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Cognitive Pyschology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

atkins-Shiffrin model

A

Input –> sensory memory –> short term memory –> long-term memory

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2
Q

Patient HM: surgery, types of amnesia and memory

A

2/3 of hippocampus removed

anterograde amnesia, and some retrograde amnesia, intact childhood and implicit memory

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3
Q

importance of hippocampus in patient HM

A

in long-term memory formation, but not for memory or retreival

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4
Q

memory and patient HM

A

explicit (autobiographical and semantic)

implicit (procedural)

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5
Q

Kim & Fanselow

what it says about hippocampus

A

paired shock with fear to rats; after 1 day, the fear for the association/memory is removed
after 28 days, fear still exists
hippocampus is time-limited, and memories are consolidated

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6
Q

Encoding specificity

-word recall test

A

etrieval context is similar to encoding context greater cues
depends on mood, mental state
-remember on land, on land or underwater, underwater [matched conditions]

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7
Q

flashbulb memory

A

-not picture; strong memories for highly emotional or surprising events

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8
Q

Talarico & Rubin

A

vary # of weeks after recall of 9/11; decrease in consistency and increase in inconsistent events

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9
Q

eyewitness testimony

A

misinformation incorporated to memory (can mislead witnesses);
74% of convictions from eye-witness

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10
Q

Rubin & Kontas

A

coin detail experiment
schema over detail
what we extract from our perception

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11
Q 
police interrogations (3)
which one(s) are the best
A

standard interview - open-ended vs. hypothesis - more costly, some people aren’t as susceptible
cognitive - core correct statement, but cog & hypnosis are > standard

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12
Q

we remember best when … (2)

A
  • a cue

- many retrieval paths

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13
Q

name game

error analysis

A

spacing effect >cramming

  • little rapid>bunch
  • happens right before they get to their name
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14
Q

strategies for remembering names (4)

A
  1. say the name aloud
  2. ask a question using the name
  3. say the name at least one time in conversation
  4. end up by thinking up a memorable rhyme
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15
Q

mnemonics (2)

A

imagery - word + picture code

memory of loc- add to word

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16
Q

Subject “s”

A

memory from mnemonic devices

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17
Q

Subject AJ

A

hypermnestic
autobiographical memory
does not use mnemonic devices
imperfect semantic memory

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18
Q

what is mental imagery good for

A

scientific discovery and insight

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19
Q

people with unusual brains and why

A

einstein - smaller right parietal lobe

scheibel & diamond **

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20
Q

what type of processing occurs for mental imagery

A

top-down

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21
Q

shepard’s thought experiment

A

deep & surface structure; old/young woman illusion is seen how person A views it

22
Q

Who is associated with:
propositional code
analog code

A

zenon pylyshyn

roger shepard

23
Q

propositional code

A

verbal representation –> surface representation

24
Q

analog code

A

represents real items; takes time to rotate in head like we interact with in the environment

25
Q

shepard & Metzler’s blocks & R’s

A

classic study of mental rotation, judging sameness, varied rotation degree

26
Q

Kosslyn & ambiguous features

A

hard to see the smaller object or zoom in; rabbit and elephant

27
Q

what part of the brain has acitivity during mental imagery

A

visual cortex

28
Q

do face and scene recognition lie in different areas?

A

yes

29
Q

where in the brain are these pathways:

  • where
  • what
A

dorsal (visual locations)

ventral

30
Q

expert chess players report thinking in what? which is what code?

A
  • words and situations, not images

- propositional code

31
Q

Phillip Johnson-Laird

A

mental models to solve spatial problems

  1. propositional representation - natural language
  2. mental model: structural analogy
  3. mental imagery: perceptual correlates
32
Q

what 2 memory types are stored in LTM

A

explicit and implicit

33
Q

2 classes of explicit memory

A
  • episodic: memories in your life (events)

- semantic: your view of the world (facts)

34
Q

4 types of implicit memory

A
  1. non-associative learning
  2. skills and habits
  3. priming
  4. classical conditioning
35
Q

semantic memory has 2 classes, what are they and what to they do

A
  1. categories: class of objects

2. concept: mental representations of a category

36
Q

typicality effect

A

we tend to have an average representation on things

37
Q

4 theories of formation of semantic memory

A
  1. feature comparison model
  2. prototype theory
  3. exemplar approach
  4. network models
38
Q

Ed smit is known for

A

feature comparison model

39
Q

feature comparison model’s two stages stages; yield a __ or a __

A
  1. compare all features to determine featural similarity
  2. compare defining features of to the subject
    - match/mismatch
40
Q

difference between defining features and characteristic features

A
  • defining: what it is/ what it has

- characteristic: what it does

41
Q

prototype approach thinks of categories as what?

A

Ideal examples; most common features (explains typicality effect)

42
Q

the prototype approach has a ___ structure, which means what?

A

graded; the further from prototype, the longer the reaction time

43
Q

exemplar approach

A

categorizes what we have stored in our memory; shows we need odd balls

44
Q

collins and loftus model

A

shows we think of defining and characteristic features, which are mapped together

45
Q

McClelland’s Network approach

A

neuron has whole domain of information

46
Q

2 types of network approaches

A
  1. collins and loftus model

2. mclelland’s PDP connectionist model

47
Q

semantic dementia

A

loss of temporal lobe; “what” pathway

48
Q

define schema

A

general knowledge about an event/situation

49
Q

define script

A

a sequence of event in a set order on a familiar task

50
Q

Frank Bartlett

A

“war of the ghosts
people edited parts that didn’t make sense in a schema, and add details that do make sense; as time progressed, people were more divorced from the reality of the story

51
Q

Golombok & Fivush

A

Literal memory study “the women talked at the water cooler”; gender biased statements

52
Q

Osterhaut

A

ERP study (brain waves); detection of biased interpretation before conscious processing; the “oh shit” effect

Cognitive Pyschology (3 decks)

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