actual final Flashcards
applied
social importance
behavior
observable events
analysis
functional relationships
generailty
maintenance, durable over time and situations
conceptually systematic
everything relates back to the same basic principe
technology
all aspects fo the experiment are well and clearly defined
effective
significant behavior change (like if the results actually significant)
functional relations
IV, DV, reliability, validity… etc
Reliability:
not repeating events, but repeating the same measurement
validity
accurately showing results
Total agreement formula
reliability= smaller/larger
interval agreement
reliability= number of agreements/ total intervals (agreeing that behavior occurred)
exact agreement
reliability= number of EXACT agreements (agreeing that the number of behaviors occurred)
which reliability calc is the most precise?
proportional
experimental design types
AB reversal multiple baselines multi elemental changing criterion
AB
not really a legit design bc it doesn’t show experimental control
Reversal
alternating between treatments
multiple baselines
can have different subjects, behaviors, etc.
changing criterion
goal setting (like reducing cigarettes), decreasing graph data points
multi elemental
switching back and forth between multiple conditions, multiple times, rapidly.
Like if multiple base lines and reversal had a baby
six points of a graph
axis units data points phase change line phase change labels axes
frequency plot
data for each individual session, graphed separately
cumulative record
each data point is added on from the previous point
Reinforcement
a stimulus change that strengthens behavior based on a contingent response, if then statement
Ratio schedules
number of responses dictates a reinforcer
interval schedules
if behavior is shown after a certain amount of time, reinforcement is given
ex of variable interval
checking on phone– a certain amount of time that passes (that changes) gives the reward of a new notification
extinction
withholding reinforcer to weaken behavior
what kinda behavior is hard ot get rid of?
behavior with automatic Sr,
Operant extinction:
consequences of behavior, what happen after the behavior is important
respondent extinction :
presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
antecedent manipulation types
EO, stimulus control
Stimulus control types
Discriminative, Sd, S delta
Sd
if behavior occurs, then there is a reinforcement
S delta
if behavior occurs, reinforcement is not given
establishing operations
makes the stimulus more effective
EO categories
deprivation and aversive stimulation
EO mainipulation
remove and create
effects of EO
momentary value of Sr increase, and probability of R is increased.
Generalization types
stimulus and resposne
stimulus generalization
same response, different stimulus
response generalization
same stimulus, different response
ex of stimulus generalization
kid hits mom for attention, and begins to hit dad for attention .
ex of response generalization
kid who hits mom for attention begins to spit on mom
functional analysis
identify the maintaining varible (source of reinforcement) for a behavior
methods for conducting functional analysis assessments
indirect, descriptive, and functional
indirect
attempts to gather behavior without direct observation
descriptive
direct observation of behavior
functional
experimental, manipulation of suspected controlling variables
advantage of indirect
easy
disadvantage of indirect
subjective
adv of descriptive
more objective
dis of descriptive
harder, more time consuming
adv of functional
identifies relations between environment and behavior
dis of functional
very complex.
dis of functional
very complex.
dis of functional
very complex.
2 types of reinforcement (not positive or negative)
social and sensory
what is a kind of manipulation to an experiment?
stimulus control
stimulus control
remove the Sd for an inappropriate behavior
Punishment
decrease of behavior contingent on response
two types of - punishment
time out
response cost
2 types of positive punishment
overcorrection and SIBIS
what are punishments effects on behavior
- rapid R suppression
- increased sensitivity to Sr for alt R
- emotional behaviors (escape and avoidance)
- influences behavior of the punisher
Shaping
modification of response through differential reinforcement of succession approximations to a target behavior
Shaping
modification of response through differential reinforcement of succession approximations to a target behavior
when is shaping used?
used when R is unlikely to occur naturally, or when R is not responsive to instruction, or when people initially refuse to do R
successive approximations
person starts to exhibit new behavior more often and exhibits previous behavior less often until target behavior is achieved
whats a critical factor for the success of shaping?
timing– so that the subject knows what action is being reinf
chaining
responses linked to prior terminal reinf that jump start the next behavior, making a chain of multiple behaviors
forward chaining:
instructions begin with first link
backwards chaining
instructions begin with the last link and move forward
total task preparation
entire chain is taught simultaneously, w assistance as needed
advantage of forward
subject learns the behaviors in the order it is supposed to occur
dis of forward chaning
disadvantage of
dis of forward chaning
later responses go unnoticed/ not reinforced
dis of forward chaning
later responses go unnoticed/ not reinforced
Adv of backwards chaining
reinf always follows the completion of the final task
disad of backwards chaining
learned earlier responses go unnoticed
adv of total task prep
allows for uneven response acquisition
disadv of total task prep
involves greatest response requirement
response cost versus time out
response cost is a loss of a specific reinforcer where timeout is loss of the access to the reinforcer
SIB behavior study iwata dorsey DV
SIB
SIB behavior study iwata dorsey IV
disapproval, reprimand, comfort contact, ignoing
SIB behavior study iwata dorsey IV
disapproval, reprimand, comfort contact, ignoring, etc
SIB behavior study iwata dorsey experimental design
multi elemental
SIB behavior study iwata dorsey limits
No treatment data; clinical utility unknown
Conditions may not reflect naturalistic contingencies
SIB behavior study iwata dorsey extensions
Use as basis for treatment development
Application with other behavior disorders
SIB behavior study iwata dorsey DV
SIB
SIB behavior study iwata dorsey what is the automatic Sr
alone condition and Undifferentiated responding
SIB behavior study iwata dorsey what was the social Sr+
attention condition
SIB behavior study iwata dorsey what was the social Sr-
demand condition
two types fo differential reinforcement
DRO and DRA
DRO
contingent on other behaviors, reinf for the subject if they do ANY behavior besides the target behavior
DRA
contingent on an
DRA
contingent on an a specific alternate response
adv of DRO
easy to implement
disadv of DRO
doesnt teach an alternative, needs constant monitoring
adv of DRA
teaches alt R
disadv of DRA
constant monitoring
advantage of NCR
maybe no ext burst, easier ot implement than DRO
Vollmer role of attention in treatment of attention maintained SIB DV
measure: R(SIB) per minute in DRO/NCR
Vollmer role of attention in treatment of attention maintained SIB design
multi elemental
Vollmer role of attention in treatment of attention maintained SIB IV
attention, demand, alone, play
Vollmer role of attention in treatment of attention maintained SIB results
NCR and DRO both effective in reducing SIB
Vollmer role of attention in treatment of attention maintained SIB major contributions
Use of functional analysis to develop treatment Demonstration of therapeutic effects of NCR
Vollmer role of attention in treatment of attention maintained SIB limits
- Necessity of initially dense NCR schedule?
- NCR effects: Satiation vs EXT?
- NCR does not strengthen Alt R
Vollmer role of attention in treatment of attention maintained SIB extensions
-Applications with R maintained by different contingencies
Vollmer role of attention in treatment of attention maintained SIB extensions
-Applications with R maintained by different contingencies
respondent conditioning is also called
pavlovian or classical conditioning
respondent conditioning definition
contingency between two stimuli is considered a controlled behavior
Bear wolf ome Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis contributions
Defined ABA and proposed criteria for evaluation of ABA research Most frequently cited article in the field of ABA
SIBIS experiment: advantages of shock as aversive stimulus
- parameters are precise and consistent
- minimize risk
- stimulation delivered quickly and automatically
SIBIS experiment: disadvantage of shock
- socially questionable
- experiences w shock were limited
SIBIS experiment: DV
SIB/ good behavior
SIBIS experiment: IV
baseline, helmet baseline, SIBIS baseline
SIBIS experiment: contributions
- Demonstration of automated, safe form of shock
- Generality across clients, experimenters, settings
- Inclusion of additional measures of effectiveness
SIBIS experiment: limits
- False positives and negatives
- Limited fading of shock
SIBIS experiment:
- Shock fading, conditioned punishment, DRO / TO
- Extension to other stimuli and/or behaviors
SIBIS experiment:
- Shock fading, conditioned punishment, DRO / TO
- Extension to other stimuli and/or behaviors
