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Cognitive Pyschology > Cog psych Test 1 > Flashcards

Cog psych Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Associationism

A

how we connect two things together; principle of connection

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2
Q

Associationists

A

Wundt, James and Ebbinghaus

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3
Q

William Wundt

A 
1832-1920
Mentor of Psychological science
Introspection Method
early research based on meta cognition
first psychology lab
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4
Q

Introspection Method

A

thinking about the way your thinking; then forming principles from that; meta cognition

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5
Q

William James

A

1842-1910
Association in Neural Terms
Interested in psychology in the real world
He felt Wundts idea of introspection failed to capture the essence of the real world.
Textbook: Principles of psychology 1980

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6
Q

Association in Neural Terms (James)

A

anticipated Hebb rule: Neurons that fire closer together tend to strengthen; i.e. two things that happen together create a stronger association.

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7
Q

Hermann Ebbinghuas

A

1850-1909
Association as key to memory
Memory researcher
Tri-gram experiments

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8
Q

Ebbinghaus Method (Tri-gram experiment)

A

Dax, gor, Bap
served as his own subject to study anticipation method, time interval research, Forward association vs. backward association and paired association learning.

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9
Q

Advantages: Tri- gram experiment

A

Step forward; ground breaking Idea

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10
Q

Disadvantages: Tri-gram experiment

A

not generalizable; very unique to himself

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

Focus on Observable change
Claims introspection was too subjective
Focused on learning and conditioning
Band study of thought and knowledge from discipline.

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12
Q

Effect of behaviorism on Cognitive Study

A

didn’t believe in cognitive process; restricted it from there research. Tried to discredit it.

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13
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

1849-1936
Focused on Conditioning (classic conditioning)
Nobel Prize in 1904
behaviorism

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14
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Khoeler (1929) and Werthiemer (1945)
Explored perception and thought
Diverged from Behaviorists restrictions
Observed regularities in subjects self reports (naive subjects, not self introspection)
THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ALL PARTS

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15
Q

Gestalt Principles: Proximity

A

Close items tend to be grouped (visual)

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16
Q

Gestalt Principles: Similarity

A

Physically similar items tend to be grouped (visual)

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17
Q

Gestalt Principles: Continuation

A

straight and curved lines are seen to be continues if uninterrupted

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18
Q

Gestalt Principles: Closure

A

we tend to fill in gaps

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19
Q

Gestalt Principle notes

A

Require no learning; proved problematic for behaviorism; began a rift between schools in psychology
studied problem solving…went up against behaviorism.

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20
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

1957 language book
all language learned by reinforcement
Mand Functions; more comes from a parental nod.

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21
Q

Chomsky

A

1959
Rebutted Skinner’s language idea
said it does not explain the novelty of language.

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22
Q

LAD: Language acquisition device

A

idea of innate language; mechanism that guides us in learning language

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23
Q

Information processing approach (mind-computer analogy).

A
  1. a mental process can be understood in terms similar to a computer
  2. a mental process can be understood as information processing
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24
Q

Attkinson-shiffrin model of memory

A

External input to Sensory; info lost or put to short term; then lost or put into long term.

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25
Q

Parrellel Distributed Processing

A 
Rumhult and McCleland (1986)
Primitive Processor (+) (-): on/off switch
Can be stacked as layers; the layers connect: energy is transmitted through the connection; itterations can simulate information processing (brainsystem model)simple input complicated output.
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26
Q

Connectionism

A

happening together than distributed (distribution on processors carry out the work).

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27
Q

Limitations of introspection

A

not measurable; can be bias or skewed

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28
Q

Lesion Methods

A

Try to understand cognitive functioning by location of damage

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29
Q

Advantages: Lesion Methods

A

necessity of cortex

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30
Q

Disadvantage: Lesion methods

A

Cannot control lesion

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31
Q

A.I.: Goals

A

an attempt to model the mind
different from cognitive psychology in that it strives to produce goal directed behavior in most efficient way possible. (human and animal cognition not always efficient)

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32
Q

Ray Kurzweil

A

The promise of A.I. : by the year 2029 computers will have achieved consciousness
Claims an exponetial growth in complexity will allow this possibility

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33
Q

Cognitive Science

A

Cognitive psychology; nueroscience; anthropolgy; computer science; A.I. , Robotics and linguistics

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34
Q

PET

A

Spatial good, bad temporal; tracer that gets injected. good on the where.

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35
Q

EEG

A

Temporal resolution (time based info good, spatial bad) Event Related Potentials.

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36
Q

FMRI

A

spatial good, temporal bad. Strongest advantages; brain activity over time; blood oxygen level not neurons.

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37
Q

Cognitive Nueroscience

A

study of brain and cognition

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38
Q

Information processing Models

A

bottom-up; top down; why/what pathways, etc..

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39
Q

Nueropsychology

A

brain damage approach. test for necessarity of a brain area being a part of a certain process

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40
Q

Phineas Gage

A

lead to nueropsychology; personality deficet

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41
Q

Irve Beidermen

A

geons and object recognition theory

42
Q

Nancy Kanwisher

A

space processing from nueroimaging

43
Q

What do Illusions tell us about the mind?

A

reconstruction of environment; operate with incomplete info and brain fills that in

44
Q

Foveal Blind Spot

A

tells us our brain fills in that missing info

45
Q

Distal Stimulus of Occipital Cortex

A

stimulus out in the world

46
Q

Proximal stimulus of Occipital Cortex

A

upside down originally; stimulus on the retina; internal representation of the real world

47
Q

What/where pathway

A

what: object identification; Where : object location in space

48
Q

What/how Pathway

A

where becomes how pathway; How: object location and grasp

49
Q

Feature analysis theory

A

several key features stored that we recognize; consitent with nueroscience;fails to explain motion perception

50
Q

Recognition-by-components

A

limited number of common shapes formed to recognize; 24 geons; feature analysis applied to 3d; does not explain recognition of complex objects.

51
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

voluntary attention; conceptually driven (data)

52
Q

Geons (recognition-by-components)

A

limited number of common shapes represented (beiderman)

53
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

locations, working from raw inputs

54
Q

Change Blindness

A

detect changes in two scenes

55
Q

In attentional Blindness

A

attention directed elswhere (distraction) then something changes and your not aware of it.

56
Q

Face Processing

A

FFA: biologically relevent and seems to be distinctive

57
Q

Phonemic Restoration Effect

A

Same auditory sentence being interpenetrated different sounds

58
Q

Mc Gurk effect

A

same picture, different sounds

59
Q

Prosoprognosia and what it tells us about perception

A

cant recognize faces

60
Q

Donald Broadbent

A

Detection-filter- than recognition

61
Q

Anne Treisman

A

Detection-recognition-filter (late filter)

62
Q

Divided Attention

A

David Strayer: decreaseing break response time;in attentional blindness; real world issue.

63
Q

Automatic Processing

A

simple well practiced tasks- little effort parrell (dual tasking)

64
Q

Controlled Processing

A

Effort Processes- have to think about- complex and new processes

65
Q

Dual Tasking

A

can move between automoatic and controlled processes.

66
Q

Stroop Effects

A

mis match of color and written word (selective attention task) automatic can interfere.

67
Q

Selective attention

A

Triesman; what we focus on and how we focus on it.

68
Q

Dichotic Listening Studies

A

focus on one flow of sound in main hearing and remembering almost nothing of others.

69
Q

Filter theory

A

(Broadbent) before recognition

70
Q

Late Filter theory

A

explain dychotic listening ; Triesman (after recognition)

71
Q

Feature Integration theory

A

conjunction of features, more complex more attention. Feature detection is automoatic; Feature integration is controlled

72
Q

Similarity Theory

A

Overall similiarity matters (object harder o find if similair to others.

73
Q

Saccadic eye-movements

A

small eye shifts that occur; centers fovia over item being viewd

74
Q

Tests for ADHD

A

go/no go tasks, measures time the stop button is pressed to key stimulus

75
Q

Feature Detection

A

automatic; finding blue X example

76
Q

Integration

A

Controlled processing

77
Q

Illusory Conjunctions

A

when we are overloaded in terms of attention; errors can be predicted in the way we join features of two separate objects

78
Q

Posterior Attention System

A

parietal lobe; regulates visual search

79
Q

Anterior Attention System

A

focused attention/screening process

80
Q

Blind Sight

A

TMS- produces blindsight in non-injutred people; vision without awareness due to damage in V1

81
Q

Attentional Blink Concept

A

textbook (google)

82
Q

Anders Ericsson

A

Digit span; greatly produced more research in field; test of short term memory

83
Q

George Miller

A

7 +- 2 capacity ; chunking

84
Q

Nelson Cowan

A

4 +-1 capacity; without chunking

85
Q

Alan Baddeley

A

working memory model; central executive and slave systems

86
Q

Iconic memory

A

Sperling Experiment; partial report; takes more time to report a memory than to see it so some is lost.

87
Q

updated perspectives of operations

A

?

88
Q

Partial report technique

A

effect of A-S model

89
Q

Echoic memory

A

Sound equivalint of iconic memory; gateway short.

90
Q

Brown Peterson Task

A

What causes forgeting from STM; tested if due to decay ; loss over time-time and interference is confounded.

91
Q

Waugh and Normans Task

A

tested for possible role of interference; in loss of memory; interference makes a bigger difference than time.;

92
Q

Span of short-term memory

A

short term memory is more of the working memory. within seconds.

93
Q

Chunking

A

grouping items together to count them as one

94
Q

Baddeley Working memory model

A 
1986
3 boxes: 
1. Visual information storage
2. Auditory information storage
3. attention and control
 Phonological system (slave system)
Central executive
Visual system (slave System)
   Phono- phonological store- articulatory loop
   Visual
95
Q

How was the Baddeley Workung memory model tested

A

Test with dual tasks ( load up phonological then do visual tasks. must be seperate systems because of no interference. validated by dual tasking

96
Q

Central Executive

A

unifying phonological and visual system. Conciousness: controls reasoning, planning, control info flo into/out of buffers, task switching. to load use verbal trails or random numbers.

97
Q

Longterm memory and short term memory interactions.

A

Episodic buffer to take to long term memory

essentially used to call thoughts/memories into mind

98
Q

phonological loop

A

verbal/auditory info

99
Q

Human factors research

A

Cockpit design; suggest human process info in an active way similiar to automated devices (mind-computer analogy) bad for behaviorism

100
Q

Template matching theory

A

match info with existing library in head; we add templates as we learn; unlikely theory but is a straightfoward system

Cognitive Pyschology (3 decks)

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