Exam 2

Question 1

atkins-Shiffrin model

Answer 1

Input –> sensory memory –> short term memory –> long-term memory

Question 2

Patient HM: surgery, types of amnesia and memory

Answer 2

2/3 of hippocampus removed

anterograde amnesia, and some retrograde amnesia, intact childhood and implicit memory

Question 3

importance of hippocampus in patient HM

Answer 3

in long-term memory formation, but not for memory or retreival

Question 4

memory and patient HM

Answer 4

explicit (autobiographical and semantic)

implicit (procedural)

Question 5

Kim & Fanselow

what it says about hippocampus

Answer 5

paired shock with fear to rats; after 1 day, the fear for the association/memory is removed
after 28 days, fear still exists
hippocampus is time-limited, and memories are consolidated

Question 6

Encoding specificity

-word recall test

Answer 6

etrieval context is similar to encoding context greater cues
depends on mood, mental state
-remember on land, on land or underwater, underwater [matched conditions]

Question 7

flashbulb memory

Answer 7

-not picture; strong memories for highly emotional or surprising events

Question 8

Talarico & Rubin

Answer 8

vary # of weeks after recall of 9/11; decrease in consistency and increase in inconsistent events

Question 9

eyewitness testimony

Answer 9

misinformation incorporated to memory (can mislead witnesses);
74% of convictions from eye-witness

Question 10

Rubin & Kontas

Answer 10

coin detail experiment
schema over detail
what we extract from our perception

Question 11

police interrogations (3)
which one(s) are the best

Answer 11

standard interview - open-ended vs. hypothesis - more costly, some people aren’t as susceptible
cognitive - core correct statement, but cog & hypnosis are > standard

Question 12

we remember best when … (2)

Answer 12

• a cue

- many retrieval paths

Question 13

name game

error analysis

Answer 13

spacing effect >cramming

• little rapid>bunch
• happens right before they get to their name

Question 14

strategies for remembering names (4)

Answer 14

1. say the name aloud
2. ask a question using the name
3. say the name at least one time in conversation
4. end up by thinking up a memorable rhyme

Question 15

mnemonics (2)

Answer 15

imagery - word + picture code

memory of loc- add to word

Question 16

Subject “s”

Answer 16

memory from mnemonic devices

Question 17

Subject AJ

Answer 17

hypermnestic
autobiographical memory
does not use mnemonic devices
imperfect semantic memory

Question 18

what is mental imagery good for

Answer 18

scientific discovery and insight

Question 19

people with unusual brains and why

Answer 19

einstein - smaller right parietal lobe

scheibel & diamond **

Question 20

what type of processing occurs for mental imagery

Answer 20

top-down

Question 21

shepard’s thought experiment

Answer 21

deep & surface structure; old/young woman illusion is seen how person A views it

Question 22

Who is associated with:
propositional code
analog code

Answer 22

zenon pylyshyn

roger shepard

Question 23

propositional code

Answer 23

verbal representation –> surface representation

Question 24

analog code

Answer 24

represents real items; takes time to rotate in head like we interact with in the environment

Question 25

shepard & Metzler's blocks & R's

Answer 25

classic study of mental rotation, judging sameness, varied rotation degree

Question 26

Kosslyn & ambiguous features

Answer 26

hard to see the smaller object or zoom in; rabbit and elephant

Question 27

what part of the brain has acitivity during mental imagery

Answer 27

visual cortex

Question 28

do face and scene recognition lie in different areas?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

where in the brain are these pathways: - where - what

Answer 29

dorsal (visual locations) | ventral

Question 30

expert chess players report thinking in what? which is what code?

Answer 30

- words and situations, not images | - propositional code

Question 31

Phillip Johnson-Laird

Answer 31

mental models to solve spatial problems 1. propositional representation - natural language 2. mental model: structural analogy 3. mental imagery: perceptual correlates

Question 32

what 2 memory types are stored in LTM

Answer 32

explicit and implicit

Question 33

2 classes of explicit memory

Answer 33

- episodic: memories in your life (events) | - semantic: your view of the world (facts)

Question 34

4 types of implicit memory

Answer 34

1. non-associative learning 2. skills and habits 3. priming 4. classical conditioning

Question 35

semantic memory has 2 classes, what are they and what to they do

Answer 35

1. categories: class of objects | 2. concept: mental representations of a category

Question 36

typicality effect

Answer 36

we tend to have an average representation on things

Question 37

4 theories of formation of semantic memory

Answer 37

1. feature comparison model 2. prototype theory 3. exemplar approach 4. network models

Question 38

Ed smit is known for

Answer 38

feature comparison model

Question 39

feature comparison model's two stages stages; yield a __ or a __

Answer 39

1. compare all features to determine featural similarity 2. compare defining features of to the subject - match/mismatch

Question 40

difference between defining features and characteristic features

Answer 40

- defining: what it is/ what it has | - characteristic: what it does

Question 41

prototype approach thinks of categories as what?

Answer 41

Ideal examples; most common features (explains typicality effect)

Question 42

the prototype approach has a ___ structure, which means what?

Answer 42

graded; the further from prototype, the longer the reaction time

Question 43

exemplar approach

Answer 43

categorizes what we have stored in our memory; shows we need odd balls

Question 44

collins and loftus model

Answer 44

shows we think of defining and characteristic features, which are mapped together

Question 45

McClelland's Network approach

Answer 45

neuron has whole domain of information

Question 46

2 types of network approaches

Answer 46

1. collins and loftus model | 2. mclelland's PDP connectionist model

Question 47

semantic dementia

Answer 47

loss of temporal lobe; "what" pathway

Question 48

define schema

Answer 48

general knowledge about an event/situation

Question 49

define script

Answer 49

a sequence of event in a set order on a familiar task

Question 50

Frank Bartlett

Answer 50

"war of the ghosts people edited parts that didn't make sense in a schema, and add details that do make sense; as time progressed, people were more divorced from the reality of the story

Question 51

Golombok & Fivush

Answer 51

Literal memory study "the women talked at the water cooler"; gender biased statements

Question 52

Osterhaut

Answer 52

ERP study (brain waves); detection of biased interpretation before conscious processing; the "oh shit" effect