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Nutri Sci 431 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Preterm birth

A

less than 37 weeks

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2
Q

Low birth weight

A

less than 2500 grams, primary factor associated with neonatal death

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3
Q

Neonatal

A

First 28 days of life

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4
Q

Full term size

A

3500 g and 20in long

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5
Q

Average GA

A

bt 10th and 90th percentile

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6
Q

Large GA

A

greater than 90th percentile

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7
Q

Small GA

A

wt less than 10th percentile

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8
Q

dSGA

A

disproportionately- thin but height and head normal (2/3 of SGA) (Diminished nutrition in last trimester, can catch up

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9
Q

pSGA

A

proportionately- stunted (adapted to diminished nutrition, cant catch up)

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10
Q

Leading causes of infant mortality

A

1) congential anomalies (birth defects)
2) Preterm/LBW
3) Maternal complication
4) Sudden infant death syndrome

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11
Q

The bigger the mom

A

the bigger the baby

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12
Q

Obese moms have big babies regardless of

A

how much they weigh/gain

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13
Q

More weight gain equals

A

bigger baby

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14
Q

Line is steepest for underweight mom, this means

A

the weight they gain goes to the baby the most

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15
Q

Dutch Famine Birth Cohort

A

people exposed to famine at diff parts of pregnancy vs those not
Exposed early had most effects- defects, cancer, diabetes

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16
Q

Hyperplasia

A

cells dividing

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17
Q

Hypertrophy

A

cells growing in size

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18
Q

Brain keeps doing _____ (hyperplasia/hypertrophy) after birth

A

hyperplasia (Increase in DNA bc of cells dividing)

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19
Q

Pregnancy is detected by

A

gonadotropin hormone in blood

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20
Q

The medical world counts 2 weeks post conception as

A

4 weeks

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21
Q

Insults during embryogenesis (60 days after conception) may result in

A

permanent defects

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22
Q

Study: mental development of stunted babies, given social or milk supplement or both Results?

A

Social helped more, best was both and the babies almost caught up

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23
Q

Most congenital anomalies have an unknown cause the other 35% are caused by

A
  • genetics
  • twinning
  • environmental (alc)
  • genetics+environment
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24
Q

Iodine deficiency results in

A

hypothyroidism= profound mental and physical retardation in baby, most preventable cause

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25
Q

Closure of neural tube happens at day

A

19-28

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26
Q

Anencephaly is characterized by

A

the brain not forming– lethal

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27
Q

Spina bifida is characterized by

A

an open spine, results in varying degrees of paralysis

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28
Q

Most neural tube defects are caused by

A

folate deficiency

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29
Q

Obese women have greatest chance of NTDs Why?

A

we dont know, maybe genetic polymorphism that increases folate requirement

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30
Q

RDA for folate in preg

A

600 ug lactation:500

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31
Q

RDA vita A

A

preg: 770 Lactation:1300

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32
Q

High vita A intake has similar effects to the baby as

A

alcohol

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33
Q

baby and moms blood never directly mixes instead

A

things are transported by mechanisms

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34
Q

Placenta uses ___ % of glucose baby receives

A

30-40

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35
Q

Placenta uses ___ % of the CO

A

10

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36
Q

Glucose is received based on

A

conc gradient, simple and facilitated diffusion

37
Q

How are vitas and mineral transported across placenta

A

ADEK-passive

Water soluble- active

38
Q

hCG is responsible for

A

implantation

39
Q

progesterone is responsible for

A

relaxation of GI muscles (heartburn, constipation), mediates fat disposition

40
Q

Estradiol is responsible for

A

relaxes ligaments in pelvic area

41
Q

hPL is responsible for

A

insulin resistance

42
Q

Insulin resistance is

A

decreased ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake, results in increased glucose and insulin/glucose ratio

43
Q

T/F: In preg women glucose and insulin shoot up way more than normal women

A

T

44
Q

Accelerated starvation

A

baby takes up lots of glucose in the morning after fasting

45
Q

Gestational diabetes is characterized by

A

body cant make extra 30% of insulin required bc they already have insulin resistance and high amounts

46
Q

Total body water increases ___ and blood volume increases ____

A

7-10 Liters, 1.5 Liters

47
Q

Edema occurs in

A

60-75%

48
Q

Increased Na retention via

A

increased aldosterone

49
Q

Hemodilution

A

Plasma vol increases 50% and RBC mass increases 25% which decreases Hb conc.

50
Q

CO increases by

A

30-50%

51
Q

Blood pressure decreases in

A

first half of preg, returns to normal 2nd half

52
Q

Recommended weight gain

A

underweight: 28-40 lbs
normal: 25-25 lbs
overweight: 15-25 lbs
Obese: 11-20 lbs
Twins: 25-54 lbs

53
Q

Rate of weight gain

A

3-5 lbs in 1st tri

gradual and consistent gains thereafter

54
Q

How many more calories a day

A

300 kcal/day average (no change in 1st tri, +340 in 2nd tri, +452 in 3rd tri)

55
Q

Protein requirement

A

+25g/day = 70-75g pro/day or 1.1 g pro/day (twins=+50 g)

56
Q

Minimum amount of carbs

A

175 grams

57
Q

Dietary fiber requirement

A

28 grams

58
Q

Linolenic requirement

A

13g/day

59
Q

alpha linolenic requirement

A

9.4 g/day

60
Q

DHA and EPA

A

300mg/day

61
Q

Total Iron need in preg and RDA

A

1000mg, 18-27mg/day

62
Q

what is suppressed in the 2nd/3rd tris to make Fe more bioavailable

A

hepcidin

63
Q

Diagnosis of anemia in preg

A 
1st and 3rd: Hb under 110 g/L
2nd tri: Hb under 105 g/L 
Serum Ferritin ug/L 
normal: >35
depleted: <20 
deficiency: 12-15
64
Q

Why is there no increase in Calcium requirement

A

absorption increases, so RDA stays at 1000mg (under this may result in release of lead)

65
Q

Vita D RDA

A

No increase for preg- 15 ug or 600 IU

66
Q

Choline RDA

A

450 mg - eggs and meats (avg intake=270mg)

67
Q

Pica

A

eating things not normally considered food

68
Q

Nutrients of concern in teen pregnancy

A

Ca, Fe, Zn, folate, D

69
Q

RDA for Ca in teen preg

A

1300 mg

70
Q

Leading cause of maternal mortality

A

Hypertensive disorders

71
Q

Systolic BP

A

when left ventricle contracts

72
Q

Diastolic BP

A

when ventricles are filling

73
Q

Normal BP

A

120/80

74
Q

Hypertensive BP

A

> 140 systolic or >90 diastolic

75
Q

Gestational hypertension detected for first time

A

at 20 wks, no proteinurea

76
Q

Preeclampsia

A

occurs after 20 wks in previously normotensive women (increased BP or HT and proteinuria (>.3g protein in 24hr in urine)

77
Q

Eclampsia

A

seizures in women with preeclampsia

78
Q

Preeclampsia superimposed on chronic

A

women w chronic who develop proteinuria

79
Q

Preeclampsia etiology

A

abnormal implantation of placenta, decreased placenta blood flow biomarker
Associated with immune dysregulation = increased maternal inflammatory state

80
Q

Preg is pro-oxidative state, things that increase oxidative stress?

A 
fe supplement >30 
Increased fat intake
Increased blood glucose
Excess body fat 
Physical inactivity
81
Q

Antioxidants

A

vita C and E, selenium, plant phytochem-anthocyanins, carotenoids

82
Q

Normal blood glucose

A

60-100

83
Q

Diabetes mellitus is characterized

A

increased blood glucose to defects in insulin secretion/action
hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance

84
Q

babies of mothers with diabetes are more at risk for _____ at birth

A

hypoglycemia bc BS drops and insulin increases but no glc source

85
Q

Screening for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes

A

Hb (Alc): >6.5 %
fasting glc: >126 mg/dL
2 hr: >200 after 75g oral
random glucose: >200

86
Q

Glycosylated hemoglobin

A

amount of glu bound to Hb
reflects conc. glc in blood over 2-3 months
Nondiabetic=4-6%
Diabetes= HbAlc >6.5

87
Q

Diagnosis of diabetes- all preg tested at 24-48 wks gestation

A

Made by any one value exceeded
fasting: >92
1 hr: >180
2 hr: >152

88
Q

2 hypothesis of enhanced fetal growth

A

Pederson hypothesis: mom ^ BS, baby ^ B
S=fetal ^ insulin =growth
Fuel mediated teratogenesis: ^glc, decreased insulin, placenta responds differently(make more fat and RBCs bc of high insulin)

89
Q

Exercise benefits for GDM

A

aerobic decreases insulin resistance and blood glc

  • bike 45 min, 3x wk
  • Lift w arms 20 mins, 3x a wk
  • brisk walking 30 mins a day

Nutri Sci 431 (8 decks)

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