-Helicopter parents are rally helpful to their kids in the short term, but over-parenting takes a toll on the kids in the long term.
Problems of helicopter kids:
1. They have more health problems
2. They feel entitled
3. They have emotional problems
4. They rely on medication
5. Lack self-regulation skills –leads to procrastination
6 types of play styles
- Unoccupied play: most simple; sit, look around, think, and imagine
- Onlooker play: Observe play of other children, may talk but not actually playing
- Solitary: plays alone, not much interest in what others are doing
- Parallel: play with similar toys next to each other but not with each other
- Associative: playing with each other, share toys, involved in similar activities but not identical
- Cooperative: begin to unite toward a common goal, leaders and followers begin to emerge
Gender identity: What do boys do?
More active, better with shapes/building, physically aggressive, weaker verbal skills (less talk with parents)
Gender identity: What do girls do?
Sit and play (not run), better with interactive play, verbally aggressive, language and fine motor skills come earlier, control emotions better
Organized sports con
The emphasis on competition and athletic
skill can be counterproductive and lead
children to grow tired of the game and want to quit.
Controversy over testing in schools
Achievement tests measure what a student has already learned: focus too much on testing as the only indication of performance levels
Concrete Operations
Piaget’s 3rd stage; children now use logic over perception, have achieved decentration and reversibility
Decentration
The ability to pay attention to multiple attributes of an object or situation rather than being locked into attending to only a single attribute.
Ex: now understand that the larger glass holds the same volume
Reversibility
The ability to mentally reverse actions
Middle childhood time and speed
In notes, car in longer road must go faster to finish at the same time as the car on the straight road
ADHD
-Inattention: easily distracted, bored easily, hard to stay focused on one task, hard time processing
-Hyperactivity: fidgets, stands while doing a task, touch things they see
-Impulsivity: Impatient, blurt out ideas, inappropriate comments, constantly interrupts
Causes: Genes and environmental factors
Tx: Ritalin (stimulant) and Dexedrine (antidepressant)
Erickson’s theory Industry vs Inferiority
From approx 6y.o. - 12 y.o.
Yes: Attain competence in meeting the challenges set by peers, parents, and teachers. Learn how things work, to understand, and organize.
No: A sense of inferiority at understand and organizing,. Feelings of failure and not being good enough.
Self-esteem
Psychological and physical characteristics that contribute to our self-evaluation (From very positive at age 6 to very negative at age 12)
Self-concept
Based on academics, social, emotional, and physical accomplishments
Zimbardo video on how we raise boys
-Tell boys what to not do, but do not clearly tell them what to do in order to be a man
-Gridlock of male roles: old traditional roles no longer fit since new gender roles are emerging
-Girls/women are excelling at everything, doing better (getting less education than their fathers)
-Boys opting out of a confusing world, isolating themselves and going into virtual worlds
-Men are in the present and must become future oriented
-Single mothers are in the rise allover the world (41% in the US); even when dad is present, they are not emotionally/psychologically present
-Infrequent family diners, leads to substance abuse
- Successful men: “warmth of their childhoods”, how close they were to their fathers
-Digital rewiring of their minds
-Porn-Induced Erectile Dysfunction
Solutions: Government involvement, School sex education, parent cooperation and family dinners, male cooperation, women cooperation, media portrayal of realistic
Status in friendships
- Popular: Mostly liked, and high status
- Controversial: Liked by some and disliked by others, and high status
- Neglected: Uniformly disliked, and low status
- Rejected: Neither liked or disliked , and low status
Self-care children
Also known as “latchkey kids”: complain of loneliness and may cause trouble since alone while parents away at work
Divorce and children
Negatively affects children for about 2 years. Can lead to poor health, grades, and attitude. Less money and less time with parents.
Gay and Lesbian parents
Same development, but there is concern with how other children will treat them.
Kohlberg’s morality stages
- PreConventional (early childhood): Self-centered approach, focused on what will happen to the man
- Conventional (middle childhood): Right and wrong is determined by what other people think (good person orientation)
- PostConventional morality (adolescence/adulthood): Goes beyond convention or what other people think, to a higher ethical principle of morality that may not be in the laws
Immanent justice
Automatic consequences. No matter what, he will be punished
Immanent justice
Automatic consequences. No matter what, he will be punished
Brain changes in adolescence
Development of the frontal lobe continues. Adolescents engage in increased risk-taking behaviors and emotional outbursts possibly because the frontal lobes of their brains are still developing. Recall that this area is responsible for judgment, impulse control, and planning.
Carol Gilligan on moral development
States that there is a difference between girls’ and boys’ morality.
-Girls are not making it to the universal ethical principles:
There is a difference between the way boys and girls are raised.
-Boys are raised with justice and girls are raised with sacrifice and responsibility.
Early maturing girls
Feel less attractive, Inc tension, low self concept, hang out w/ older kids, date sooner, target of teasing, drink smoke and steal
Late maturing girls
Anxiety, out perform in school, less popular, less expressive
Early maturing boys
Socially competent, attractive, self assured, more social acceptance, problems with steroids
Late maturing boys
Inc anxiety, negative self concept, negative behaviors to get attention, girls best friend
Formal operations
Piaget’s 4th and final stage: Begins at age 14, involves abstract thinking and hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Pendulum task
What can you do to affect the oscillatory speed of the pendulum?
-Length of the string, mass of the pendulum, force
David Elkin and thinking in adolescence
- Adolescent egocentrism: self-absorption
- Imaginary audience: they are the focus
- Personal fable: unique and exceptional
Self-esteem
- Girls: have a lower self-esteem than boys, base it on achievements
- Boys: base it on physical appearance
Erikson’s theory Identity vs Identity confusion
At adolescence
Yes: Seeing oneself as a unique and integrated person (find oneself)
No: Confusion over who and what one really is
***Psychological moratorium: role confusion can result in adolescence, but society allows for youth to “find themselves”
Sexual orientation
- Nature: hormones, pheromones, attraction
- Nurture: attraction, social and personal experiences
Transgender
Gender identity is not congruent with the sex assigned at birth (not defined by genitalia)
Corn flakes
Cereal that was meant to prevent masturbation, invented by Kellog
How the Dutch do Sex ED
Americans have shifted towards abstinence only
