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Psych 111 - Developmental > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Social learning theory: many of our action are not learned by conditioning but rather by watching others

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2
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Cognitive theory: Schemas help make sense of new situations by seeing if they fit into our old ways of thinking

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3
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Sociocultural theory: Culture and interaction aids intelligence

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4
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychodynamic theory: we are shaped by our childhood

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5
Q

Freud’s weaknesses

A
  • It is difficult to test scientifically (how can parenting in infancy be traced to personality in adulthood)
  • Sexist, women had to accept an inferior position in society or they were considered to be flawed
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6
Q

Cohort

A

Group of individuals who are roughly going through life the same. Share histories and contexts for living

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7
Q

DNA

A

Determines the nature of every cell and how it will function. Contains genes within segments of chromosomes; found in the nucleus

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8
Q

Mitosis / Meiosis

A
  • cell growth

- gamete formation

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9
Q

Germinal stage

A
  • First 2 weeks (conception – implantation)
  • Goal: cell division (growth)
  • Zygote – Blastocyst
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10
Q

Embryonic stage

A
  • 2 – 8 weeks
  • Goal: major growth of the organs, sex differences begin to develop
  • Embryo
  • *Higher risks of miscarriage at this stage
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11
Q

Fetal stage

A
  • 8 weeks – Birth
  • Goal: Heart begins to beat
  • Fetus
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12
Q

Purpose of the placenta

A

Filtration

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13
Q

Purpose of the amniotic sac

A

Protection

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14
Q

Purpose of the umbilical cord

A

Exchange of nutrients, waste, O2

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15
Q

Monozygotic twins / Dizygotic twins

A
  • Genetically identical, split in the first 2 weeks

- Different DNA, requires two diff fertilized eggs

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16
Q

Caffeine as a teratogen

A

Causes increased rates of miscarriage

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17
Q

Nicotine as a teratogen

A

Decreases O2 and increases CO2, problems with ear infections and hearing difficulties, low birth weight

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18
Q

Marijuana as a teratogen

A

Decreases oxygen

**second most widely used teratogen. Among adolescents, females are just as likely to smoke as are males

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19
Q

ASA as a teratogen

A

Causes placental bleeding

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20
Q

Preterm / Post mature / Small for date

A
  • Born too small too soon
  • Born too large too late
  • Low birth weight
21
Q

First 2 years of weight

A

Growth is rapid
7lb – 21lb in the first year
21lb – 27lb from 1yo – 2yo

22
Q

Cephalocaudal principle

A

Growth begins in the head and proceeds down to the rest of the body

23
Q

Proximodistal principle

A

Growth begins from the center of the body and proceeds outwards (arms grow more than legs)

24
Q

SIDS

A
  • Common during 2-4 months

- Most affects: Boys, African-Americans, low birth weight babies, low APGAR scorers, bottle fed babies

25
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum diorders features

A
  • small eye openings
  • small heads
  • flattened noses
  • developmental delay
26
Q

First stage of labor

A

Longest stage, cervix thins (effacement) and opens (dilates) up to 10cm

27
Q

Second stage of labor

A

Pushing the fetus out, lasts about 90 min, then ends with birth

28
Q

Third stage of labor

A

Birth of umbilical cord and the placenta

29
Q

Ways to assess the condition of a newborn

A
  • Neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)
  • APGAR: tests newborn’s overall condition at 1 min and 5 min after birth. 0-2pts given for: HR, RR, muscle tone, reflex response, color
30
Q

Sensitive period

A

When the baby has to use/learn something, if it doesn’t then it will be able to develop in the future but it will be harder

31
Q

Critical period

A

When the baby has to use/learn something, but if it doesn’t then development will never happen

32
Q

Infants come to understand the world around them through..

A

Sensation and perception

33
Q

What can babies see?

A
  • Neonates can only see close up
  • Can only see primary colors until about 6 months
  • Infants prefer to look at faces, patterns, complex stimuli
  • *20/20 vision by around 3 y.o.
34
Q

What are the 4 styles of crawling?

A
  • crawling (on stomach)
  • creeping (using hands)
  • bear walking
  • scooting
35
Q

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

A

-Based on direct physical contact (infants taste, feel, hear, in order to experience the world)

36
Q

What is the brain size of a neonate?

A

About 25% of its adult weight

37
Q

Assimilation / Accommodation

A
  • minor changes to schemes

- major changes to schemes

38
Q

Referential speech / Expressive speech

A
  • mostly noun and verbs, just enough information, more male dominated
  • more adjectives, female dominated
39
Q

Nativist approach to language

A

Language is genetic and emerges automatically

40
Q

Learning theory approach to language

A

Language is learned by reinforcement and conditioning (modeling and copying words and sentence structure)

41
Q

Erickson’s Theory stages

A
  • Stage 1: Trust vs mistrust (0 – 18mo)

- Stage 2: Autonomy vs shame and doubt (18 mo – 3yo)

42
Q

Wet nurses

A

Lactating women hired to nurse others’ infants during the middle ages, eventually declined as women began to feed their own

43
Q

Social referencing

A
  • at birth

- looking for emotional info

44
Q

Separation anxiety

A
  • at 8-9 months

- cries and protests when parent leaves (bond has formed)

45
Q

Self-awareness

A
  • at 12 months

- recognize self

46
Q

Temperament

A

Inborn qualities noticed shortly after birth. Knowledge of child’s temperament is useable for teachers, parents, to better work with a child. Does not change dramatically as we grow up, we work around it.

47
Q

Dad’s attachment

A

Strength in attachment with dad depends on quality of time spent, ex: diaper changing

48
Q

What are the 4 styles of attachment?

A
  • Secure (needs are met)
  • Ambivalent (needs are kind of met)
  • Avoidant (needs are not met)
  • Disorganized (needs over safety)
  • *measured by strange situation, Ainsworth
49
Q

Lamaze birthing method

A

Originated in Russia. Teaches the woman to be in control in the process of delivery by breathing through contractions, having a picture to look at, coach.

Psych 111 - Developmental (2 decks)

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