Exam #1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following are ruminants
A
pronghorn
elk
2
Q
Which of the following are functionally similar to the stomach in the pig
A
abomassum
proventriculus
3
Q
Villi
A
- typically cannot be seen with the naked eye
- contain microvilli on their surface to enhance surface are for absorption
- make-up what is referred to as the intestinal brush border
4
Q
The duodenum
A
- takes on a distinct S-shape appearance
- receives secretions from the pancreas and over/gall bladder
- connects to the abomasum n ruminants
5
Q
Rennin
A
- active in the abomasum in milk-fed lambs
- important for proper utilization of milk nutrients
- used in the cheese-making process
6
Q
Hindgut fermenters differ from ruminants in that they
A
- will typically have larger pieces of fiber in their feces
- do not make use of microbial amino acids
- do not absorb VFA effeciently
7
Q
Which of the following are true about taste buds
A
- taste buds that detect sweet are concentrated on the tip of the tongue
- ruminants tend to have more than pigs
- pigs taste sweet more than bitter
8
Q
The diverticulum
A
- often contains many whole seeds/grains recently consumed by bird
- does not exist in geese
9
Q
The cecum
A
- has only one entry/exit point, and is this a blind sac
- is a paired structure in most birds
10
Q
The gall bladder
A
- storage organ for bile
- located underneath the liver in most species
- does not exist on horses
11
Q
The mesentery
A
- thin membrane that holds the small intestine in place
- highly vascularized with both blood and lymph capillaries
12
Q
The Crypts of Lieberkuhn
A
- basal pockets found at the base of the vili
- secrete digestive hormone CCK and secretin
13
Q
The small colon
A
- second (distal) portion of the large intestine
- plays an important role in water conservation
- more eficiente in sheep than cattle
- takes on a spinal appearance, especially in ruminants
14
Q
Rumination
A
- involves regurgitation of stomach contents
- increase the utilization of forages
- another name for cud chewing
15
Q
The gastrointestinal tract of the chicken differs from that of the pig in that
A
- salivary amylase stays active fot a much longer time
- cannot digest lactose
- has two cecum (ceca)
- has a cloaca and vent, rather than a rectum and anus
- much shorter large intestine relative to other livestock
16
Q
The jejunum
A
- primary sire of absorption for digested nutrients in a pig
- constitutes the majority of the length of the small intestine
17
Q
The proventriculus
A
secretes HCl and digestive enzymes
18
Q
Psuedrumiants differ from ruminants in that they
A
have 3 compartment stomach
19
Q
The lacteal
A
- lymph capillary found in small intestine
- functions in the absorption of lipids
20
Q
The ventriculus
A
- lined with kaolin to protect inner lining against abrasion
- often contains small stones or grit to enhance mechanical digestion
21
Q
Which species produce salivary amylase
A
chicken
pig
22
Q
The pancreas
A
- anatomically lies within the first loop of the duodenum
- secrete buffers into small intestine
23
Q
the large colon
A
primary site of fiber fermentation in large handgun fermenters such as a horse
24
Q
sphincter muscle at the terminal end of the alimentary canal
A
anus
25
vestigial portion of the cecum in humans
appendix
26
secretes an alkaline mucous into the small intestine to protect against damage from stomach acid
Brunner's Glands
27
muscular valve that keeps stomach contents from entering the esophagus
cardiac sphincter
28
stomach cells that secrete digestive enzymes
chief cells
29
common chamber into which the digestive and reproductive tacts open in birds
cloaca
30
scientific name for swallowing
deglutition
31
special name for an epithelia cell lining the villi
enterocyte
32
process impaired during luminal bloat
eructation
33
muscular tube involved in deglutition
esophagus
34
accessory organ not found in horses
gall bladder
35
mucous- secreting cells embedded in the surface of the villi
goblet cells
36
lymph capillary found in the villi
lacteal
37
accessory organ that secretes bile
liver
38
scientific name for chewing food
mastication
39
accessory organ that lies within the first S-shaped loop of the duodenum
pancreas
40
secrete lysozyme into the small intestine to kill bacteria
paneth cells
41
stomach cells that secrete HCl
parietal cells
42
clusters of white blood cells that project into the small intestine
peyers patches
43
structure at the back of the throat that is part of both the respiratory and digestive tracts
pharynx
44
gathering food and it into the mouth
prehension
45
muscular valve that regulates passage of stomach contents to small intestine
pyloric sphincter
46
portion of the alimentary canal that lies within the pelvic cavity
rectum
47
function of the esophagus not done in horses
regurgitation
48
Which of the following are heteroglycans
pectin
| hemicellulose
49
which are glucans
amylose
cellulose
amylopectin
50
Lacatse is
- embedded in small intestine brush border
- usually more active in younger mammals than in adults
- not produced by avian species
51
sugar alcohols
- hydrogenated mono and disaccharides
- lower in calories that sucrose
- responsible for the cooling sensation on the tongue when chewing sugar free gum
52
foods with low glycemic index
- may be low in carbohydrates and high in fiber
- are more slowly digested in gastrointestinal tract
- decrease the need for insulin secretion
- may be beneficial for endurance athletes
53
Sucralose
- chlorinated form of sucrose
- not digested by sucrase
- about 600 times sweeter than sucrose
- artificial sweetener found in foods containing splenda
54
which of the following are absorbed from the small intestine via an active transport mechanism
- galactose
| - glucose
55
Stevia
- made from the leaves of south american plant
- not digested by microbes
- typically provides a delayed onset and longer duration of sweet taste
- may give licorice aftertaste
56
branched gluten used as a storage carbohydrate in animals
glycogen
57
disaccharide containing galactose + glucose
lactose
58
disaccharide containing glucose + fructose
sucrose
59
disaccharide containing glucose + glucose with b(1,4) glycosidic bond
cellobiose
60
disaccharide containing glucose + glucose with an a(1,4) glycosidic bond
maltose
61
fiber component that is not a carbohydrate but influences that utilization of forage carbohydrates
lignin
62
heptose monosaccharide that is a ketose
sedoheptulose
63
heteroglycan that is a primary component of the plant cell wall
hemicellulose
64
heteroglycan that makes up the white mesh in an apple
pectin
65
hexose monosaccharide that is a ketose
fructose
66
hexose monosaccharide that is an aldose
galactose
67
homoglycan containing only glucose
glucan
68
homoglycan found in high concentration in chickory and blue agave
fructan
69
intermediate formed in the breakdown of amylopectin by amylase
limit dextrin
70
monosaccharide with the carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon chain
aldose
71
monosaccharide with the carbonyl group located at the one carbon from the end of the carbon chain
ketose
72
pentose monosaccharide that is an aldose
ribose
73
polysaccharide of glucose linked by both a(1,4) and a(1,6) glycosidic bonds
amylopectin
74
polysaccharide of glucose linked by only a(1,4)
amylose
75
polysaccharide of glucose linked by only b(1,4)
cellulose
76
process used to synthesize glucose in an animal usually in the liver
gluconeogenesis
77
ring structure configuration of fructose
glucogenesis
78
ring structure configuration of glucose
pyranose ring
79
tetrose monosaccharide that is an aldose
erythrose
80
triose monosaccharide that is a ketose
dihydroxyacetone
81
moistens and emulsifies the food
saliva
82
aids in particle size
mastication
83
initiates the digestion of starch
salivary amylase
84
presence of food in stomach stimulates release of __ from the ___
gastrin
| pylorus
85
includes the release gastric HCl from
parietal cells
86
digestive enzymes from the
chief cells
87
these come from the __ region of the stomach
fundic
88
this hormone stimulates production of
mucous
89
digestion of the __ in the pizza into smaller peptides
proteins
90
stomach acid in small intestine stimulates release of ___ from the ___
secretin
| crypts of lierberkuhn
91
This hormone releases stimulates __
pancreas
92
in the presence of peptides in the small intestine the hormone __ is released from __
CCK
| crypts of lierberkuhn
93
This hormone stimulates the
pancreas
94
primary carbohydrate-degrading enzyme
pancreatic amylase
95
resulting in the formation of the disaccharide
maltose
96
active transport mechanism referred to as
sodium pump
97
digested by the enzyme
lactase
98
If a steer and a horse of equal body weight were fed 10 lbs of oats which would gain more
horse would gain more
- horses digest oats before it undergoes fermentation
- steers ferment before pass the small intestine for digestion and absorption
- more heat and gas lost from steer
99
a steer, lamb, horse fed same grass hay compare the consistency of the feces produced
Steer: runny, smooth, no distinguishable particles due to particle size breakdown through rumination
Lamb: small, round, dry pellets, no particles lamb undergoes rumination and absorbs more water
horse: round, dry, coarse horse doesn't ruminate can't masticate more that once
100
Why does a steer fed a 90% grain diet gain weight faster that a steer fed grass hay
steers fed grains loose less energy in the form of gas
- acetate , propionate, and butyrate are 3 VFA's formed
- grains produce less acetate, more propionate therefore less eructation occurs with grain than forages and more energy it utilized
101
Define the term Cal
1 Cal or 1 Kcal= 1000 calories
| -1 Cal= heat energy required to raise temp 1 degree C
102
What is Unami, and what feeds are typically high in it
is a taste of savory
| -steak
103
do ruminants produce salivary amylase
No but amalyse from nasolbial glands in muzzle
| -get amylase from licking nose
104
Explain lactose intolerant
they cannot synthesize lactase to break down the carb lactose. thus milk is processed through small intestine and fermented in large intestine
105
describe the approx size and location of the esophageal groove in newborn calf
runs from the esophagus to abomasum by passing the reticulorumen. Lies in the side of two reticulum and is 2 ft long
106
Describe displaced abomasum and why life threatening
after parturition dairy cattle can have their abomasum slide under their rumen to the left side
-pinches off flow of digestion into and out of abomasum and can cause death
107
why nutrients believed to be developed to unique digestion
ruminants able to gather food in morning and stay in the shade and ruminate rest of the day to avoid predators
108
hardware disease
hardware (nails) are in the reticulum
| -can put a hole in reticulum, diaphragm and even pericardium causing heart failure
109
aids in particle size
mastication
110
the enzyme __ initiates digestion of starch
salivary amylase
111
15-30 min
denatures in stomach
112
stomach stimulates the release of hormone __ from the __
gastrin
| pylorus
113
including release of digestive enzymes from
chief cells
114
gastric acid from __ both are in
parietal cells
| fundic
115
stimulates production of
mucous
116
begins the digestion
proteins
117
the hormone __ released from __
cck
| crypts of lieburkuhn
118
hormone stimulates
pancreas
119
acive transport mechanism referred to as
sodium pump
120
major carb digested by enzyme __ located __
maltase
| brush border
121
simple stomach diagram
- esophageal
- cardiac
- pyloric
- fundic
122
compound stomach
- rumen
- omasum
- reticulum
- abomasum
123
salivary glands dog
- parotid
- zygomatic
- mandibular
- sublingual
124
small intestine villi
- enterocyte
- crypts of lieberkuhn
- blood capillaries
- lacteal
125
other digestive system
- cecum
- small colon
- large colon
- stomach
126
chicken digestive
- diverticulum
- proventriculus
- venrtriculus
- duodenum
- pancreas
- jejunum
- illeum
- cloaca
- rectum
- vent
127
which of the following are absorbed from the small intestine via active transport mechanisms
- galactose
| - glucose
128
which of the following polysaccharides contain a branch in their structure
- amylopectin
| - glycogen
129
which of the following are digestive hormones secreted by digestive tract
- gastrin
- cholecystokinin
- secretin
130
lactase is
- usually more active in younger mammals
| - not produces by again species
131
amylase
- breaks a(1,4) glycosidic
- secreted by pancreas
- detergent like effect in small intestine
132
sucralose
- chlorinated form sucrose
- not digested by sucrase
- sweeter sucrose
- artificial sweetner
133
sugar alcohols
- mono and disaccharides with carbonyl
- typically less digestible
- lower calories
- mask aftertaste
134
which of the following oligosaccharides
sucrose
135
hemicellulose
closely associated with cellulose
136
glycogen
- animal starch
| - stored in liver
137
pectin
-compnent of fiber
138
limit dextrins
- contains one a(1,6)
- one a(1,4)
- debranching enzymes
- commonly found in bread
139
fructans
- fructose
| - provide anti-freeze in plants
140
lignin
- fiber
- structurally rigidity to plants
- large impact digestion
141
foods with hi GI
-white bread, potato
142
Villi
- small finger shaped
- contain microvilli on surface
- not seen with eye
- intestinal brush border
143
Crypts of liberkuhn
- basal pockets
- secrete CCK and secretin
- buffers small intestine
144
ventriculus
- consumed as delicacy
| - contains small stones
145
large colon
-primary fermentation site
| rectum
146
rectum
- portion of alimentary canal
- expelling feces
- terminates in sphincter
147
monosaccharides are hexoses
- glucose
- fructose
- glactose
148
heteroglycans
- hemicellulose
| - pectin
149
glucans
- amylopectin
- amylose
- cellulose
150
omasum
- normally size and shape basketball
| - right side of compound stomach
151
diverticulum
- known as crop
| - whole seeds/grain
152
rumen
- major microbial digestion
- located left side
- muscular folds
153
brunners gland
- embedded in wall small intestine
| - secrete alkaline mucous into small intestine
154
jejunum
- constitutes majority of length of small intestine
| - lined with villi enhance surface area
155
reticulum
- 1st compartment
- lined with ridges
- lower from of compound
- hardware disease occurs
156
pharynx
- funnel shaped structure
| - both digestive and respiratory tracts
157
goblet cells
-mucous secreting cells
158
eructation
- impaired in ruminants
| - keeps cows from exploding
159
paneth cells
- specialized secretory cells located at bottom of crypts
| - secrete lysozyme to kill bacteria
160
prehension
- gather food and bringing to mouth
| - involves use of tongue, teeth, lips
161
rumination
- involves regurgitation
- utilization of forages
- cud chewing
162
small colon
- spiral appearance
| - water conservation
163
duodenum
- receives secretions
- connects to pyloric
- connects to abomasum
164
peyers patches
- synthesize antibodies
| - roughly 70% immune system
165
cecum
- one entry/exit point
| - paired structure in most birds
166
gall bladder
- storage organ bile
- underneath liver
- not in horses
167
mastication
- mechanical digestion
- particle size reduction
- chewing
- rumination
168
abomasum
- lines with mucosal folds
| - secretes HCl and enzyems
169
pancreas
- anatomically first loop
- secreted amylase
- secretes buffers
170
mesentary
- thin membrane holds small intestine
| - highly vascularized
