Exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
Saturated fatty acids normally contain double bonds in the cis configuration?
A
F
2
Q
Saturated fatty acids contain fewer H atoms than an unsaturated fatty acid of the same length?
A
F
3
Q
Saturated fatty acids decrease the melting point of a mixture of fatty acids
A
F
4
Q
Saturated fatty acids have a higher iodine number than an unsaturated fatty acid of the same length?
A
F
5
Q
Omega-3 fatty acids contain 3 double bonds in their side chain
A
F
6
Q
Omega-3 fatty acids may have potential health benefits via anti-inflammatory effects on the body
A
T
7
Q
Omega-3 fatty acids are formed in the process of biohydrogentation of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen
A
F
8
Q
Omega-3 fatty acids are found in high concentrations in the adipose tissue of salmon, trout, and other fish oils
A
T
9
Q
Omega-3 fatty acids are found in high concentrations in the adipose tissue if cattle and sheep
A
F
10
Q
Triglycerides are the predominant form of lipid in the human diet
A
T
11
Q
Triglycerides make up the majority of the lipid in animal food products
A
T
12
Q
Triglycerides are synthesized inside the enterocyte during lipid absorption
A
T
13
Q
Triglycerides are not digested in the stomach of an adult pig
A
T
14
Q
Triglycerides pass through the rumen unmodified by rumen microbes
A
F
15
Q
Phospholipids make up the majority of lipid in forage plants
A
F
16
Q
Phospholipids make up the majority if lipid in the cell membrane
A
T
17
Q
Phospholipids stimulates smooth muscle to contract
A
F
18
Q
Phospholipids contain at least one fatty acid, usually one of the dietary essential fatty acids
A
T
19
Q
Phospholipids contain a nitrogenous base (such as choline or ethanolamine)
A
T
20
Q
Glycolipids are synthesized from cholesterol
A
F
21
Q
Glycolipids make up the majority of the lipid in forage plants
A
T
22
Q
Glycolipids form micelles, vesicles, or bilayer sheets when placed in water
A
F
23
Q
Glycolipids can be blocked from being synthesized by NSAIDs
A
F
24
Q
Glycolipids are commonly found on the surface of red blood cells
A
T
25
Lipoproteins are intermediates formed in the process of saponification of triglycerides
F
26
Lipoproteins are transport molecules for lipids in the blood
T
27
Lipoproteins make up the majority of the myelin sheath
F
28
Lipoproteins make up the majority of the lipid in forage plants
F
29
Lipoproteins are formed in the small intestine upon the action of bile
F
30
Which of the following are true about cholesterol? it serves as the parent molecule for synthesis of prostaglandins
F
31
Which of the following are true about cholesterol? it serves as the parent molecule for synthesis of Vitamin D and bile acids
T
32
Which of the following are true about cholesterol? most free cholesterol os found esterfied to a fatty acid (a cholesterol ester)
T
33
Which of the following are true about cholesterol? it is transported in the blood associated with lipoproteins
T
34
Which of the following are true about cholesterol? it can typically be found embedded in cell membrane
T
35
Which of the following are phospholipids? cephalin
T
36
Which of the following are phospholipids? sphingomyelin
T
37
Which of the following are phospholipids? lecithin
T
38
Which of the following are phospholipids? cerebroside
F
39
Which of the following are phospholipids? prostaglandin
F
40
Which of the following are synthesized from cholesterol? estrogen
T
41
Which of the following are synthesized from cholesterol? progesterone
T
42
Which of the following are synthesized from cholesterol? insulin
F
43
Which of the following are synthesized from cholesterol? cortisol
T
44
Which of the following are synthesized from cholesterol? prostaglandin
F
45
Polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute to the fluid nature of oils
T
46
Polyunsaturated fatty acids increase the melting point of fat/oil
F
47
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are kinked/bent in physical appearance
T
48
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are more common in plant lipids than in animal lipids
T
49
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are more end product of complete biohydrogentation of fatty acids in the rumen
F
50
Oxidation of fats/oils forms free radicals that break the C-C bonds of fatty acids
T
51
Oxidation of fats/oils is more common with saturated than with unsaturated fatty acids
F
52
Oxidation of fats/oils can be controlled by adding Vitamin E or selenium to the diet
T
53
Oxidation of fats/oils results in formation of shorter chain fatty acids and other volatile organic compounds
T
54
Oxidation of fats/oils generally gives a disagreeable odor/flavor to the fat/oil
T
55
Chylomicrons are the largest type of glycolipid
F
56
Chylomicrons are formed inside the enterocyte (golgi apparatus) during lipid absorption
T
57
Chylomicrons are absorbed from the enterocyte via passive diffusion
F
58
Chylomicrons are absorbed from the enterocyte into the lacteal in mammals
T
59
Chylomicrons can be blocked from being synthesized by NSAIDs
F
60
Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid via cycloxygenase (COX) enzymes
T
61
Prostaglandins are responsible for development of the inflammatory response by the body
T
62
Prostaglandins are secreted by the chief cells in the stomach
F
63
Prostaglandins have an important function in female reproduction
T
64
Prostaglandins can be blocked from being synthesized by NSAIDs
T
65
Olestra is used in "fat free" varieties of potato chips and other snack foods
T
66
Olestra is made from vegetable oil and table sugar
F
67
Olestra blocks the activity of pancreatic lipase by 30%
F
68
Olestra is not recognized by pancreatic lipase, and therefor is not digested in the small intestine
T
69
Olestra may result in "anal leakage" when consumed in large quantities
T
70
Dietary essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the animal body (or insufficient quantity to meet requirements)
T
71
Dietary essential fatty acids require exogenous source
T
72
Dietary essential fatty acids are typically used as the fatty acid component of phospholipids
T
73
Dietary essential fatty acids include linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids for most livestock species
T
74
Dietary essential fatty acids does not include arachidonic acid for humans
T
75
Trans fatty acids are intermediates formed in the process of hydrogenation of fatty acids
T
76
Trans fatty acids are intermediates formed in the process of oxidation of fatty acids
F
77
Trans fatty acids are the most common type of fatty acid found in the human diet
F
78
Trans fatty acids can be formed during the process of biohydrogentation of fatty acids in the rumen
T
79
Trans fatty acids are associated with potential health concerns (heart disease)
T
80
Orlistat is the active ingredient in drugs such as Alli and Xenical
T
81
Orlistat blocks the secretion of bile, thereby decreasing lipid digestion
F
82
Orlistat blocks the release of gastric lipase by the chief cells in the stomach
F
83
Orlistat blocks the activity of pancreatic lipase
T
84
Orlistat blocks the release of cholecystokinin, thereby reducing pancreatic lipase secretion
F
85
Rumenic acid is an anti carcinogenic fatty acid found in ruminant- derived food sources
T
86
Rumenic acid is a toxic fatty acid secreted by rumen microbes
F
87
Rumenic acid contains a conjugated double bond
T
88
Rumenic acid contains both a cis and a trans double bond
T
89
Rumenic acid is formed during the process of biohydrogentation of linoleic acid by rumen microbes
T
90
Gastric lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides to form glycerol and 3 free fatty acids
F
91
Gastric lipase is secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach
F
92
Gastric lipase has a preference for medium chain length fatty acids such as those found in milk
T
93
Gastric lipase is inactive in the stomach of an adult pig
T
94
Gastric lipase contributes to the digestion of triglycerides in the small intestine
T
95
Which of the following are true about amino acids? the L isomer of amino acids is used to synthesize protein
T
96
Which of the following are true about amino acids? amino acids are zwitterions at physiological pH
T
97
Which of the following are true about amino acids? amino acids are amphoteric
T
98
Which of the following are true about amino acids? the functional (R) group of a standard amino acid is attached to the a carbon
T
99
Which of the following are true about amino acids? there may be up to 20 amino acids found in protein
F
100
Limiting amino acids are non protein amino acids that regulate protein metabolism by an animal
F
101
Limiting amino acids control the degree of H bonding in secondary protein structure
F
102
Limiting amino acids are represented by the shortest slat/stave in the Liebig's barrel concept
T
103
Limiting amino acids determine the maximum quantity of a given protein that can be synthesized
T
104
Limiting amino acids are usually either lysine or methionine for livestock fed typical diets
T
105
Indispensable amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body (or in sufficient quantity)
T
106
Indispensable amino acids must be supplied by an exogenous source
T
107
Indispensable amino acids can sometimes be used to synthesize a dispensable amino acid
T
108
Indispensable amino acids are not required for cattle and sheep
F
109
Indispensable amino acids are the same as dietary essential amino acids for swine and poultry
T
110
Glycine is the simplest amino acid, with an R group consisting of a single H
T
111
Glycine is a netral amino acid
T
112
Glycine is a conditionally essential amino acid for growing poultry
T
113
Glycine is a dietary essential amino acid for cats and neonates
F
114
Glycine is an indispensable amino acid for ruminant livestock
F
115
Carnitine is a dietary essential amino acid for humans
F
116
Carnitine is made by forming a S-S bond between two cysteine
F
117
Carnitine functions as a carrier for fatty acids into the mitochondria for B- oxidation
T
118
Carnitine can be used for quick bursts of energy in muscle
F
119
Carnitine enhances the body's sensitivity to caffeine
F
120
Taurine is a dietary essential amino acid for cats and neonates
T
121
Taurine functions as a carrier for fatty acids into the mitochondria for B oxidation
F
122
Taurine is a common ingredient added to many energy drinks
T
123
Taurine deficiency can result in macular degeneration and dilated cardiomyopathy
T
124
Taurine deficiency would impair an animals ability to properly digest lipids
T
125
Cystine can be used to synthesize methionine in mammals
F
126
Cystine is an indispensable amino acid
F
127
Cystine is made by forming a S-S bond between two cysteine within a protein
T
128
Cystine is formed during post translational modification of amino acids
T
129
Cystine is important for formation of tertiary structure of proteins
T
130
Creatine (creatine phosphate) is converted non-enzymatically into creatine
T
131
Creatine (creatine phosphate) is a component of one of the bile acids
F
132
Creatine (creatine phosphate) aids in water retention by muscle cells
T
133
Creatine (creatine phosphate) may stimulate fast twitch muscle hypertrophy
T
134
Creatine (creatine phosphate) can be used for quick bursts of energy in muscle
T
135
Hydroxyproline is a non-protein amino acid
F
136
Hydroxyproline is an amino acid
T
137
Hydroxyproline can be synthesized from the indispensable amino acid threonine
F
138
Hydroxyproline is formed only during post translational modification of amino acids
T
139
Hydroxyproline is important for normal cross-linking in collagen structure
T
140
Which of the following is true regarding the structure of proteins? the primary structure of protein consists of peptide bonds between amino acids
T
141
Which of the following is true regarding the structure of proteins? there will always be a free amine and a free carboxyl group at opposite ends of the protein
T
142
Which of the following is true regarding the structure of proteins? both alpha helix and beta sheet conformations exist in a proteins secondary structure
T
143
Which of the following is true regarding the structure of proteins? the quaternary structure of protein will always involve more than one protein
T
144
Which of the following is true regarding the structure of proteins? the 3 dimensional structure of protein is maintained through H- bonding, S-S bonds, etc
T
145
Denaturing a protein may be done via exposure to heat, acid/base, alcohol, etc
T
146
Denaturing a protein often results in a change in the physical conformation of a protein
T
147
Denaturing a protein is always an irreversible process
F
148
Denaturing a protein may cause that protein to lose its biological function
T
149
Denaturing a protein is the process used to make blue cheese
F
150
Nitrates are the primary N excretion products in birds
F
151
Nitrates are converted to nitrite by rumen microbes
T
152
Nitrates are often found in high concentrations in drought-sicken forages
T
153
Nitrates bind to hemoglobin (as NO2) thereby resulting in death via asphyxiation
T
154
Nitrates toxicity is diagnosed by observing a chocolate color to a sample of the anima's blood
T
155
Urea is the primary N excretion product in mammals
T
156
Urea is the primary N excretion product in birds
F
157
Urea is water soluble
T
158
Urea is formed by removal of the end of the R group from arginine
T
159
Urea can build up in the joints in mammals resulting in the condition known as gout
F
160
Which of the following is true regarding the use of amino acids as a source of energy? amino acids can only be used for energy in ruminants
F
161
Which of the following is true regarding the use of amino acids as a source of energy? amino acids will yield approximately 4 Kcal/g in a bomb calorimeter
F
162
Which of the following is true regarding the use of amino acids as a source of energy? the PFV value for amino acids does not account for the energetic cost of urea synthesis
F
163
Which of the following is true regarding the use of amino acids as a source of energy? either gluconegenesis or oxidation/ ketogeneisis are used to make ATP from amino acids
T
164
Which of the following is true regarding the use of amino acids as a source of energy? only those amino acids from the taller slats/ staves in Leibig's barrel are used for energy
T
165
Amines are the primary N excretion product in birds
F
166
Amines are formed by decarboxylation of amino acids (usually by microbes)
T
167
Amines are intermediates in the urea cycle in mammals
F
168
Amines include cadaverine, putrescine, skatole
T
169
Amines include uric acid and allantoin
F
170
The Jones' factor is a critical enzyme used to initiate the proteolytic enzyme cascade
F
171
The Jones' factor is a number multiplied times a food/feed's N content to calculate crude protein
T
172
The Jones' factor is a hormone used to stimulate the release of enzymes from the pancreas
F
173
The Jones' factor is calculated as 100 divided by the average N content of amino acids
T
174
The Jones' factor for a given protein varies with he amino acid composition of that protein
T
175
Uric acid is a water- soluble white crystal
F
176
Uric acid is the primary N excretion product in mammals
F
177
Uric acid is the primary N excretion product in birds
T
178
Uric acid is normally converted into allocation in mammalian species
T
179
Uric acid can build up in the joints in mammals resulting in the condition known as gout
T
180
Which of the following foods/feeds would most likely to contain trypsin inhibitors? raw soybeans
T
181
Which of the following foods/feeds would most likely to contain trypsin inhibitors? dry roasted peanuts
F
182
Which of the following foods/feeds would most likely to contain trypsin inhibitors? raw egg whites
F
183
Which of the following foods/feeds would most likely to contain trypsin inhibitors? soybean meal
F
184
Which of the following foods/feeds would most likely to contain trypsin inhibitors? drought stricken hay made from a fertilized hay meadow
F
185
PepT1 is a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the chief cells
F
186
PepT1 is an intestinal peptide transporter
T
187
PepT1 can only be used to transport amino acids and glycine
F
188
PepT1 uses a mechanism known as the Na pump
T
189
PepT1 is an energetically efficient method of amino acid absorption
T
190
Aminopeptidase
- brush border in small intestine
| - hydrolyzes peptide bonds with any amino-terminal amino acid
191
Bile
- Liver
| - forms micelles from lipids in the small intestine
192
carboxypeptidase
- pancreas
| - hydrolyzes peptide bonds with any carboxyl-terminal amino acid
193
cholecystokinin
- crypts of lieberkuhn
| - hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzymes, and gall bladder to contract
194
cholesterol esterase
- pancreas
| - removes the fatty acid esterfied to cholesterol
195
chymotrypsin
- pancreas
| - hydrolyzes peptide bonds with Phe, Tyr, Trp, His, Leu, Met
196
Dipeptidase
- brush border in the small intestine
| - hydrolyzes small peptides containing 2 amino acids only
197
Elastase
- pancreas
| - hydrolyzes peptide bonds with Ala, Fly, Ser
198
Enterokinase
- crypts of lieberkuhn
| - required for the initial conversion of trypsinogen into trypsin
199
Gastric lipase
- chief cells
| - hydrolyzes triglycerides into monoglycerides +2 free fatty acids in the stomach of a milk fed calf
200
Gastrin
- pylorus
| - hormone that stimulates the chief and parietal cells in the stomach
201
HCl
- parietal cells
| - required for the initial conversion of pepsinogen into pepsin
202
Oligopeptides
- brush border in small intestine
| - hydrolyzes small peptides containing up to 8 amino acids
203
pancreatic lipase
- pancreas
| - hydrolyzes triglycerides into monoglycerides + 2 free fatty acids
204
pepsin
chief cells
| -Hydrolyzes peptide bonds with Phe, Tyr, Trp
205
Phospholipase A2
pancreas
| -hydrolyzes lecithin and other phospholipids
206
Secretin
crypts of liberkuhn
| -hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete buffers into small intestine
207
Tripeptidase
- brush border in small intestine
| - hydrolyzes small peptides containing 3 amino acids
208
Trypsin
pancreas
| -hydrolyzes peptide bonds with Arg, Lys
209
amino acid that contributes to the extensive cross-linking found in collagen
hydroxylysine
210
an imino acid
proline
211
build-up of uric acid in the joints
gout
212
nitrogenous compound used by rumen microbes to synthesize microbial protein
ammonia
213
derived amino acid
asparagine
214
differing in solubility in water
colloidal
215
form of secondary protein structure created by H bonding between amino acids
alpha helix
216
forms the primary structure in protein
peptide bond
217
having both a positive and a negative charge in the same molecule
zwitterion
218
having both acidic and basic areas in the same molecule
amphoteric
219
indispensable amino acid that is an intermediate in the urea cycle
arginine
220
indispensable amino acid used to synthesize cysteine
methionine
221
indispensable amino acid used to synthesize tyrosine
phenylalanine
222
insoluble amide that is primary N excretion product in birds
uric acid
223
methylated purine base
caffeine
224
non-protein amino acid that is an intermediate in the urea cycle
ornithine
225
non-protein amino acid that functions as a carrier for fatty acids into the mitochondria for B oxidation
carnitine
226
non-protein amino acid that is indispensable for cats
taurine
227
non-protein amino acid that may stimulate fast- twitch muscle hypertrophy
creatine
228
non-protein nitrogen compound often found in plant fertilizer that becomes toxic upon microbial metabolism in the rumen
nitrate
229
non-protein nitrogen compound formed by decarboxylation of an amino acid
amine
230
sulfur containing amino acid consisting of 2 cysteine linked by a s-s bond
cystine
231
water soluble amide synthesized from uric acid
allantoin
232
water soluble amide that is primary N excretion product in mammals
urea
233
a bile acid
taurocholic acid
234
aids in the formation of micelles in small intestine
bile
235
commercial product created using the process of oxidation
bleu cheese
236
commercial product created using the process of saponification
soap
237
component of a red blood cell membrane that determines blood type
glycolipids
238
contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas in the same molecule
amphipathic
239
drug that blocks the synthesis of prostaglandins
aspirin
240
esters of fatty acids with alcohols other than glycerol
waxes
241
esters of fatty acids with glycerol
glycerides
242
intermediate formed during incomplete hydrogenation of vegetable oils, associated with health concerns
trans fatty acids
243
lipoprotein formed inside the enterocyte during lipid absorption
chylomicron
244
major phospholipid found in myelin sheath
sphingomyelin
245
mechanism used for absorption of mixed micelles into an enterocyte
diffusion
246
mechanism used for absorption of chylomicrons into blood or lymph
exocytosis
247
name for a cerebroside found in brain tissue
gangliosides
248
name given to glycolipids found in animals
cerebrosides
249
phospholipid that contains choline
lecithin
250
precursor for the synthesis of prostaglandins
arachidonic acid
251
precursor of the synthesis of testosterone
cholesterol
252
process that results in a fat/oil becoming rancid
oxidation
253
process used to harden vegetable oil to make margarine or shortening
hydrogenation
254
small droplet of lipid formed in the small intestine upon the addition of bile
micelle
255
test used to determine how saturated/ unsaturated an unknown fat/ oil is
iodine number
256
test used to indicate the average length of the fatty acids in an unknown fat/oil
saponification number
257
transports bad cholesterol in the blood
low density lipoprotein
258
transports good cholesterol in blood
high density lipoprotein
259
saturated fatty acids are more common in ruminant derived foods than in those from non ruminants
T
