Exam 1

Question 1

verbal learning

Answer 1

a term applied to an approach to memory that relies principally on the learning of lists of words and nonsense syllables

Question 2

Atkinson Shiffrin Modal Model

Answer 2

An information processing approach to memory. Information flows from the environment through sensory storage and short term storage to long-term memory.

Question 3

Sensory memory

Answer 3

It’s a high capacity short duration storage mechanism. Made up of Iconic and Echoic memory. There is a separate store for each modality.

Question 4

Iconic memory

Answer 4

A term applied to the brief storage of visual information. Lasts for about 1/2 a second

Question 5

Echoic memory

Answer 5

a term sometimes applied to auditory sensory memory. Studied with the shadowing task. Memory lasts at least 2 seconds

Question 6

Short term memory

Answer 6

A term applied to the retention of small amounts of material over periods of a few seconds.

Question 7

Working memory

Answer 7

A memory system that underpiins our capacity to “keep” things in minds” when performing complex tasks.

Question 8

Long term memory

Answer 8

A system or systems assumed to underpin the capacity to store information over long periods of time.

Question 9

Explicit/declarative memory

Answer 9

Memory that is open to intentional retrieval, whether based on recollecting personal events, or facts. A type of long term memory

Question 10

Implicit/nondeclarative memory

Answer 10

Retrieval of information from long term memory through performance rather than explicit conscious recall or recognition

Question 11

Semantic memory

Answer 11

A system that is assumed to store accumulative knowledge of the world. Largely made up of factual information. that can be generalized to all sorts of situations

Question 12

Episodic Memory

Answer 12

A system that is assumed to underpin the capacity to remember specific events.

Question 13

Classical conditioning

Answer 13

A learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus that is paired repeatedly with a response evoking stimulus, will come to evoke that response.

Question 14

Priming

Answer 14

The process whereby presentation of an item influences the processing of a subsequent item, either making it easier to process, or more difficult.

Question 15

Digit Span

Answer 15

Maximum number of sequentially presented digits that can reliably be recalled in the correct order

Question 16

Working Memory Span

Answer 16

Term applied to a range of complex memory span tasks in which simultaneous storage and processing is required

Question 17

chunking

Answer 17

The process of combining a number of items into a single chunk typically on the basis of long-term memory

Question 18

Phonological loop

Answer 18

Term applied by Baddeley and Hitch to the component of their model responsible for the temporary storage of speech like information

Question 19

Phonological similarity effect

Answer 19

A tendency for immediate serial recall verbal material to be reduced, when the items are similar in sound

Question 20

Articulary suppression

Answer 20

A technique for disrupting verbal rehearsal by requiring participants to continuously repeat a spoken item.

Question 21

Word length effect

Answer 21

A tendency for verbal memory span to decrease when longer words are used

Question 22

Irrelevant sound effect

Answer 22

A tendency for verbal STM to be disrupted by concurrent fluctuating sounds, including both speech and music.

Question 23

Free Recall

Answer 23

A method whereby participants are presented with a sequence of items which they are subsequently required to recall in any order they wish.

Question 24

Recency Effect

Answer 24

A tendency for the last few items in a list to be well recalled

Question 25

Primacy effect

Answer 25

A tendency for the first few items in a sequence to be better recalled than most of the following items

Question 26

Long-term recency

Answer 26

A tendency for the last few items to be well recalled under conditions of long-term memory

Question 27

Corsi test

Answer 27

Visuo-spatial counterpart to digit span involving an array of blocks that the tester taps in a sequence and the patient attempts to copy.

Question 28

Visuo-spatial STM

Answer 28

Retention of visual and/or spatial info over brief periods of time

Question 29

Levels of Processing

Answer 29

the theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart that asserts that items that are more deeply processed will be better remembered.

Question 30

Visuo-Spatial sketchpad (VSS)

Answer 30

A component of the Baddeley and Kitch model that is assumed to be responsible for the temporary maintenance of visual and spatial information.

Question 31

Semantic Coding

Answer 31

Processing an item in terms of its meaning, hence relating it to other information in long-term memory.

Question 32

Nonword repetition test

Answer 32

A test whereby participants hear and attempt to repeat back nonwords that gradually increase in length

Question 33

Supervisory attentional System (SAS)

Answer 33

A component of the model proposed by Norman and Shallice to account for the attentional control of action

Question 34

Confabulation

Answer 34

Recollection of something of something that did not happen.

Question 35

Episodic Buffer

Answer 35

A component of the Baddeley and Hitch model of working memory model that assumes a multidimensional code, allowing the various subcomponents of working memory to interact with long-term memory

Question 36

Binding

Answer 36

Term used to refer to the linking of features into objects, or of events into coherent episodes.

Question 37

Resource Sharing

Answer 37

Use of limited attentional capacity to maintain two or more simultaneous activities

Question 38

Task switching

Answer 38

A process whereby a limited capacity system maintains activity on two or more jobs by jumping between them.

Question 39

Spatial Working Memory

Answer 39

System involved in temporarily retaining information regarding spatial location

Question 40

Object Memory

Answer 40

System that emporarily retains information concerning visual features sucha as color and shape.

Question 41

Sperling Study

Answer 41

Presented 4x3 grid of random letters for 50ms. Used a partial report procedure so that participants only had to report a portion of what they saw. Proved tat our Iconic Store was high capacity and just didn’t last that long.

Question 42

Central executive

Answer 42

Directs the working memory. It has two modes of control one that is automatic and consciously directed.