Exam 2

Question 1

Baddeley and Longman (1978)

Answer 1

Trained typing skills using 4 different schedules. Proved that crammers had the least efficiet learning, with the least improvement per hours, while Non-crammers learned more efficiently, and had better long term learning.

Question 2

Keppel (1964)

Answer 2

Proved that cramming dramatically accelerates forgetting.

Question 3

Bahrick 1979

Answer 3

Examined how massed practice compares to spaced practice across multiple intervals by using spanish to english paired associations. Crammers did 6 study sessions in one day. Spaced (a) did 1 study session per day, and Spaced (b) did 1 study session every 30 days. There was a test at the beginning of the 2 session and then every session after that. After 30 days Bahrick had them all comeback and do the test again. The crammers had forgotten most of what they studied, and Spaced (b) did the best.

Question 4

Glenberg (1976)

Answer 4

Wanted to find out the optimal spacing for retention. The study established the Spacing effect. They used paired association tasks

Question 5

Landauer & Bjork

Answer 5

How to balance the power of the Spacing Effect with the reality that long intervals can get discouraging. So the figured out the Expanding Retrieval Method.

Question 6

Slamecka & Graf

Answer 6

Early studies proving that testing>studying. This study came up with the Generation Effect.

Question 7

Total time hypothesis

Answer 7

The proposal that amount learned is a simple function of the amount of time spent on the learning task

Question 8

Distributed practice

Answer 8

Breaking up into a number of shorter sessions; in contrast to massed practice, which comprises fewer long learning sessions

Question 9

Expanding Retrieval

Answer 9

A learning schedule whereby items are initially tested after a short delay with pretest delay gradually increasing across subsequent trials.

Question 10

Latent Inhibition

Answer 10

Classical Conditioning phenomenon whereby multiple prior presentations of neutral stimulus will interfere with its involvement in subsequent conditioning

Question 11

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 11

A tendency to for a neutral stimulus to acquire positive value with repeated exposure.

Question 12

Amygdala

Answer 12

An area of the brain close to the hippocampus that is involved in emotional processing

Question 13

Hippocampus

Answer 13

Brain structure in the medial temporal lobe that is important for long-term memory formation

Question 14

Stem completion

Answer 14

A task whereby retention of a word is tested by presenting the first few letters

Question 15

Fragment completion

Answer 15

A technique whereby memory for a word is tested by deleting alternate letters and asking participants to produce the word

Question 16

Immersion method

Answer 16

A strategy for foreign language teaching whereby the learner is placed in an environment where only the foreign language is used.