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Toxicology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What act paved the way for the current FDA?

A

Pure Food and Drug Act

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2
Q

Who was the chemist chief medical examiner Charles Norris hired?

A

Alexander Getler

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3
Q

During the prohibition what was the leading cause of poisoning? And found in what way?

A

Methanol poisoning

Denatured alcohol

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4
Q

Which one of the following are not signs or symptoms of methanol poisoning?

A) Diff. Breathing
B) Visual disabilities
C) Coma
D) Severe Abdominal Pain
E) Headache
A

E) Headache

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5
Q

What tissue does methanol poisoning attack?

A

Liver

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6
Q

What was radium used for in the 1920’s?

A

Healthy drinks, Watch dial paint.

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7
Q

Where does radium go in the body when ingested?

A

BONE

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8
Q

What happens when radium is ingested?

A

It goes to the bone and continually causes radioactive decay.

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9
Q

Lead was introduced into gasoline to help with engine knocking, what are some side effects people experienced that handled the gasoline daily?

A

Lead poisoning had a neurotoxin effect causing people to develop antisocial behaviors and lower IQs.

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10
Q

what does Emetic mean?

A

A substance that induces vomiting.

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11
Q

What are the 6 reasons to NOT induce vomiting after ingestion of a toxic substance?

A

1) If it is corrosive (Cleaners)
2) Ingestion of volatile petroleum. (Kerosene etc.)

3) Convulsants
4) Patient unreliable, in shock, no gag reflex.
5) If < 1 years old
6) Cardiac or vascular diseases.

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12
Q

T/F Snakebites can be treated in the field by sucking the venom out and applying a tourniquet and ice?

A

FALSE only treatment is SNAKE ANTIVENOM

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13
Q

What are two methods of poisoning?

A

External and Inhalation

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14
Q

If you smell a garlic odor on a patient you suspect is poisoned what is the toxin?

A) Cyanide
B) Organophosphates, Arsenic
C)Hydrocarbons
D) DKA, Isopropyl alcohol

A

B) Organophosphates, Arsenic

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15
Q

If you smell a bitter almond odor on a patient you suspect is poisoned, what is the toxin?

A) Cyanide
B) Organophosphates, Arsenic
C) Hydrocarbons
D) DKA, Isopropyl alcohol

A

A) Cyanide

Hydrocarbons–Gas smell

DKA, Isopropyl Alcohol—Fruity smell

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16
Q

T/F Majority of poisonings are intentional?

A

False

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17
Q

T/F Majority of deaths that are from poisoning are intentional.

A

True, I.e Drug overdose

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18
Q

What toxin is responsible for the most deaths?

A

Opioids (analgesics)

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19
Q

What toxin is responsible for the least deaths?

A

Hydrocarbons

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20
Q

The #1 poisonous killer is what?

A

CO (carbon monoxide)

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21
Q

Which methylxanthine is most toxic?

A

Theophylline

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22
Q

For the following poisons list the antidote.

A) Acetaminophen
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Carbamate Insecticides
D) Lead
E) Opioids
F) Organophosphates
G) Warfarin, Haparin
A 
A) N-acetylcysteine
B) Flumazenil
C) Atropine
D) EDTA
E) Naloxone
F) Atropine, Pralidoxime
G) Vitamin K
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23
Q

What is the most commonly reported poison?

A

Acetaminophen (analgesics

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24
Q

What is the least common reported poison?

A

Alcohol

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25
Q

What is the most common method of poisonings?

A

Ingestion

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26
Q

T/F Opioid narcotics are the number 1 drug used for intentional overdoses.

A

FALSE only for unintentional

Intentional– Acetaminophen

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27
Q

What is another name for coal workers’ pneumoconiasis?

A

Black Lung disease

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28
Q

Asbestosis leads to what two major diseases?

A

Lung Cancer,

Mesothelioma

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29
Q

What will a worker that blast sand or works in a quarry most likely develop?

A) Asbestosis poisoning
B) Woolsorter’s disease
C) Black Lung Disease
D) Silicosis

A

Silicosis

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30
Q

Brown Lungs Disease is also known as ___, and is from inhalation of _____.

A

Byssinosis,

Dust from cotton, flax, hemp

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31
Q

Woolsorter’s disease is from inhalation of ___ and the typical profession works with ___ products.

A

Anthrax,

Wool and Animal Hides

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32
Q

What colorless, odorless gas can cause similar symptoms as the flu and is the leading cause of accidental deaths?

A

CO

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33
Q

What poisonous gas leaks through the foundations of buildings and is the 1 cause for lung cancer in non-smokers?

A

RADON

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34
Q

What are the main heavy medals?

A

Mercury,
Lead,
Aluminum,
Arsenic

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35
Q

Arsenic is an odorless, tasteless heavy metal that in large quantities will kill. What are the stages of Arsenic poisoning someone will go through?

A

Stage 1: Problems swallowing with metallic taste.

Stage 2: V/D Garlic breath

Stage 3: Seizure/shock DEATH

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36
Q

Mercury can be found most abundant in what 3 fish?

A

Shark
Tuna
Swordfish

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37
Q

T/F Pregnant women should never eat fish.

A

False, They can eat <7 oz per week.

38
Q

What are the effects of mercury poisoning?

A

Neurotoxin that effects the Brain and Kidneys.

39
Q

T/F the effects of lead poisoning is the same on children and adults?

A

False,

Children–CNS issues, Blue gums

Adult—PNS issues, ^ BP

40
Q

What is the most common way we ingest aluminum?

A

Municipal water supplies

41
Q

What will toxic levels of aluminum effect and what disease does it mimic?

A

Brain, Nervous system.

Alzheimer’s

42
Q

What are the 8 endocrine disrupting chemicals?

A

1) Dioxins 2) PCB
3) BPA 4)DDT
5) Atrazine 6)DES
7) Phthalates 8) Parabens

43
Q

Which of the following a pharmaceutical agent that is an endocrine disrupter?

A) BPA
B) DES
C) DDT
D) PCB

A

B) DES- Diethylstilbestrol

44
Q

Which of the following is a plasticizer that is an endocrine disrupter?

A) PCB
B) Phthalates
C) Atrazine
D) Parabens

A

B) Phthalates

45
Q

Which of the following is an Industrial solvent that is an endocrine disrupter?

A) Dioxins and PCB
B) DES and BPA
C) DDT and Atrazine
D) Parabens and Phthalates

A

A) Dioxins and PCB

46
Q

Dioxins and PCB’s get into humans via ___ and is found in _____.

A

Food,

Fatty tissue

47
Q

PCB’s and Dioxins accumulate in the food chain in _____ and is classified as _____.

A

Fatty tissue of animals,

Lipophyilic

48
Q

What is a great way to avoid Dioxins and PCB’s?

A) trim the fat off meat
B) Consume low fat dairy
C) Eat more veggies
D) All the above

A

D) all the above

49
Q

What recycling number should you avoid to avoid BPA?

A

7

50
Q

T/F The clearer the plastic the lower amounts of BPA

A

False, Soft or cloudy do not contain BPA

51
Q

What is the half life in the body of Dioxin?

PCB?

A

7-11 years

8-15 years

52
Q

What is the half life in the body of DDT?

A

about 8 years

53
Q

Where doe DDT like to go in the body?

A

Fat tissues

54
Q

What is the second most commonly used pesticide in the US?

A

Atrazine

55
Q

DES is a synthetic form of what hormone?

A

Estrogen

56
Q

What were the consequences of women that took DES while pregnant?

A

^ Breast Cancer risk

57
Q

Risk for Daughters of mothers that took DES?

A

40x ^ risk Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma

2X ^ risk of Breast Cancer

Fertility issues

58
Q

Risk for sons of mothers that took DES?

A

Testicular abnormalities

59
Q

Phthalates have been linked to developmental issues, what recycling number should you avoid?

A

3

60
Q

T/F Ingredients have to say phthalates.

A

False, Avoid stuff that says “fragrance”

61
Q

What are the functional groups of EO?

A

Acids

Oxides

Ethers

62
Q

What are the effects and safety issues of ethers?

A

Effects– antispasmodic

Safety issue– Hepatotoxic

63
Q

What are the effects of oxides?

A

Stimulant

64
Q

What are the methods of application of EO?

A

Topical
Inhalation/Aromatic
Internal

65
Q

Which method of application of EO has a greater risk of developing an allergic reaction to the EO?

A

Topical

66
Q

What are the 5 EO that kids <8 should avoid?

A

1) Peppermint
2) Thyme
3) Camphor
4) Sage
5) Lavandula Stoechas

67
Q

Name the 10 photosensitizing EO? (hint: 5/10 are a citrus fruit, BARTV 5/10)

A

1) Angelica root
2) Bergamot
3) Bitter Orange
4) Grapefruit
5) Lemon
6) Lime
7) Mandarin Petitgrain
8) Rue
9) Tagetes
10) Verbena

68
Q

What are side effects of cinnamon oil?

A

Stomatitis, skin lesions, hallucination w/ smoking

69
Q

What are side effects of Eucalyptus oil?

A

Epigastric burning, seizures, CNS depression

70
Q

What are side effects of lavender oil?

A

Photosensitization

71
Q

What are side effects of Melaleuca oil?

A

Sedation, confusion, coma

72
Q

What are side effects of peppermint oil?

A

Oral mucosa irritant, CNS depression, metabolic acidosis

73
Q

What are side comments about wintergreen oil?

A

98% salicylate ( 1.4g aspirin)

74
Q

What is the difference between dyes and lakes?

A

Dyes- are water soluble and will dissolve in water.

Lakes- are dispersed in oil emulsion thus used for fat-based foods.

75
Q

What are the most common food dyes used today?

A

Red 3
Red 40
Yellow 5

76
Q

What are the 7 certified color additives that can be used in FDC (food, drug, comsetics)?

A 
Red 3
Red 40 
Yellow 5
Yellow 6
Blue 1
Blue 2
Green 3
77
Q

What act was the first attempt to protect consumers from drug and food manufacturers?

A

Pure Food and Drug Act

78
Q

What act authorized the FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections?

A

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

79
Q

What are the four requirements for the FD&C to consider something a “drug”?

A

1) recognized as officila pharmacopoeia or formulary.
2) Used for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease.
3) Substance affects structure or function of the body.
4) Used as a component of medicine.

80
Q

What amendment to the FDC made it that you can only get the drugs from a licensed physician via a prescription?

A

Durham- Humphrey

81
Q

What amendment to the FDC required manufacturers to get any food additives approved and safety determined?

A

Food additive

82
Q

What amendment to the FDC required manufacturers to prove their drugs’ safety and effectiveness and labeling all the side effects?

A

Kefauver-Harris

83
Q

What drug was prescribed in the 60’s to pregnant women to help them sleep and with morning sickness?

A

Thalidomide

84
Q

What did thalidomide cause to happen to the babies of mothers that took it?

A

Birth defects

85
Q

what act was created to regulate the dispensing of abusive drugs and categorizing them on risk of abuse?

A

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevent and Control Act.

86
Q

T/F The lower the scheduled drug the lease likely it will be abused.

A

False, schedule 1 is most risky at being abused

87
Q

What schedule(s) of drugs are allowed to be used medically?

A

Schedule 2,3,4,5

NOT schedule 1

88
Q

What act is responsible for investigating pesticide tolerance levels and develop stricter pesticide safety standards?

A

Food Quality Protection Act

89
Q

What organization is responsible for regulating food, pharmaceuticals, supplements, medical devices/vaccines, animal foods, tobacco, and cosmetics?

A

FDA

90
Q

What organization is in charge of changing schedules of abused drugs?

A

DEA

91
Q

What organization oversees school lunch programs?

A

USDA

92
Q

What organization oversees and recalls unsafe consumer products?

A

Consumer Products Safety Commission

CPSC

Toxicology (2 decks)

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