Exam 1 Flashcards
verbal learning
a term applied to an approach to memory that relies principally on the learning of lists of words and nonsense syllables
Atkinson Shiffrin Modal Model
An information processing approach to memory. Information flows from the environment through sensory storage and short term storage to long-term memory.
Sensory memory
It’s a high capacity short duration storage mechanism. Made up of Iconic and Echoic memory. There is a separate store for each modality.
Iconic memory
A term applied to the brief storage of visual information. Lasts for about 1/2 a second
Echoic memory
a term sometimes applied to auditory sensory memory. Studied with the shadowing task. Memory lasts at least 2 seconds
Short term memory
A term applied to the retention of small amounts of material over periods of a few seconds.
Working memory
A memory system that underpiins our capacity to “keep” things in minds” when performing complex tasks.
Long term memory
A system or systems assumed to underpin the capacity to store information over long periods of time.
Explicit/declarative memory
Memory that is open to intentional retrieval, whether based on recollecting personal events, or facts. A type of long term memory
Implicit/nondeclarative memory
Retrieval of information from long term memory through performance rather than explicit conscious recall or recognition
Semantic memory
A system that is assumed to store accumulative knowledge of the world. Largely made up of factual information. that can be generalized to all sorts of situations
Episodic Memory
A system that is assumed to underpin the capacity to remember specific events.
Classical conditioning
A learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus that is paired repeatedly with a response evoking stimulus, will come to evoke that response.
Priming
The process whereby presentation of an item influences the processing of a subsequent item, either making it easier to process, or more difficult.
Digit Span
Maximum number of sequentially presented digits that can reliably be recalled in the correct order
Working Memory Span
Term applied to a range of complex memory span tasks in which simultaneous storage and processing is required
chunking
The process of combining a number of items into a single chunk typically on the basis of long-term memory
Phonological loop
Term applied by Baddeley and Hitch to the component of their model responsible for the temporary storage of speech like information
Phonological similarity effect
A tendency for immediate serial recall verbal material to be reduced, when the items are similar in sound
Articulary suppression
A technique for disrupting verbal rehearsal by requiring participants to continuously repeat a spoken item.
Word length effect
A tendency for verbal memory span to decrease when longer words are used
Irrelevant sound effect
A tendency for verbal STM to be disrupted by concurrent fluctuating sounds, including both speech and music.
Free Recall
A method whereby participants are presented with a sequence of items which they are subsequently required to recall in any order they wish.
Recency Effect
A tendency for the last few items in a list to be well recalled
Primacy effect
A tendency for the first few items in a sequence to be better recalled than most of the following items
Long-term recency
A tendency for the last few items to be well recalled under conditions of long-term memory
Corsi test
Visuo-spatial counterpart to digit span involving an array of blocks that the tester taps in a sequence and the patient attempts to copy.
Visuo-spatial STM
Retention of visual and/or spatial info over brief periods of time
Levels of Processing
the theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart that asserts that items that are more deeply processed will be better remembered.
Visuo-Spatial sketchpad (VSS)
A component of the Baddeley and Kitch model that is assumed to be responsible for the temporary maintenance of visual and spatial information.
Semantic Coding
Processing an item in terms of its meaning, hence relating it to other information in long-term memory.
Nonword repetition test
A test whereby participants hear and attempt to repeat back nonwords that gradually increase in length
Supervisory attentional System (SAS)
A component of the model proposed by Norman and Shallice to account for the attentional control of action
Confabulation
Recollection of something of something that did not happen.
Episodic Buffer
A component of the Baddeley and Hitch model of working memory model that assumes a multidimensional code, allowing the various subcomponents of working memory to interact with long-term memory
Binding
Term used to refer to the linking of features into objects, or of events into coherent episodes.
Resource Sharing
Use of limited attentional capacity to maintain two or more simultaneous activities
Task switching
A process whereby a limited capacity system maintains activity on two or more jobs by jumping between them.
Spatial Working Memory
System involved in temporarily retaining information regarding spatial location
Object Memory
System that emporarily retains information concerning visual features sucha as color and shape.
Sperling Study
Presented 4x3 grid of random letters for 50ms. Used a partial report procedure so that participants only had to report a portion of what they saw. Proved tat our Iconic Store was high capacity and just didn’t last that long.
Central executive
Directs the working memory. It has two modes of control one that is automatic and consciously directed.
