Exam 2 Flashcards
What drug is the leading cause of preventable illness and death?
Tobacco
Which of the following are more likely to use tobacco?
What are the other three that are not listed?
A) Unemployed
B) College Grad
C) Uneducated (no high school diploma)
D) B and A
E) A and C
E) A and C
-Unemployed, Uneducated, Uninsured, Poor, Men
Which of the following drugs are the number one psychoactive drugs?
A) Alcohol
B) Acid
C) Opioids
D) Tobacco
A) Alcohol
T/F Alcohol is the number one drug responsible for rapes.
True
Which of the following has a higher incidence of drinking alcohol?
A) Higher educated Person
B) Blacks
C) High school graduate only
D) Native American
A) Higher Educated person
the more education corresponded with more alcohol use.
What is considered drug abuse? ( 3 definitions)
1) Using a drug for something else other than the medical effects.
2) Under age drinking, smoking.
3) Use of a legal drug to point of hazardous effects.
The dose that is required to keep blood levels high enough in order to maintain the effect of the drug is known as what?
A) Maximum dose
B) Therapeutic dose
C) Maintenance dose
D) Loading dose
C) Maintenance dose
The dose that is customarily used to get a desired effect is known as what?
A) Low dose
B) Maintenance dose
C) Therapeutic dose
D) Loading dose
C) Therapeutic dose
What drugs teratogenic effect causes facial, cartilage, and CNS defects?
A) Carbamazepine(tegretol)
B) Synthetic Estrogen
C) Warfarin (Coumadin)
D) Depakote
C) Warfarin (Coumadin)
What drug may cause craniofacial and fingernail deformities?
A) Carbamazepine (tegretol)
B) Synthetic Estrogen
C) Warfarin (Coumadin)
D) Lithium
A) Carbamazepine (tegretol)
What is the teratogenic effect of taking phenytoin (Dilantin)?
A) Craniofacial deformity B) CNS defects C) Growth Retardation D) Cardiac defects E) A and C F) B and C
E) A (craniofacial defect and C (Growth retardation)
What does idiosyncrasy mean?
Unusual, unique or unexpected response from a drug due to altered metabolism.
What does paradoxical mean?
Opposite effect than what was expected.
Name the 3 most common organs effected by direct toxicity.
1) Live
2) Kidney
3) Lungs
With a blood test which of the following would you expect to be elevated?
A) Aspartate Transaminase (AST) B) Alanine Transaminase (ALT) C) Bilirubin D) Albumin E) A,B,C F) A,C,D
E) A, B, C (AST, ALT, Bili)
What would you detect in the blood of a person with kidney damage?
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Creatinine
T/F To detect lung damage there is a biochemical test that can be used.
False
FEV is the only way.
What phase does teratogenesis have the highest risk of occurring?
Organogenesis phase (18-55 days)
what type of -genesis interacts with the DNA and can add, delete, or substitute bases?
A) Muta
B) Clasto
C) Aneu
A) Mutagenesis
What does clastogenesis mean?
Chromosomal damage
What does aneugenesis mean?
Acquisition or loss of an entire chromosome.
What are the 3 unrestrained cell replication in carcinogenesis?
1) Initiation
2) Promotion
3) Progression
Initiation for carcinogenesis is when ___ occurs.
DNA mutation
Explain what promotion means in carcinogenesis?
Altered gene expression and regulation.
Progression is described as what?
When another mutation leads to proliferation of initiated cells.
What is the pharmaceutic phase?
Disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form.
What is the pharmacokinetic phase?
What the body does with the drug.
ADME stands for what in the pharmacokinetic phase?
A- Absorption
D- Distribution
M- Metabolism
E- Excretion
What type of absorption is the most common way drugs get absorbed?
Passive diffusion
If your patient needs to excrete acidic drugs what would you give them? why?
Sodium bicarbonate
To make their urine alkaline
Your patient has an acidic urine. What type of drugs will be excreted? What did they take to make their urine acidic?
Basic drugs
Vitamin C or Ammonium Chloride
What type of oral medication has a faster absorption rate?
A) Lipid Soluble
B) Capsules
C) Coated Tablets
D) Enteric Coated Tablets
A) Lipid soluble
T/F Food will speed up absorption.
False, It will slow it down.
What are the 3 major sites of absorption?
1) GI tract
2) Lungs
3) Skin
What are the 4 sites of absorption for parenteral?
1) Intravenous
2) Intramuscular
3) Intraperitoneal
4) Subcutaneous
What is the average bioavailability of most oral medications?
20 -40% reaches the bloodstream (Bioavailability)
What type of drugs can pass through the blood brain barrier?
Lipid soluble
What enzyme do we need for metabolism?
Cytochrome P450
An increase is DMMS that results in faster rate of drug metabolism and shorter duration of drug action is known as?
A) Enzyme Initiation
B) Enzyme Induction
C) Enzyme proliferation
D) Enzyme inhibition
B) Enzyme Induction
Enzyme inhibition causes a ___ In duration and intensity of the drugs?
Increase
After oral administration of drugs where does it go first? How does this effect the bioavailability?
Portal circulation
Liver metabolizes a lot before releasing to body. Thus DECREASES Bioavailability.
Name the four minor ways to excrete drugs.
1) Sweat
2) Saliva
3) Semen
4) Tears
What is pharmacodynamic phase?
The actions of the drug on living tissue. Affected by form of dug or route of administration.
What percent of the population is on at least 4 prescriptions?
40%
What diet should patient on Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (MAIOs) avoid?
Wisconsin diet
-cheese, sausage, alcohol, chocolate, banana, wine.
What are the seven vaccines that carry Aluminum? (4H, 2P, D)
DTaP/TDap Polio HPV HEP A and B Hib PCV
What vaccines do children need to receive 3 times before age six?
Hib
HepB
Rotavirus
What vaccines do children need to receive 2 times before the age of six.
Hep A
Variclla
What three states do not allow religious exemptions from vaccines?
California,
Mississippi
West Virginia
Who are the only people allowed to sign off on a medical exemption from vaccines?
A) DC B) DPT C) DO D) MD E) A and C F) C and D
F) C and D
The DTaP vaccine has been associated with what disorders?
Asthma, SIDs
What vaccine was grown on infected kidneys of monkeys and may or may not have been the cause of HIV?
Polio vaccine
What was the virus found in the oral polio vaccine that may have mutated to HIV and carried cancer risks with it?
SV-40 (SIV)
What disorders are linked to the pneumococcal vaccine?
Diabetes
How are pneumococcal infections likely to develop?
as a comorbidity
Which vaccine has a strong backing of pediatricians and family practitioners saying their patients don’t need the vaccine for their infants?
A) Hib
B) PCV
C) Hep B
D) Hep A
C) Hep B
Which vaccine increases the risk of the child contracting the actual disease the first week after vaccination?
A) Hib
B) PCV
D) Hep B
C) Hep A
A) Hib
T/F The rotavirus is common in the United states and that’s why we need the vaccine.
False, only in places with poor water I.e. AFRICA, ASIA
What can congenital rubella syndrome lead to in pregnant women?
Spontaneous abortions.
What are some risks with taking a Gardasil vaccine (HPV)?
Blood clots
Heart disease
GBS
T/F Gardasil vaccine 100% will prevent cervical cancer.
False
What two types of exemptions are under attack by mandatory vaccination proponents?
Religious
Philosophical
___ Doses of ___ vaccines are given to kids by age 6.
49, 14
What are the 4 vaccines given to 7-18 year olds and their number of doses?
TDaP—1
MCV—- 1
HPV—– 3
Influenza—— annually
How many doses of polio or PCV is needed for a child under 6?
4 doses
What does the supplement St. John’s Wort effect and how?
Decreases blood concentration of drugs,
Via inducing CPY450 enzyme
T/F Half of the American adult population take supplements.
True
What drug does vitamin K counteract with?
Coumadin (Warfarin)
-Blood thinner
T/F Foods like garlic and grape seeds help the effects of drugs by inhibiting the CYP.
FALSE— They induce the CYP
What fruit should you avoid if you take warfarin? A) apple B) grapefruit juice C) cranberry juice D) Grapes
C) Cranberry Juice
What vegetable is safe to eat while on warfarin? A) Spinach B) Carrots C) Avocados D) Tomatoes
B) Carrots
Match the drug with drug reactions:
1) Warfarin
2) ACE Inhibitors
3) Antihistamines
A) NSAIDS B) Potassium C) Tranquilizers D) Quinolones E) High Blood pressure medication
1) A, D
2) B
3) E, C
Passive diffusion of volatile metabolites from the blood occurs in what tissue?
A) Lungs
B) GI tract
C) Breast Milk
D) Skin
A) Lungs
GI— Weak bases
Breast Milk—Fat soluble compounds
What are the major sources of excretion?
Bile GI Urine Lungs Breast Milk
What does the half-life mean for a drug?
time it takes for the blood/plasma drug concentration to drop 50% of original level.
Competitive antagonism is described as _____ and an example would be morphine and ____.
Agonist and antagonist compete for the same receptor.
Naloxone
