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Nutri Sci 431 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3000 mg = ____ mEq

A

130 (1 milliequivalent= 23 mg)

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2
Q

what % of pop. gets recommended physical activity

A

20

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3
Q

Healthy eating index, score of 100 means

A

Eating perfectly. currently around 58 for the population

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4
Q

Who writes the dietary guidelines

A

DHHS and USDA

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5
Q

The first DGAs were written in

A

1980, updated every 5 years

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6
Q

Year physical activity was added to DGAs

A

2000

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7
Q

The year food safety was added to DGAs

A

2000

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8
Q

less than 300 mg of cholesterol was taken out of which DGAs

A

2015

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9
Q

What year was <10% of calories from added sugars added

A

2015

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10
Q

Less than 10 % of ___ and ___

A

sodium and added sugar

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11
Q

Less than ____ mg of sodium

A

2300

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12
Q

The 2020 guidelines will include

A

pregnancy, birth to 24 months

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13
Q

1/2 cup fruit=

A

1 medium fruit

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14
Q

1/2 cup fruit = ___ cup dried fruit

A

1/4

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15
Q

1 tbsp PB=

A

1 oz

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16
Q

Alcohol recommendation

A

1 drink/day for women, 2 drinks/day for men

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17
Q

Caffeine recommendation (coffee)

A

3 to 5 8 oz cups a day is okay

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18
Q

How many cups/oz of each food group?

A 
Fruit: 2 cups
Veges: 2.5 cups
Diary: 3 cups
Protein: 5.5 oz
Grains: 6 oz
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19
Q

Average intake of sodium is above

A

UL

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20
Q

AMDR stands for

A

Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges

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21
Q

Energy requirement equation uses

A

weight, height, physical activity level and age

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22
Q

The current recommendations fall short on what nutrients

A

Vita D, E, choline and potassium

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23
Q

Under consumed nutrients are

A

Ca, D, fiber, pot., A, C, E, magnesium, choline and iron

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24
Q

Nutrients of public health concern

A

Ca, D, fiber, potassium

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25
Q

What foods are added sugars usually in

A

beverages (47%), snacks and sweets (31%)

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26
Q

What foods are high in sat. fat

A 
mixed dishes (35%-burgers, pizza)
Snacks/sweets (18%)
protein foods (15%)
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27
Q

Foods high in sodium

A

Mixed dishes (44%)
Protein foods
Grains

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28
Q

Who is usually closer to the recommendations

A

Young children and elderly adults

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29
Q

Overall low in and high in

A

Low: vege, fruit, dairy, oil, seafood
High: meat, poultry,

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30
Q

Acculturation

A

Adoption of attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviors

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31
Q

EAR

A

Meets 1/2 of healthy pops need

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32
Q

RDA

A

meets 97.5% of healthy pops need

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33
Q

AI

A

used when RDA cant be set, observed estimates of healthy individuals

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34
Q

UL

A

highest avg intake that isn’t likely to to pose a risk of adverse health effects

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35
Q

Serum ferritin should be above

A

greater than 12 ug/L

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36
Q

How to measure storage of iron

A

serum ferritin

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37
Q

how to measure circulating iron

A

transferrin saturation or protoporphyrin levels

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38
Q

Normal transferrin level

A

greater than 16%

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39
Q

Normal protoporphyrin level

A

less than 1 mg/L

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40
Q

Normal Hb (hemoglobin) levels

A

men: greater than 130 g/L
women: greater than 120 g/L

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41
Q

Indicator for setting RDA for iron

A

serum ferritin greater than 15 ug/L

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42
Q

Iron is lost through

A

sweat, urine, GI and menstrual bleeding

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43
Q

percent absorbed from heme iron

A

25%

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44
Q

Heme iron comes from ___ sources

A

animal

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45
Q

Nonheme iron comes from ____ sources

A

plant

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46
Q

Percent absorbed from nonheme iron

A

17%

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47
Q

Average absorption of iron based on average american diet

A

18%

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48
Q

EAR for men for iron

A

6 mg

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49
Q

RDA for men for iron

A

8 mg/day

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50
Q

Avg. basal iron loss for men

A

1 mg

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51
Q

Avg basal iron loss for women

A

0.9 mg

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52
Q

Avg menstrual loss for women

A

0.5 mg/day (1 ml of blood=0.5 mg/day)

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53
Q

Tota avg iron loss for women

A

1.4 mg/day

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54
Q

EAR for women for iron

A

8 mg/day

55
Q

RDA for women for iron

A

18 mg/day

56
Q

NOAEL

A

no observed adverse health effects (unknown for iron)

57
Q

LOAEL

A

lowest observed adverse effect level (70 mg/day for iron)

58
Q

UL for iron

A

45mg (70/1.5)

59
Q

Nutrients required on new label

A

Vita D, potassium, calcium and iron

60
Q

Nutrients required on old label

A

Vitamin A, C, iron and calcium

61
Q

RDA= EAR+ ____

A

2 Standard deviations

62
Q

Anthropemtric

A

height weight

63
Q

Biochemical

A

Bloodwork

64
Q

Clinical

A

Past medical history, surgeries

65
Q

Dietary

A

Food record, vegetarian? vegan?

66
Q

Anemia

A

Deficiency in size or count of red blood cells

67
Q

RBCs live for

A

120 days (1% daily)

68
Q

Erythropoiesis is

A

the synthesis of new red blood cells

69
Q

RBC synthesis requires

A

Fe, folate, B12, Cu and Zn

70
Q

SI segments

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

71
Q

Iron is regulated by

A

absorption

72
Q

How much iron do you absorb a day

A

1-2 mg/day

73
Q

Iron binds to ___ in the blood

A

transferrin

74
Q

Most iron goes to

A

bone marrow

75
Q

Iron stored in

A

ferritin

76
Q

RBCs are degraded in the

A

spleen

77
Q

____ blocks release of iron

A

Hepcidin

78
Q

Iron is absorbed in what parts of the digestive tract

A

duodenum and upper jejunum

79
Q

Ferritin (source)

A

Protein with caged iron, abundant in legumes, seeds

80
Q

What nutrient improves iron absorption

A

Vita C

81
Q

Things that decrease iron absorption

A
  • tannins in coffee/tea
  • phytates in bread
  • oxolate in veges and chocolate
  • Ca phosphate supplement (milk is okay)
  • Large Zn supplements
  • Decreased gastric acid, antacids
82
Q

GO over iron absorption diagram

A

Okay

83
Q

In pregnancy EAR and RDA

A

EAR= 22

RDA=27

84
Q

Macrocytic anemia

A

Characterized by megaloblastic or big and immature cells

85
Q

Macrocytic anemia is caused by

A

folate or B12 (B6 or thiamin but rare)

86
Q

Dna and purine synthesis is decreased bc RBC division is retarded

A

Megaloblastic anemia (big cells that still have their nuclei)

87
Q

Microcytic anemia caused by deficiencies in

A

Fe, b6, Pb(excess) vita C, E, A, thiamin, Cd and Cu

88
Q

microcytic anemia is characterized by

A

small pale RBCs, pale, sob, weak, decreased immune function, decreased ability to learn, rapid heart rate

89
Q

Folate is essential for

A

DNA synthesis

90
Q

Methylene tetrahydrofolate is

A

the active form of folate

91
Q

Methyl tetrahydrofolate is

A

the inactive form of folate

92
Q

What’s used to test for B12 deficiency

A

methomalinate

93
Q

EAR and RDA for folate

A

320, 400

94
Q

1 ug dietary folate = ____ folic acid

A

.6

95
Q

Absorption of folate takes place in

A

upper GI tract

96
Q

Depletion of folate takes place in

A

2-4 months

97
Q

Food sources of folate

A

Limited, green leafy veges, oranges, legumes, berries

98
Q

____ folate is less bioavailable

A

Dietary (it has more glutamate residues that need to be cleaved off

99
Q

R protein is produced by

A

salivary glands

100
Q

Intrinsic factor is released from

A

stomach

101
Q

R-protein role in B12 absorption

A

Binds w B12 in stomach and protects it from bacteria in the SI

102
Q

Trypsin comes from the

A

pancreas

103
Q

Trypsin releases

A

R-protein

104
Q

B12 is absorbed in the

A

ileum

105
Q

b12 deficiency associated with

A

Decreased absorption of protein bound B12 ( atrophic gastritis)
low stomach acid
decreased intrinsic factor( pernicious anemia)
intestinal disease

106
Q

B12 sources

A

Only in animal protein (vegans-need supplement)

107
Q

T/F: B12 supplement with free b12 is more bioavailable and you can get enough B12 by passive transport w lots of supplement

A

true

108
Q

Physical symptoms of iron deficiency

A

Koilonchia (fingernails w cuplike depressions), pale, fatigued

109
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

110
Q

Hct

A

Hematocrit (% of blood volume that is RBC)

111
Q

MCV

A

mean cell volume (size of RBC fL)

112
Q

MCH

A

mean cell Hb (pg)

113
Q

MCHC

A

mean cell Hb conc. (hb content per volume of RBC (g/L))

114
Q

Serum is formed when whole blood clots, serum glucose conc. is _____ higher than plasma glucose conc.

A

2-5%

115
Q

Treatment of iron deficiency

A

Ferrous supplement 300mg tablet=60mg Fe

Taken bt meals, response seen 7-12 days after

116
Q

1 oz of grains equivalents

A

1 slice of bread
1 cup cheerios
1/2 cup oatmeal
1/2 cup rice

117
Q

1/2 cup vegetable equivalents

A 
1 cup raw kale 
1/2 cup cooked kale 
1/2 cup v8 juice
1/2 green beans
1/2 cup cooked carrots
118
Q

1/2 cup fruit equivalents

A 
1 medium banana
1/2 cup grapes 
1/2 cup apple juice 
1/4 cup dried fruit
1/2 cup canned peach
119
Q

1 oz protein equivalents

A 
1 oz chicken 
1 large egg 
1/2 oz walnut 
1 Tbsp peanut butter 
1/4 cup black beans
120
Q

1 cup dairy equivalents

A

1 cup milk
1 oz cheddar
6 oz yogurt

121
Q

Reference weight and height for DGAs

A

Male: 5’10” 154 lbs
Female: 5’4” 126 lbs

122
Q

Nutrient dense foods are defined as food that provide

A

few calories but lots of nutrients

123
Q

Which DRI is used for sodium

A

UL

124
Q

Which DRI is used for linoleic acid

A

AI

125
Q

% not meeting vege recommendation

A

80%

126
Q

% not consuming enough fruit

A

60%

127
Q

% consuming too much added sugar

A

60%

128
Q

% consuming too much sodium

A

80%

129
Q

2300 mg sodium =

A

~ 1 tsp salt

130
Q

Macrocytic anemia is most often caused by

A

Macrocytic anemia is most often cased by problem in absorbing protein-bound B12 from food due to atrophic gastritis. (not intrinsic factor)

131
Q

Study folate/B12 diagram

A

okay

132
Q

BMI calculation

A

Kg/m^2 or lb/in^2*703

133
Q

a lifestyle that includes physical activity equivalent to walking about 1.5 to 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to the activities of independent living.

A

Moderately active

134
Q

lifestyle that includes physical activity equivalent to walking more than 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to the activities of independent living.

A

Active

Nutri Sci 431 (8 decks)

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