Exam 1 Flashcards
Albert Bandura
Social learning theory: many of our action are not learned by conditioning but rather by watching others
Jean Piaget
Cognitive theory: Schemas help make sense of new situations by seeing if they fit into our old ways of thinking
Lev Vygotsky
Sociocultural theory: Culture and interaction aids intelligence
Sigmund Freud
Psychodynamic theory: we are shaped by our childhood
Freud’s weaknesses
- It is difficult to test scientifically (how can parenting in infancy be traced to personality in adulthood)
- Sexist, women had to accept an inferior position in society or they were considered to be flawed
Cohort
Group of individuals who are roughly going through life the same. Share histories and contexts for living
DNA
Determines the nature of every cell and how it will function. Contains genes within segments of chromosomes; found in the nucleus
Mitosis / Meiosis
- cell growth
- gamete formation
Germinal stage
- First 2 weeks (conception – implantation)
- Goal: cell division (growth)
- Zygote – Blastocyst
Embryonic stage
- 2 – 8 weeks
- Goal: major growth of the organs, sex differences begin to develop
- Embryo
- *Higher risks of miscarriage at this stage
Fetal stage
- 8 weeks – Birth
- Goal: Heart begins to beat
- Fetus
Purpose of the placenta
Filtration
Purpose of the amniotic sac
Protection
Purpose of the umbilical cord
Exchange of nutrients, waste, O2
Monozygotic twins / Dizygotic twins
- Genetically identical, split in the first 2 weeks
- Different DNA, requires two diff fertilized eggs
Caffeine as a teratogen
Causes increased rates of miscarriage
Nicotine as a teratogen
Decreases O2 and increases CO2, problems with ear infections and hearing difficulties, low birth weight
Marijuana as a teratogen
Decreases oxygen
**second most widely used teratogen. Among adolescents, females are just as likely to smoke as are males
ASA as a teratogen
Causes placental bleeding
Preterm / Post mature / Small for date
- Born too small too soon
- Born too large too late
- Low birth weight
First 2 years of weight
Growth is rapid
7lb – 21lb in the first year
21lb – 27lb from 1yo – 2yo
Cephalocaudal principle
Growth begins in the head and proceeds down to the rest of the body
Proximodistal principle
Growth begins from the center of the body and proceeds outwards (arms grow more than legs)
SIDS
- Common during 2-4 months
- Most affects: Boys, African-Americans, low birth weight babies, low APGAR scorers, bottle fed babies
Fetal alcohol spectrum diorders features
- small eye openings
- small heads
- flattened noses
- developmental delay
First stage of labor
Longest stage, cervix thins (effacement) and opens (dilates) up to 10cm
Second stage of labor
Pushing the fetus out, lasts about 90 min, then ends with birth
Third stage of labor
Birth of umbilical cord and the placenta
Ways to assess the condition of a newborn
- Neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)
- APGAR: tests newborn’s overall condition at 1 min and 5 min after birth. 0-2pts given for: HR, RR, muscle tone, reflex response, color
Sensitive period
When the baby has to use/learn something, if it doesn’t then it will be able to develop in the future but it will be harder
Critical period
When the baby has to use/learn something, but if it doesn’t then development will never happen
Infants come to understand the world around them through..
Sensation and perception
What can babies see?
- Neonates can only see close up
- Can only see primary colors until about 6 months
- Infants prefer to look at faces, patterns, complex stimuli
- *20/20 vision by around 3 y.o.
What are the 4 styles of crawling?
- crawling (on stomach)
- creeping (using hands)
- bear walking
- scooting
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
-Based on direct physical contact (infants taste, feel, hear, in order to experience the world)
What is the brain size of a neonate?
About 25% of its adult weight
Assimilation / Accommodation
- minor changes to schemes
- major changes to schemes
Referential speech / Expressive speech
- mostly noun and verbs, just enough information, more male dominated
- more adjectives, female dominated
Nativist approach to language
Language is genetic and emerges automatically
Learning theory approach to language
Language is learned by reinforcement and conditioning (modeling and copying words and sentence structure)
Erickson’s Theory stages
- Stage 1: Trust vs mistrust (0 – 18mo)
- Stage 2: Autonomy vs shame and doubt (18 mo – 3yo)
Wet nurses
Lactating women hired to nurse others’ infants during the middle ages, eventually declined as women began to feed their own
Social referencing
- at birth
- looking for emotional info
Separation anxiety
- at 8-9 months
- cries and protests when parent leaves (bond has formed)
Self-awareness
- at 12 months
- recognize self
Temperament
Inborn qualities noticed shortly after birth. Knowledge of child’s temperament is useable for teachers, parents, to better work with a child. Does not change dramatically as we grow up, we work around it.
Dad’s attachment
Strength in attachment with dad depends on quality of time spent, ex: diaper changing
What are the 4 styles of attachment?
- Secure (needs are met)
- Ambivalent (needs are kind of met)
- Avoidant (needs are not met)
- Disorganized (needs over safety)
- *measured by strange situation, Ainsworth
Lamaze birthing method
Originated in Russia. Teaches the woman to be in control in the process of delivery by breathing through contractions, having a picture to look at, coach.
