exam 2 Flashcards
what aspects does reinforcement have an emphasis on?
emphasis on interactions bw environment and response
reinforcement
a stimulus change that is contingent on some aspect of a response that increases the future probability of the response
contingent
dependent on or conditioned by something else
is reinforcement static or plastic ?
plastic – events are dependent on the differnece between pre-change and post-change
what are aspects that reinforcement is contingent upon?
- occurrence of the target response
- nonoccurance of the target repsosne
- occurrence of the alternative response
does positive or negative reinforcement strengthen behavior ?
both, bitch
positive rein
stimulus presntation
negative rein
stimulus removal
escape
removal or reduction of ongoing stimulation
Avoidance
prevention of stimulation
example of?
taking a rain jacket when i know it’ll rain, preventing my hair from getting wet.
avoidance
Primary rein
Sr effects are not dependent on prior learning
example of?
when youre hungry, you seek out food
primary rein
Secondary rein
rein Sr whose effects are acquired through pairing w other rein
money is an example of a
secondary rein
mediated
rein is delivered by a person
automatic
rein is directly produced by a response
example of automatic rein
eating
physical characteristics of rein
social, material, activity
generalized
subs for other other rein; therefore, supports numerous behaviors
Premack peak:
access to a high-probability response serves as reinforcement for a low prob response
example of?
you do homework (low prob), and then you can go outside (high prob)
premack peak
Antecedent events
alters the effectiveness of given reinforcement and increases behavior that was produced from rein in the past (events prior to stim will impact resposne)
Deprivation
Typical antecedent for behavior maintained by positive rein
rein parameters
contingency, delay, quality, magnitude, frequency.
other factors for rein
response effort and concurrent
response effort:
less effort >more efforts
concurrent
alternate rein options are fewer> more options
whats an issue w concurrent
if theres more than one response option, it is less likely that response #1 will be done.
schedules of rein
regulates behavior, determines freq and distribution of behavior over a time
what are schedules of rein based on?
continuum of probability values
Advantages of intermittent rein
prevents satiation, resistance to extinction, and can produce higher rates of R, naturalistic, cost effective
preventing satiation
Stimulus Reinforcer maintains state of deprivation
naturalistic
most schedules in the natural environment are intermittent
Miller and Miller
group attendance was measured on days when there was and also when there was not food. Showed self-determination by welfare recipients.
limits of miller n miller
limits: doesn’t show group success, rein arent pinpointed to just food
DeLuca and Haltimore
application of behavioral principles to treatment of childhood obesity
DeLuca and Haltimore results
VR design worked best (than FR or FI)
DeLuca and Haltimore DV
RPM and time on the bike
DeLuca and Haltimore limits
criterion changes werent needed possibly, could have added other indicators of improvement
France
Putting kids to sleep @ night, both freq and duration were measured which is good bc both dimensions are problematic and one can get smaller while the other increases.
france limits
parent data unreliable and shouldve had floor mat the whole time ,
france stimulus control
parents saying good night (signal that reinforces)
france results
freq and duration decreases for all babies w method! But 4/7 had bursts
france. when to implement bc of bursts?
when parents CAN stay up all night, i.e, holidays/weekend time
combined rein ideas for france
latency idea: kid is shh for long periods of time, then reward with affection or whatever
also, special treat in the morning
extinction
discontinuation/cassation of rein for a behavior, leading to a decrease in the behavior’s freq
EXT of behavior w Sr+ (when present)
Do not deliver Sr+
this only applies when the Sr+ is absent
example of ext when Sr+ is alreay absent
ignore!
EXT of behavior w Sr+ (when not present)
Do not deliver Sr+, and walk away/start to ignore
if negative rein is used, how would you begin extinction of that behavior?
do not remove the event any longer (dont do neg rein), supply the event!
(Prevent avoidance) situation where there is no delay
subject has to proceed. (kid fakes being sick when he gets to the bus, make em go to school anyways)
prevent escape
do not terminate ongoing stimulus (make kid finish his exam, even if he is sick)
Auromatic Sr example
Zia keep hitting lights, teacher unhooks lights
if we applied extinction to behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement, what would happen?
nothing. Behavior would continue as normal bc automatic is not dependent on a person. I.e., even if you dont praise me, im still gonna eat when im hungry
Direct effect
decrease in R frequency (can be gradual)
Indirect effect:
bursts ( temporary increases in R before dropping), and spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery
temporary reappearance of response
Factors that facilitate extinction
Historical factors, extinction related variables, and other variables
Historical factors
smaller magnitude of Sr, previous exposure to extinction, and schedule of Sr.
other variables
high response effort, and Stimulus response for alternative responses
inconsistent extinction
intermittent schedule
Extinction advantage s
simple and most direct method of response supression
ext disadvantages
hard to identify the real reinforcer, can be slow, side effects like spontaneous recovery, and needs to be applied w rein of good behavior so another bad on isn’ picked up
Stimulus control
behavior was more likely to occur when a specific antecedent was present;
process bu which an antecedent event exerts control over behavior through a differential painting w consequences for responding.
discriminative stimulus
the antecedent stimulus that is present when a behavior is rein. Increases likelihood.
Stimulus discrimination training
process of rein a behavior only when a specific antecedent stimulus is present.
S delta
decreased likelihood of responding due to lack of pairings, etc. Complement of discriminative stimulus
stimulus discriminative has what kinda control?
tight control
stimulus gen has what kinda control?
lose control
what happens when stim discriminative is present?
BEHAVIOR IS REINFORCED
what happens when any other antecedent stimuli is present?
behav is not reinforced
another name for the antecedent event
The Establishing Operation (EO)
Aversive stimulation:
Typical EO for behavior maintained by Sr-
Similarities between Stim discrimination& EO
both are antecedents and both produce increase in response
differences bw Stim discrimination and EO
- Sr is more potent than in presence of EO
- Sr is more probable w Stim Discrimination due to previous pairing w Sr
when can Stimulus Discrimination increase R?
ONLY if Establishing Operation is presence
waht does the Establishing Operation actually do
determine if the behavior is valuable. I.e, you wouldn’t drink water if you’re not thirsty.
O’Neil
demonstrate lowering in littering with hat can (stimulus discrimination)
O’Neil DV
and weight of litter in each can (product measurement)
IV O’Neil
Experimental can (hat) and control can (no can)
O’Neil limits
small weight difference, dont know if trash was still on field.
stimulus generalization
effects of training generalize across stimuli (produce same response)
Response generalization
occurrence of responses that are different than those originally paired w/ reinforcement .
Poche
self protection from abduction (w lil nuggs)
poche measurements
smart! Had teacher hide behind bush and record the kids responses as well as the lure person
