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Cog psych Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Associationism

A

how we connect two things together; principle of connection

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2
Q

Associationists

A

Wundt, James and Ebbinghaus

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3
Q

William Wundt

A 
1832-1920
Mentor of Psychological science
Introspection Method
early research based on meta cognition
first psychology lab
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4
Q

Introspection Method

A

thinking about the way your thinking; then forming principles from that; meta cognition

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5
Q

William James

A

1842-1910
Association in Neural Terms
Interested in psychology in the real world
He felt Wundts idea of introspection failed to capture the essence of the real world.
Textbook: Principles of psychology 1980

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6
Q

Association in Neural Terms (James)

A

anticipated Hebb rule: Neurons that fire closer together tend to strengthen; i.e. two things that happen together create a stronger association.

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7
Q

Hermann Ebbinghuas

A

1850-1909
Association as key to memory
Memory researcher
Tri-gram experiments

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8
Q

Ebbinghaus Method (Tri-gram experiment)

A

Dax, gor, Bap
served as his own subject to study anticipation method, time interval research, Forward association vs. backward association and paired association learning.

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9
Q

Advantages: Tri- gram experiment

A

Step forward; ground breaking Idea

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10
Q

Disadvantages: Tri-gram experiment

A

not generalizable; very unique to himself

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

Focus on Observable change
Claims introspection was too subjective
Focused on learning and conditioning
Band study of thought and knowledge from discipline.

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12
Q

Effect of behaviorism on Cognitive Study

A

didn’t believe in cognitive process; restricted it from there research. Tried to discredit it.

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13
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

1849-1936
Focused on Conditioning (classic conditioning)
Nobel Prize in 1904
behaviorism

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14
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Khoeler (1929) and Werthiemer (1945)
Explored perception and thought
Diverged from Behaviorists restrictions
Observed regularities in subjects self reports (naive subjects, not self introspection)
THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ALL PARTS

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15
Q

Gestalt Principles: Proximity

A

Close items tend to be grouped (visual)

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16
Q

Gestalt Principles: Similarity

A

Physically similar items tend to be grouped (visual)

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17
Q

Gestalt Principles: Continuation

A

straight and curved lines are seen to be continues if uninterrupted

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18
Q

Gestalt Principles: Closure

A

we tend to fill in gaps

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19
Q

Gestalt Principle notes

A

Require no learning; proved problematic for behaviorism; began a rift between schools in psychology
studied problem solving…went up against behaviorism.

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20
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

1957 language book
all language learned by reinforcement
Mand Functions; more comes from a parental nod.

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21
Q

Chomsky

A

1959
Rebutted Skinner’s language idea
said it does not explain the novelty of language.

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22
Q

LAD: Language acquisition device

A

idea of innate language; mechanism that guides us in learning language

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23
Q

Information processing approach (mind-computer analogy).

A
  1. a mental process can be understood in terms similar to a computer
  2. a mental process can be understood as information processing
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24
Q

Attkinson-shiffrin model of memory

A

External input to Sensory; info lost or put to short term; then lost or put into long term.

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25
Parrellel Distributed Processing
``` Rumhult and McCleland (1986) Primitive Processor (+) (-): on/off switch Can be stacked as layers; the layers connect: energy is transmitted through the connection; itterations can simulate information processing (brainsystem model)simple input complicated output. ```
26
Connectionism
happening together than distributed (distribution on processors carry out the work).
27
Limitations of introspection
not measurable; can be bias or skewed
28
Lesion Methods
Try to understand cognitive functioning by location of damage
29
Advantages: Lesion Methods
necessity of cortex
30
Disadvantage: Lesion methods
Cannot control lesion
31
A.I.: Goals
an attempt to model the mind different from cognitive psychology in that it strives to produce goal directed behavior in most efficient way possible. (human and animal cognition not always efficient)
32
Ray Kurzweil
The promise of A.I. : by the year 2029 computers will have achieved consciousness Claims an exponetial growth in complexity will allow this possibility
33
Cognitive Science
Cognitive psychology; nueroscience; anthropolgy; computer science; A.I. , Robotics and linguistics
34
PET
Spatial good, bad temporal; tracer that gets injected. good on the where.
35
EEG
Temporal resolution (time based info good, spatial bad) Event Related Potentials.
36
FMRI
spatial good, temporal bad. Strongest advantages; brain activity over time; blood oxygen level not neurons.
37
Cognitive Nueroscience
study of brain and cognition
38
Information processing Models
bottom-up; top down; why/what pathways, etc..
39
Nueropsychology
brain damage approach. test for necessarity of a brain area being a part of a certain process
40
Phineas Gage
lead to nueropsychology; personality deficet
41
Irve Beidermen
geons and object recognition theory
42
Nancy Kanwisher
space processing from nueroimaging
43
What do Illusions tell us about the mind?
reconstruction of environment; operate with incomplete info and brain fills that in
44
Foveal Blind Spot
tells us our brain fills in that missing info
45
Distal Stimulus of Occipital Cortex
stimulus out in the world
46
Proximal stimulus of Occipital Cortex
upside down originally; stimulus on the retina; internal representation of the real world
47
What/where pathway
what: object identification; Where : object location in space
48
What/how Pathway
where becomes how pathway; How: object location and grasp
49
Feature analysis theory
several key features stored that we recognize; consitent with nueroscience;fails to explain motion perception
50
Recognition-by-components
limited number of common shapes formed to recognize; 24 geons; feature analysis applied to 3d; does not explain recognition of complex objects.
51
Top-Down Processing
voluntary attention; conceptually driven (data)
52
Geons (recognition-by-components)
limited number of common shapes represented (beiderman)
53
Bottom-up Processing
locations, working from raw inputs
54
Change Blindness
detect changes in two scenes
55
In attentional Blindness
attention directed elswhere (distraction) then something changes and your not aware of it.
56
Face Processing
FFA: biologically relevent and seems to be distinctive
57
Phonemic Restoration Effect
Same auditory sentence being interpenetrated different sounds
58
Mc Gurk effect
same picture, different sounds
59
Prosoprognosia and what it tells us about perception
cant recognize faces
60
Donald Broadbent
Detection-filter- than recognition
61
Anne Treisman
Detection-recognition-filter (late filter)
62
Divided Attention
David Strayer: decreaseing break response time;in attentional blindness; real world issue.
63
Automatic Processing
simple well practiced tasks- little effort parrell (dual tasking)
64
Controlled Processing
Effort Processes- have to think about- complex and new processes
65
Dual Tasking
can move between automoatic and controlled processes.
66
Stroop Effects
mis match of color and written word (selective attention task) automatic can interfere.
67
Selective attention
Triesman; what we focus on and how we focus on it.
68
Dichotic Listening Studies
focus on one flow of sound in main hearing and remembering almost nothing of others.
69
Filter theory
(Broadbent) before recognition
70
Late Filter theory
explain dychotic listening ; Triesman (after recognition)
71
Feature Integration theory
conjunction of features, more complex more attention. Feature detection is automoatic; Feature integration is controlled
72
Similarity Theory
Overall similiarity matters (object harder o find if similair to others.
73
Saccadic eye-movements
small eye shifts that occur; centers fovia over item being viewd
74
Tests for ADHD
go/no go tasks, measures time the stop button is pressed to key stimulus
75
Feature Detection
automatic; finding blue X example
76
Integration
Controlled processing
77
Illusory Conjunctions
when we are overloaded in terms of attention; errors can be predicted in the way we join features of two separate objects
78
Posterior Attention System
parietal lobe; regulates visual search
79
Anterior Attention System
focused attention/screening process
80
Blind Sight
TMS- produces blindsight in non-injutred people; vision without awareness due to damage in V1
81
Attentional Blink Concept
textbook (google)
82
Anders Ericsson
Digit span; greatly produced more research in field; test of short term memory
83
George Miller
7 +- 2 capacity ; chunking
84
Nelson Cowan
4 +-1 capacity; without chunking
85
Alan Baddeley
working memory model; central executive and slave systems
86
Iconic memory
Sperling Experiment; partial report; takes more time to report a memory than to see it so some is lost.
87
updated perspectives of operations
?
88
Partial report technique
effect of A-S model
89
Echoic memory
Sound equivalint of iconic memory; gateway short.
90
Brown Peterson Task
What causes forgeting from STM; tested if due to decay ; loss over time-time and interference is confounded.
91
Waugh and Normans Task
tested for possible role of interference; in loss of memory; interference makes a bigger difference than time.;
92
Span of short-term memory
short term memory is more of the working memory. within seconds.
93
Chunking
grouping items together to count them as one
94
Baddeley Working memory model
``` 1986 3 boxes: 1. Visual information storage 2. Auditory information storage 3. attention and control Phonological system (slave system) Central executive Visual system (slave System) Phono- phonological store- articulatory loop Visual ```
95
How was the Baddeley Workung memory model tested
Test with dual tasks ( load up phonological then do visual tasks. must be seperate systems because of no interference. validated by dual tasking
96
Central Executive
unifying phonological and visual system. Conciousness: controls reasoning, planning, control info flo into/out of buffers, task switching. to load use verbal trails or random numbers.
97
Longterm memory and short term memory interactions.
Episodic buffer to take to long term memory | essentially used to call thoughts/memories into mind
98
phonological loop
verbal/auditory info
99
Human factors research
Cockpit design; suggest human process info in an active way similiar to automated devices (mind-computer analogy) bad for behaviorism
100
Template matching theory
match info with existing library in head; we add templates as we learn; unlikely theory but is a straightfoward system

Cognitive Pyschology (3 decks)

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