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Nutrition exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Water

A
  • Most essential nutrient
  • 50-70% of body weight is fluid
  • Intracellular fluid = fluid within the cells
  • Extracellular fluid = fluid outside the cells
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2
Q

Functions of Water

A

Solvent- allows the body to mix nutrients
Helps remove toxins
Cushion-Amniotic fluid for baby/fetus
coolant-Cool the body down

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3
Q

Temperature Regulation

A 
When you're overheated...
-Body perspires
-Sweat evaporates through pores
-Heat energy is removed from the skin
-Body is cooled
105 degrees can be delady
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4
Q

Fluid Recommendations

A

1ml/kcal
individualzied 1ml/kcals=2200 ml (~9cups)
1cup=240 ml
recommendationtions: 9 cups/day for females and 13 cups//day for males as a starting point

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5
Q

Increased fluid needs

A

-Hot humid weather conditions
-Excserise
-Diet /high protein diet-nitrogen needs to excrete via urea
-Alcoholic diet/diurectic=increased urine production
-High fiber diet
Illness vomiting, fever, diarrhea

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6
Q

Water Loss

A
  • Urine: greatest amount of water loss
  • Stool: diarrhea (increased losses)
  • Perspiration: exercise and heat increases loss
  • Exhaled air
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7
Q

Dehydration

A

-Thirst = early dehydration

  • Urine color: dark urine, low volume (urine should be a pale yellow)
  • –1 lb loss = 2 cups fluid
  • Symptoms: headache, dry mouth, dark urine
  • Advanced dehydration: muscle spasm, sunken eyes, delirium, death
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8
Q

Minerals

A

Major minerals
require > 100mg/day
Exanples: calcium ,phosphotus

Trace minerlas
Require <100mg/day
Examples Iron,zinc
Sodium

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9
Q

Sodium

A

Found as sodium chloride (table salt)

40% sodium
60% chloride
1tsp of slat=2,400mg sodium

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10
Q

Functions of Sodium

A

water balance- water follows sodium

Nreve transmission=require sodium

Muscle contraction

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11
Q

Deficiency Symptoms of sodium

A 
muscle cramps
shock
nausea and vomiting
coma
dizziness

People who are eating less than 500mg a day
Low sodium diet
Excessive amounts pf sweating=athlete
persistent vomiting/diaherra

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12
Q

Hypertension

A

Blood Pressure
Systolic-Herat contracting

Diatolic - in between heartbeats

Normal <120/80

High Blood Pressure >140/90

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13
Q

Hypertension pt2

A

50 million Americans suffer from this

  • SILENT KILLER; very few, vague symptoms
  • Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease
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14
Q

Hypertension Risk

A
  • age -50 and up

sodium intake
obesity
family history
physical inactivity

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15
Q

Hypertension Treatment

A

<1500mg/day
weight loss
exercise
1-2 glasses a day

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16
Q

Hypertension diet (Dash)

A 
high calcium
high potassium
high fruits and veggies
high in fiber
low in fat
low in sodium
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17
Q

DASH Diet

A
  • Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
  • Increase intake of fruit, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish, and low fat dairy products
  • Limit intake of red meat, high fat dairy products, and lower sodium intake
18
Q

Hypertension

A

70% of sodium in diet found in:
Fast food
Processed foods

Average =6,000mg

19
Q

Current Recommendations for Sodium Intake

A
  • Current recommendations = <2,300 mg/day
  • Anyone over 51 years old, African Americans, and those that have hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease should consume <1,500 mg
20
Q

High Sodium Foods

A

-Foods prepared in brine(Pickels,sauerkraut,olives)

  • Salted or smoked meats(bacon,sausage,delimeats)
  • Salted or smoked fish(Smoked salmon,anchovies

-Most fast food and processed foods

  • Condiments
  • Cheese
  • Canned foods
21
Q

Iron- Most common worldwide leading nutrient diffeniccy

A

Most iron is in two proteins:

  1. Hemoglobin: iron containing protein in Red blood cells
  2. Myoglobin (muscles): carries and stores oxygen for the muscles

-Poor perganacy outcomes and imapred physical and cognitive development

22
Q

Iron Deficiency

A

Caused by…

  • Poor iron intake
  • Blood loss (ulcers)
  • Pregancy =increased iron needs, growth and develpoment ,
23
Q

At-Risk Groups for Iron Deficiency

A
  • Women of childbearing age (monthly blood loss)

- Children: high growth rate, poor intake

24
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • Small, pale, red blood cells
  • Symptoms: tired, paleness, rapid heart rate
  • Children: brain damage, developmental delays
  • Pica- Not everyone with pica would have anmaia
25
Q

Pica

A
  • Regular consumption of non-food items: ice, clay, stones, cigarette butts, tire inner tubes
  • Groups at-risk: children, pregnant women, those in rural areas, family history, rarely occurs in men
  • Complications: intestinal blockages, bacterial infections, parasites, tooth damage
  • Some women think that it relieves nausea in pregnancy
26
Q

Difeiecncy of essential nuterient- Pica common iron deficiency

A

Misconceptions-uneducated

The body cannot digest (pica)
bacterial infections 
blockage
parasites
damage to teeth.
27
Q

IRON RDA

A

Men =10 mg/day

Women=15mg/day

28
Q

Iron Toxicity

A

1 cause of fatal poisoning in children <3 years of age(often form supplement)

High levels hard to excrete

29
Q

Heme Iron

A
  • A form that is better absorbed (meat)

- FOUND IN MEAT

30
Q

Non-Heme Iron

A
  • Plant Iron: not absorbed as well as heme iron

- Beans, cereal, dried fruit, nuts

31
Q

Factors that Affect Iron Absorption

A
  • Fiber can decrease iron absorption

- Vitamin C can increase iron absorption (tomato sauce with meat)

32
Q

Calcium

A
  • The most abundant mineral in the body
  • 99% stored in bones and teeth
  • 1% of blood is used for:
    a. Muscle contraction, nerve impulse, blood clotting
    b. If low blood levels, calcium is taken from the bones.

The skeleton serves as a bank from which the blood can borrow and return calcium as needed

33
Q

Bone Formation

A
  • Bone cells:
    a. OsteoClasts:(Chew) cells that break down bone
    b. OsteoBlasts: cells that build bone

-Remodeling: bones continually breaking down and rebuilding throughout lifetime

34
Q

Bone Formation

A

Children Osteoblasts> Osteoclast
Building Bone
Age 30 peak bone mass achieved

Age 30-40 Osteoblast=Osteoclast

Maintaining bone mass in the 30s and 40s
>45: Osteoclasts> Osteoblasts

35
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • By age 70, you can lose 30-40% of your bone mass
  • 1/4 women develop Osteoporosis
  • 1/8 men develop osteoporosis
36
Q

Osteoporosis fractures

A

-SILENT DISEASE until fractures occur

  • Excessive bone loss
  • –Increased risk of fractures
  • –Common fracture sites: wrist, spine (Dowager’s hump), hip
37
Q

Bone Health Assessment: DXA

A
  • Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
  • 20-30 minute whole body scan

-DXA measurement generates T score:

—Normal bone density is 0 to -1 T score

—Low bone mineral density is -1 to -2.4 T score

—Osteoporosis is -2.5 or lower T score

38
Q

Osteoporosis Risk Factors

A

-Females have less bone density

Menopause/Males: lower estrogen = lower calcium absorption

  • Alcohol intake: increases calcium excretion
  • Poor vitamin D status

–Genetics

  • Underweight: carrying extra weight can help to build stronger bones
  • High protein intake
  • High phosphorus intake
  • High sodium intake
39
Q

Prevention of Osteoporosis

A
  • Adequate calcium and Vitamin D intake
  • Weight-bearing exercise: walking, lifting weights, etc.
  • No smoking
  • Moderate alcohol intake
  • Treatment: medications that inhibit osteoclast activities
  • –Side effects: ulcers, swallowing difficulties
40
Q

Calcium Sources

A
  • Milk and dairy products
  • Kale, broccoli, bok choy
  • Fortified products: OJ, waffles, cereal
  • Beans

Nutrition exam 2 (4 decks)

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