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Animal Nutrition > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following are ruminants

A

pronghorn

elk

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2
Q

Which of the following are functionally similar to the stomach in the pig

A

abomassum

proventriculus

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3
Q

Villi

A
  • typically cannot be seen with the naked eye
  • contain microvilli on their surface to enhance surface are for absorption
  • make-up what is referred to as the intestinal brush border
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4
Q

The duodenum

A
  • takes on a distinct S-shape appearance
  • receives secretions from the pancreas and over/gall bladder
  • connects to the abomasum n ruminants
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5
Q

Rennin

A
  • active in the abomasum in milk-fed lambs
  • important for proper utilization of milk nutrients
  • used in the cheese-making process
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6
Q

Hindgut fermenters differ from ruminants in that they

A
  • will typically have larger pieces of fiber in their feces
  • do not make use of microbial amino acids
  • do not absorb VFA effeciently
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7
Q

Which of the following are true about taste buds

A
  • taste buds that detect sweet are concentrated on the tip of the tongue
  • ruminants tend to have more than pigs
  • pigs taste sweet more than bitter
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8
Q

The diverticulum

A
  • often contains many whole seeds/grains recently consumed by bird
  • does not exist in geese
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9
Q

The cecum

A
  • has only one entry/exit point, and is this a blind sac

- is a paired structure in most birds

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10
Q

The gall bladder

A
  • storage organ for bile
  • located underneath the liver in most species
  • does not exist on horses
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11
Q

The mesentery

A
  • thin membrane that holds the small intestine in place

- highly vascularized with both blood and lymph capillaries

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12
Q

The Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A
  • basal pockets found at the base of the vili

- secrete digestive hormone CCK and secretin

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13
Q

The small colon

A
  • second (distal) portion of the large intestine
  • plays an important role in water conservation
  • more eficiente in sheep than cattle
  • takes on a spinal appearance, especially in ruminants
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14
Q

Rumination

A
  • involves regurgitation of stomach contents
  • increase the utilization of forages
  • another name for cud chewing
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15
Q

The gastrointestinal tract of the chicken differs from that of the pig in that

A
  • salivary amylase stays active fot a much longer time
  • cannot digest lactose
  • has two cecum (ceca)
  • has a cloaca and vent, rather than a rectum and anus
  • much shorter large intestine relative to other livestock
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16
Q

The jejunum

A
  • primary sire of absorption for digested nutrients in a pig

- constitutes the majority of the length of the small intestine

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17
Q

The proventriculus

A

secretes HCl and digestive enzymes

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18
Q

Psuedrumiants differ from ruminants in that they

A

have 3 compartment stomach

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19
Q

The lacteal

A
  • lymph capillary found in small intestine

- functions in the absorption of lipids

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20
Q

The ventriculus

A
  • lined with kaolin to protect inner lining against abrasion

- often contains small stones or grit to enhance mechanical digestion

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21
Q

Which species produce salivary amylase

A

chicken

pig

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22
Q

The pancreas

A
  • anatomically lies within the first loop of the duodenum

- secrete buffers into small intestine

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23
Q

the large colon

A

primary site of fiber fermentation in large handgun fermenters such as a horse

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24
Q

sphincter muscle at the terminal end of the alimentary canal

A

anus

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25
Q

vestigial portion of the cecum in humans

A

appendix

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26
Q

secretes an alkaline mucous into the small intestine to protect against damage from stomach acid

A

Brunner’s Glands

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27
Q

muscular valve that keeps stomach contents from entering the esophagus

A

cardiac sphincter

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28
Q

stomach cells that secrete digestive enzymes

A

chief cells

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29
Q

common chamber into which the digestive and reproductive tacts open in birds

A

cloaca

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30
Q

scientific name for swallowing

A

deglutition

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31
Q

special name for an epithelia cell lining the villi

A

enterocyte

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32
Q

process impaired during luminal bloat

A

eructation

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33
Q

muscular tube involved in deglutition

A

esophagus

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34
Q

accessory organ not found in horses

A

gall bladder

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35
Q

mucous- secreting cells embedded in the surface of the villi

A

goblet cells

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36
Q

lymph capillary found in the villi

A

lacteal

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37
Q

accessory organ that secretes bile

A

liver

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38
Q

scientific name for chewing food

A

mastication

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39
Q

accessory organ that lies within the first S-shaped loop of the duodenum

A

pancreas

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40
Q

secrete lysozyme into the small intestine to kill bacteria

A

paneth cells

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41
Q

stomach cells that secrete HCl

A

parietal cells

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42
Q

clusters of white blood cells that project into the small intestine

A

peyers patches

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43
Q

structure at the back of the throat that is part of both the respiratory and digestive tracts

A

pharynx

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44
Q

gathering food and it into the mouth

A

prehension

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45
Q

muscular valve that regulates passage of stomach contents to small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

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46
Q

portion of the alimentary canal that lies within the pelvic cavity

A

rectum

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47
Q

function of the esophagus not done in horses

A

regurgitation

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48
Q

Which of the following are heteroglycans

A

pectin

hemicellulose

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49
Q

which are glucans

A

amylose
cellulose
amylopectin

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50
Q

Lacatse is

A
  • embedded in small intestine brush border
  • usually more active in younger mammals than in adults
  • not produced by avian species
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51
Q

sugar alcohols

A
  • hydrogenated mono and disaccharides
  • lower in calories that sucrose
  • responsible for the cooling sensation on the tongue when chewing sugar free gum
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52
Q

foods with low glycemic index

A
  • may be low in carbohydrates and high in fiber
  • are more slowly digested in gastrointestinal tract
  • decrease the need for insulin secretion
  • may be beneficial for endurance athletes
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53
Q

Sucralose

A
  • chlorinated form of sucrose
  • not digested by sucrase
  • about 600 times sweeter than sucrose
  • artificial sweetener found in foods containing splenda
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54
Q

which of the following are absorbed from the small intestine via an active transport mechanism

A
  • galactose

- glucose

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55
Q

Stevia

A
  • made from the leaves of south american plant
  • not digested by microbes
  • typically provides a delayed onset and longer duration of sweet taste
  • may give licorice aftertaste
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56
Q

branched gluten used as a storage carbohydrate in animals

A

glycogen

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57
Q

disaccharide containing galactose + glucose

A

lactose

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58
Q

disaccharide containing glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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59
Q

disaccharide containing glucose + glucose with b(1,4) glycosidic bond

A

cellobiose

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60
Q

disaccharide containing glucose + glucose with an a(1,4) glycosidic bond

A

maltose

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61
Q

fiber component that is not a carbohydrate but influences that utilization of forage carbohydrates

A

lignin

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62
Q

heptose monosaccharide that is a ketose

A

sedoheptulose

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63
Q

heteroglycan that is a primary component of the plant cell wall

A

hemicellulose

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64
Q

heteroglycan that makes up the white mesh in an apple

A

pectin

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65
Q

hexose monosaccharide that is a ketose

A

fructose

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66
Q

hexose monosaccharide that is an aldose

A

galactose

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67
Q

homoglycan containing only glucose

A

glucan

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68
Q

homoglycan found in high concentration in chickory and blue agave

A

fructan

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69
Q

intermediate formed in the breakdown of amylopectin by amylase

A

limit dextrin

70
Q

monosaccharide with the carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon chain

A

aldose

71
Q

monosaccharide with the carbonyl group located at the one carbon from the end of the carbon chain

A

ketose

72
Q

pentose monosaccharide that is an aldose

A

ribose

73
Q

polysaccharide of glucose linked by both a(1,4) and a(1,6) glycosidic bonds

A

amylopectin

74
Q

polysaccharide of glucose linked by only a(1,4)

A

amylose

75
Q

polysaccharide of glucose linked by only b(1,4)

A

cellulose

76
Q

process used to synthesize glucose in an animal usually in the liver

A

gluconeogenesis

77
Q

ring structure configuration of fructose

A

glucogenesis

78
Q

ring structure configuration of glucose

A

pyranose ring

79
Q

tetrose monosaccharide that is an aldose

A

erythrose

80
Q

triose monosaccharide that is a ketose

A

dihydroxyacetone

81
Q

moistens and emulsifies the food

A

saliva

82
Q

aids in particle size

A

mastication

83
Q

initiates the digestion of starch

A

salivary amylase

84
Q

presence of food in stomach stimulates release of __ from the ___

A

gastrin

pylorus

85
Q

includes the release gastric HCl from

A

parietal cells

86
Q

digestive enzymes from the

A

chief cells

87
Q

these come from the __ region of the stomach

A

fundic

88
Q

this hormone stimulates production of

A

mucous

89
Q

digestion of the __ in the pizza into smaller peptides

A

proteins

90
Q

stomach acid in small intestine stimulates release of ___ from the ___

A

secretin

crypts of lierberkuhn

91
Q

This hormone releases stimulates __

A

pancreas

92
Q

in the presence of peptides in the small intestine the hormone __ is released from __

A

CCK

crypts of lierberkuhn

93
Q

This hormone stimulates the

A

pancreas

94
Q

primary carbohydrate-degrading enzyme

A

pancreatic amylase

95
Q

resulting in the formation of the disaccharide

A

maltose

96
Q

active transport mechanism referred to as

A

sodium pump

97
Q

digested by the enzyme

A

lactase

98
Q

If a steer and a horse of equal body weight were fed 10 lbs of oats which would gain more

A

horse would gain more

  • horses digest oats before it undergoes fermentation
  • steers ferment before pass the small intestine for digestion and absorption
  • more heat and gas lost from steer
99
Q

a steer, lamb, horse fed same grass hay compare the consistency of the feces produced

A

Steer: runny, smooth, no distinguishable particles due to particle size breakdown through rumination
Lamb: small, round, dry pellets, no particles lamb undergoes rumination and absorbs more water
horse: round, dry, coarse horse doesn’t ruminate can’t masticate more that once

100
Q

Why does a steer fed a 90% grain diet gain weight faster that a steer fed grass hay

A

steers fed grains loose less energy in the form of gas

  • acetate , propionate, and butyrate are 3 VFA’s formed
  • grains produce less acetate, more propionate therefore less eructation occurs with grain than forages and more energy it utilized
101
Q

Define the term Cal

A

1 Cal or 1 Kcal= 1000 calories

-1 Cal= heat energy required to raise temp 1 degree C

102
Q

What is Unami, and what feeds are typically high in it

A

is a taste of savory

-steak

103
Q

do ruminants produce salivary amylase

A

No but amalyse from nasolbial glands in muzzle

-get amylase from licking nose

104
Q

Explain lactose intolerant

A

they cannot synthesize lactase to break down the carb lactose. thus milk is processed through small intestine and fermented in large intestine

105
Q

describe the approx size and location of the esophageal groove in newborn calf

A

runs from the esophagus to abomasum by passing the reticulorumen. Lies in the side of two reticulum and is 2 ft long

106
Q

Describe displaced abomasum and why life threatening

A

after parturition dairy cattle can have their abomasum slide under their rumen to the left side
-pinches off flow of digestion into and out of abomasum and can cause death

107
Q

why nutrients believed to be developed to unique digestion

A

ruminants able to gather food in morning and stay in the shade and ruminate rest of the day to avoid predators

108
Q

hardware disease

A

hardware (nails) are in the reticulum

-can put a hole in reticulum, diaphragm and even pericardium causing heart failure

109
Q

aids in particle size

A

mastication

110
Q

the enzyme __ initiates digestion of starch

A

salivary amylase

111
Q

15-30 min

A

denatures in stomach

112
Q

stomach stimulates the release of hormone __ from the __

A

gastrin

pylorus

113
Q

including release of digestive enzymes from

A

chief cells

114
Q

gastric acid from __ both are in

A

parietal cells

fundic

115
Q

stimulates production of

A

mucous

116
Q

begins the digestion

A

proteins

117
Q

the hormone __ released from __

A

cck

crypts of lieburkuhn

118
Q

hormone stimulates

A

pancreas

119
Q

acive transport mechanism referred to as

A

sodium pump

120
Q

major carb digested by enzyme __ located __

A

maltase

brush border

121
Q

simple stomach diagram

A
  • esophageal
  • cardiac
  • pyloric
  • fundic
122
Q

compound stomach

A
  • rumen
  • omasum
  • reticulum
  • abomasum
123
Q

salivary glands dog

A
  • parotid
  • zygomatic
  • mandibular
  • sublingual
124
Q

small intestine villi

A
  • enterocyte
  • crypts of lieberkuhn
  • blood capillaries
  • lacteal
125
Q

other digestive system

A
  • cecum
  • small colon
  • large colon
  • stomach
126
Q

chicken digestive

A
  • diverticulum
  • proventriculus
  • venrtriculus
  • duodenum
  • pancreas
  • jejunum
  • illeum
  • cloaca
  • rectum
  • vent
127
Q

which of the following are absorbed from the small intestine via active transport mechanisms

A
  • galactose

- glucose

128
Q

which of the following polysaccharides contain a branch in their structure

A
  • amylopectin

- glycogen

129
Q

which of the following are digestive hormones secreted by digestive tract

A
  • gastrin
  • cholecystokinin
  • secretin
130
Q

lactase is

A
  • usually more active in younger mammals

- not produces by again species

131
Q

amylase

A
  • breaks a(1,4) glycosidic
  • secreted by pancreas
  • detergent like effect in small intestine
132
Q

sucralose

A
  • chlorinated form sucrose
  • not digested by sucrase
  • sweeter sucrose
  • artificial sweetner
133
Q

sugar alcohols

A
  • mono and disaccharides with carbonyl
  • typically less digestible
  • lower calories
  • mask aftertaste
134
Q

which of the following oligosaccharides

A

sucrose

135
Q

hemicellulose

A

closely associated with cellulose

136
Q

glycogen

A
  • animal starch

- stored in liver

137
Q

pectin

A

-compnent of fiber

138
Q

limit dextrins

A
  • contains one a(1,6)
  • one a(1,4)
  • debranching enzymes
  • commonly found in bread
139
Q

fructans

A
  • fructose

- provide anti-freeze in plants

140
Q

lignin

A
  • fiber
  • structurally rigidity to plants
  • large impact digestion
141
Q

foods with hi GI

A

-white bread, potato

142
Q

Villi

A
  • small finger shaped
  • contain microvilli on surface
  • not seen with eye
  • intestinal brush border
143
Q

Crypts of liberkuhn

A
  • basal pockets
  • secrete CCK and secretin
  • buffers small intestine
144
Q

ventriculus

A
  • consumed as delicacy

- contains small stones

145
Q

large colon

A

-primary fermentation site

rectum

146
Q

rectum

A
  • portion of alimentary canal
  • expelling feces
  • terminates in sphincter
147
Q

monosaccharides are hexoses

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • glactose
148
Q

heteroglycans

A
  • hemicellulose

- pectin

149
Q

glucans

A
  • amylopectin
  • amylose
  • cellulose
150
Q

omasum

A
  • normally size and shape basketball

- right side of compound stomach

151
Q

diverticulum

A
  • known as crop

- whole seeds/grain

152
Q

rumen

A
  • major microbial digestion
  • located left side
  • muscular folds
153
Q

brunners gland

A
  • embedded in wall small intestine

- secrete alkaline mucous into small intestine

154
Q

jejunum

A
  • constitutes majority of length of small intestine

- lined with villi enhance surface area

155
Q

reticulum

A
  • 1st compartment
  • lined with ridges
  • lower from of compound
  • hardware disease occurs
156
Q

pharynx

A
  • funnel shaped structure

- both digestive and respiratory tracts

157
Q

goblet cells

A

-mucous secreting cells

158
Q

eructation

A
  • impaired in ruminants

- keeps cows from exploding

159
Q

paneth cells

A
  • specialized secretory cells located at bottom of crypts

- secrete lysozyme to kill bacteria

160
Q

prehension

A
  • gather food and bringing to mouth

- involves use of tongue, teeth, lips

161
Q

rumination

A
  • involves regurgitation
  • utilization of forages
  • cud chewing
162
Q

small colon

A
  • spiral appearance

- water conservation

163
Q

duodenum

A
  • receives secretions
  • connects to pyloric
  • connects to abomasum
164
Q

peyers patches

A
  • synthesize antibodies

- roughly 70% immune system

165
Q

cecum

A
  • one entry/exit point

- paired structure in most birds

166
Q

gall bladder

A
  • storage organ bile
  • underneath liver
  • not in horses
167
Q

mastication

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • particle size reduction
  • chewing
  • rumination
168
Q

abomasum

A
  • lines with mucosal folds

- secretes HCl and enzyems

169
Q

pancreas

A
  • anatomically first loop
  • secreted amylase
  • secretes buffers
170
Q

mesentary

A
  • thin membrane holds small intestine

- highly vascularized

Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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