Exam 1 Flashcards
What act paved the way for the current FDA?
Pure Food and Drug Act
Who was the chemist chief medical examiner Charles Norris hired?
Alexander Getler
During the prohibition what was the leading cause of poisoning? And found in what way?
Methanol poisoning
Denatured alcohol
Which one of the following are not signs or symptoms of methanol poisoning?
A) Diff. Breathing B) Visual disabilities C) Coma D) Severe Abdominal Pain E) Headache
E) Headache
What tissue does methanol poisoning attack?
Liver
What was radium used for in the 1920’s?
Healthy drinks, Watch dial paint.
Where does radium go in the body when ingested?
BONE
What happens when radium is ingested?
It goes to the bone and continually causes radioactive decay.
Lead was introduced into gasoline to help with engine knocking, what are some side effects people experienced that handled the gasoline daily?
Lead poisoning had a neurotoxin effect causing people to develop antisocial behaviors and lower IQs.
what does Emetic mean?
A substance that induces vomiting.
What are the 6 reasons to NOT induce vomiting after ingestion of a toxic substance?
1) If it is corrosive (Cleaners)
2) Ingestion of volatile petroleum. (Kerosene etc.)
3) Convulsants
4) Patient unreliable, in shock, no gag reflex.
5) If < 1 years old
6) Cardiac or vascular diseases.
T/F Snakebites can be treated in the field by sucking the venom out and applying a tourniquet and ice?
FALSE only treatment is SNAKE ANTIVENOM
What are two methods of poisoning?
External and Inhalation
If you smell a garlic odor on a patient you suspect is poisoned what is the toxin?
A) Cyanide
B) Organophosphates, Arsenic
C)Hydrocarbons
D) DKA, Isopropyl alcohol
B) Organophosphates, Arsenic
If you smell a bitter almond odor on a patient you suspect is poisoned, what is the toxin?
A) Cyanide
B) Organophosphates, Arsenic
C) Hydrocarbons
D) DKA, Isopropyl alcohol
A) Cyanide
Hydrocarbons–Gas smell
DKA, Isopropyl Alcohol—Fruity smell
T/F Majority of poisonings are intentional?
False
T/F Majority of deaths that are from poisoning are intentional.
True, I.e Drug overdose
What toxin is responsible for the most deaths?
Opioids (analgesics)
What toxin is responsible for the least deaths?
Hydrocarbons
The #1 poisonous killer is what?
CO (carbon monoxide)
Which methylxanthine is most toxic?
Theophylline
For the following poisons list the antidote.
A) Acetaminophen B) Benzodiazepines C) Carbamate Insecticides D) Lead E) Opioids F) Organophosphates G) Warfarin, Haparin
A) N-acetylcysteine B) Flumazenil C) Atropine D) EDTA E) Naloxone F) Atropine, Pralidoxime G) Vitamin K
What is the most commonly reported poison?
Acetaminophen (analgesics
What is the least common reported poison?
Alcohol
What is the most common method of poisonings?
Ingestion
T/F Opioid narcotics are the number 1 drug used for intentional overdoses.
FALSE only for unintentional
Intentional– Acetaminophen
What is another name for coal workers’ pneumoconiasis?
Black Lung disease
Asbestosis leads to what two major diseases?
Lung Cancer,
Mesothelioma
What will a worker that blast sand or works in a quarry most likely develop?
A) Asbestosis poisoning
B) Woolsorter’s disease
C) Black Lung Disease
D) Silicosis
Silicosis
Brown Lungs Disease is also known as ___, and is from inhalation of _____.
Byssinosis,
Dust from cotton, flax, hemp
Woolsorter’s disease is from inhalation of ___ and the typical profession works with ___ products.
Anthrax,
Wool and Animal Hides
What colorless, odorless gas can cause similar symptoms as the flu and is the leading cause of accidental deaths?
CO
What poisonous gas leaks through the foundations of buildings and is the 1 cause for lung cancer in non-smokers?
RADON
What are the main heavy medals?
Mercury,
Lead,
Aluminum,
Arsenic
Arsenic is an odorless, tasteless heavy metal that in large quantities will kill. What are the stages of Arsenic poisoning someone will go through?
Stage 1: Problems swallowing with metallic taste.
Stage 2: V/D Garlic breath
Stage 3: Seizure/shock DEATH
Mercury can be found most abundant in what 3 fish?
Shark
Tuna
Swordfish
T/F Pregnant women should never eat fish.
False, They can eat <7 oz per week.
What are the effects of mercury poisoning?
Neurotoxin that effects the Brain and Kidneys.
T/F the effects of lead poisoning is the same on children and adults?
False,
Children–CNS issues, Blue gums
Adult—PNS issues, ^ BP
What is the most common way we ingest aluminum?
Municipal water supplies
What will toxic levels of aluminum effect and what disease does it mimic?
Brain, Nervous system.
Alzheimer’s
What are the 8 endocrine disrupting chemicals?
1) Dioxins 2) PCB
3) BPA 4)DDT
5) Atrazine 6)DES
7) Phthalates 8) Parabens
Which of the following a pharmaceutical agent that is an endocrine disrupter?
A) BPA
B) DES
C) DDT
D) PCB
B) DES- Diethylstilbestrol
Which of the following is a plasticizer that is an endocrine disrupter?
A) PCB
B) Phthalates
C) Atrazine
D) Parabens
B) Phthalates
Which of the following is an Industrial solvent that is an endocrine disrupter?
A) Dioxins and PCB
B) DES and BPA
C) DDT and Atrazine
D) Parabens and Phthalates
A) Dioxins and PCB
Dioxins and PCB’s get into humans via ___ and is found in _____.
Food,
Fatty tissue
PCB’s and Dioxins accumulate in the food chain in _____ and is classified as _____.
Fatty tissue of animals,
Lipophyilic
What is a great way to avoid Dioxins and PCB’s?
A) trim the fat off meat
B) Consume low fat dairy
C) Eat more veggies
D) All the above
D) all the above
What recycling number should you avoid to avoid BPA?
7
T/F The clearer the plastic the lower amounts of BPA
False, Soft or cloudy do not contain BPA
What is the half life in the body of Dioxin?
PCB?
7-11 years
8-15 years
What is the half life in the body of DDT?
about 8 years
Where doe DDT like to go in the body?
Fat tissues
What is the second most commonly used pesticide in the US?
Atrazine
DES is a synthetic form of what hormone?
Estrogen
What were the consequences of women that took DES while pregnant?
^ Breast Cancer risk
Risk for Daughters of mothers that took DES?
40x ^ risk Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
2X ^ risk of Breast Cancer
Fertility issues
Risk for sons of mothers that took DES?
Testicular abnormalities
Phthalates have been linked to developmental issues, what recycling number should you avoid?
3
T/F Ingredients have to say phthalates.
False, Avoid stuff that says “fragrance”
What are the functional groups of EO?
Acids
Oxides
Ethers
What are the effects and safety issues of ethers?
Effects– antispasmodic
Safety issue– Hepatotoxic
What are the effects of oxides?
Stimulant
What are the methods of application of EO?
Topical
Inhalation/Aromatic
Internal
Which method of application of EO has a greater risk of developing an allergic reaction to the EO?
Topical
What are the 5 EO that kids <8 should avoid?
1) Peppermint
2) Thyme
3) Camphor
4) Sage
5) Lavandula Stoechas
Name the 10 photosensitizing EO? (hint: 5/10 are a citrus fruit, BARTV 5/10)
1) Angelica root
2) Bergamot
3) Bitter Orange
4) Grapefruit
5) Lemon
6) Lime
7) Mandarin Petitgrain
8) Rue
9) Tagetes
10) Verbena
What are side effects of cinnamon oil?
Stomatitis, skin lesions, hallucination w/ smoking
What are side effects of Eucalyptus oil?
Epigastric burning, seizures, CNS depression
What are side effects of lavender oil?
Photosensitization
What are side effects of Melaleuca oil?
Sedation, confusion, coma
What are side effects of peppermint oil?
Oral mucosa irritant, CNS depression, metabolic acidosis
What are side comments about wintergreen oil?
98% salicylate ( 1.4g aspirin)
What is the difference between dyes and lakes?
Dyes- are water soluble and will dissolve in water.
Lakes- are dispersed in oil emulsion thus used for fat-based foods.
What are the most common food dyes used today?
Red 3
Red 40
Yellow 5
What are the 7 certified color additives that can be used in FDC (food, drug, comsetics)?
Red 3 Red 40 Yellow 5 Yellow 6 Blue 1 Blue 2 Green 3
What act was the first attempt to protect consumers from drug and food manufacturers?
Pure Food and Drug Act
What act authorized the FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections?
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
What are the four requirements for the FD&C to consider something a “drug”?
1) recognized as officila pharmacopoeia or formulary.
2) Used for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease.
3) Substance affects structure or function of the body.
4) Used as a component of medicine.
What amendment to the FDC made it that you can only get the drugs from a licensed physician via a prescription?
Durham- Humphrey
What amendment to the FDC required manufacturers to get any food additives approved and safety determined?
Food additive
What amendment to the FDC required manufacturers to prove their drugs’ safety and effectiveness and labeling all the side effects?
Kefauver-Harris
What drug was prescribed in the 60’s to pregnant women to help them sleep and with morning sickness?
Thalidomide
What did thalidomide cause to happen to the babies of mothers that took it?
Birth defects
what act was created to regulate the dispensing of abusive drugs and categorizing them on risk of abuse?
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevent and Control Act.
T/F The lower the scheduled drug the lease likely it will be abused.
False, schedule 1 is most risky at being abused
What schedule(s) of drugs are allowed to be used medically?
Schedule 2,3,4,5
NOT schedule 1
What act is responsible for investigating pesticide tolerance levels and develop stricter pesticide safety standards?
Food Quality Protection Act
What organization is responsible for regulating food, pharmaceuticals, supplements, medical devices/vaccines, animal foods, tobacco, and cosmetics?
FDA
What organization is in charge of changing schedules of abused drugs?
DEA
What organization oversees school lunch programs?
USDA
What organization oversees and recalls unsafe consumer products?
Consumer Products Safety Commission
CPSC
