Exam 2 Flashcards
The study of arbitrary vocal symbols we use to encode our experience of the world
Language
The scientific study of language
Linguistics
Those characteristics of language that, when take. Together, differentiate it from other known animal communication systems
Design feature
A term coined by linguist Noam Chomsky to refer to the mastery of adult grammar
Linguistic competence
A term coined by anthropological linguist Dell Hymes to refer to the mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech
Communicative competence
A position, associated with Edward Sapir and Benjamin whorf, that assets that language has the power to shape the way people see the world
Linguistic relativity principle
A set of rules that aim to describe fully the patterns of linguistic usage observed by members of a particular speech community
Grammar
The study of the sound of language
Phonology
In linguistics, the study of the minimal units of meaning in a language
Morphology
The study of meaning
Semantics
Study of language in the context of its use
Pragmatics
Stretch of speech longer than a sentence untied by a common theme
Discourse
Study of language use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interaction
Ethnopragmatics
Language with no native speakers that develops a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages
Pidgin
A marker of struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it
Language ideology
Attempts by linguists and activists to preserve or revive languages with a few native speakers that appear to be on the verge of extinction
Language revitalization
A framing that is 1. Consciously adopted by the players 2. Somehow pleasurable 3. Systematically related to what is no play by alluding to the no play world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, relations of the ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world
Play
Communication about the process of communication itself
Metacommunication
A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as “play” or “ordinary life”
Framing
Critically thinking about the way one thinks; reflecting on ones own experience
Reflexivity
A physical exercise activity that is aggressively competitive within constraints imposed by definition and rules. Sport is a component of culture that is ritually patterned and game like and consists of varying amounts of play, work, and leisure
Sport
Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation representation
Art
The process in which experience is transformed as it is represented symbolically in a different medium
Transformation-representation
The patterns of production, distribution, and consumption that members of a society employ to ensure the satisfaction of the basic material survival needs of humans
Subsistence strategies
Those who gather, fish, or hunt for food
Food collectors
Those who depend on domesticated plants or animals for food
Food producers
A form of cultivation based on the technique of clearing uncultivated land, burning the brush, and planting the crops in the ash-enriched soil, which required moving farm plots every few years as the soil becomes exhausted
Extensive agriculture
A form of cultivation that employs plows, draft animals, irrigation, fertilizer, and such to being much land under cultivation at one time, to use it year after year, and to produce sufficient crop surpluses
Intensive agriculture
Large scale farming and animal husbandry that is highly dependent on industrial methods of technology and production
Mechanized industrial agriculture
The part of discipline that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living
Economic anthropology
Stable and enduring cultural practices that organize social life
Institutions
The transformation of natures raw materials into a form suitable for human use
Production
The allocation of goods and services
Distribution
The using up of material goods necessary for human survival
Consumption
A formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution
Neoclassical economics
Patterns according to which distribution takes place: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange
Modes of exchange
The exchange of goods and services of equal value. There are three forms: generalized, balanced, and negative
Reciprocity
Mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contribution from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such way that every group member is provided for
Redistribution.
The exchange of goods (trade) calculated in terms of a multipurpose medium of exchange and standard of value (money) and carried on by means of supply-demand-price mechanism (the market)
Market exchange
The activity linking human social groups to the material world around them, from the point view of Karl Marx, labor is therefore always social labor
Labor
A specific, historically occurring set of social relations which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge
Mode of production.
The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature
Means of production.
The social relations linking the people who use the given means of production with tin a particular mode of production
Relations of production
A worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live
Ideology
The study of the ways in which living species relate to one another and to their natural environments
Ecology
The particular mix of plant and animal species occupying any region of the earth
Ecozone
The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs
Affluence
