Exam 2

Question 1

In what sense was Rome a democracy and in what sense was it not

Answer 1

Rome was a democracy because the people people held legislative power and theoretically there were elections. It is not democratic because different classes of people held more power in their vote and only the aristocracy could run for office

Question 2

What were the two roman policies that helped them expand into an empire

Answer 2

Allowing local authorities in conquered lands to stay in power as long as they were loyal, paid taxes, and supplied troops. And extending citizenship to leading loyal citizens of conquered lands. Both made them feel connected to Rome. They also enforced the virtues in the military and refused to accepted defeat(decimation)

Question 3

What did the gracchus brothers attempt to achieve and why did it get them killed.

Answer 3

They tried to implement a land distribution plan that took the land from aristocracies and gave it to displaced farmers and they wanted to grant citizenship to the republics Italian allies. They were killed because the senate/aristocracy didn’t want to lose their land/fortune and they didn’t want to lose status or control over the Italians

Question 4

What changes allowed for military generals like Caesar able to be able to amass great power in the late republic

Answer 4

The private army allowed for leverage and influence by one man over a army of soldiers. People had gotten use to the rule of one person because of the doctoral ideal placed by Sulla. And the imbalance between the plebeians and aristocracy left the plebs desperate for leadership

Question 5

What were the advantages of the new Augustan administrative system

Answer 5

More reliable infrastructure. Consistent form of justice. Clear expectations of a person’s role in society. New amount of responsibility for leaders , had to be more trustworthy and honest

Question 6

How does Tacitus think Augustus stole power from the senate

Answer 6

Nobody was left to fight off Augustus politically and he seduced the people with free food and entertainment. Slowly placed jus own people in power and gave himself all of the power

Question 7

Besides increased procreation what was the purpose of marriage laws

Answer 7

Decreased bachelorhood, divorce, and irregular liaisons among the upper class. Marriage and childbearing was encouraged. The aristocratic population would increase, this would increase the morality of citizens, and strengthen property and marriage rites. Better aristocracy= better Rome

Question 8

How is Augustus a reformer and how is he conservative

Answer 8

Reformer- changes how the system is run, districts the administrative style and implements new laws
Conservative- keeps the same roman values and kept the image of the system for the republic

Question 9

Why is Augustus different

Answer 9

Bought land and took care of soldiers, expanded wealth and food to all Romans, and he globalize do principals as a political system. He undermines the republic without war. Rode the middle line. Was a reformer with conservative purposes

Question 10

Under what conditions was the roman republic vital and successful

Answer 10

Power wasn’t corrupt by aristocrats and senate seeking to advance themselves. Government mixed three powers in the commonwealth. Rulers had wisdom and integrity. People had a way to advance their societal standing

Question 11

What changes weakened the republic

Answer 11

City was crowded and idle. Disruptive fraction. Disloyal and corrupt senate. No loyalty to the state

Question 12

Whom does Adams blame for the fall of the republic

Answer 12

Greedy aristocrats and noble a who overcrowded the cities with conquered people because they were power hungry and who created rebellious factions that unbalanced the government

Question 13

What constitutional principal does his analysis suggest

Answer 13

Separation of powers

Question 14

Why was the roman senate able to govern effectively

Answer 14

The senate members were qualified and trustees. They had education, money, and independence. They had talent, dedication, and they care for Rome

Question 15

What mistakes did the senatorial class make in the republican period

Answer 15

Cave to corruption of the mob. Created a too large wealth gap, unorganized careless decision makers and constant fight over power

Question 16

What was wrong with the plebeian class

Answer 16

Uneducated people of vice
No education, were self serving, no honor or loyalty to Rome, lazy, poor, envious, no sense of justice, and were motivated by fear

Question 17

Why was gracchus law so ill advised and dangerous

Answer 17

Took advantage of fear, envy, and selfishness. Acted in animosity. Was not actually about equality, the people didn’t deserve the land, or the wealth, honor, and responsibility that goes with it

Question 18

What fundamentally ruined the republic

Answer 18

The balance of power, wealth, and society was disturbed by the idea of equality, class conflict, and the bad motivations of the ruling class

Question 19

What sort of government have gained the best and avoided the mistakes of the roman republic

Answer 19

Different distinct orders within government that represent the different orders of society.
Ex.) senate=elite house=plebeians

Don’t let the plebs run government

Question 20

Why did Diocletian persecute Christians

Answer 20

He wanted them to join the civic religion and civic duties of Rome to create loyalty and spiritual unity within the empire.

Question 21

How did emperor Constantine view his role in the church

Answer 21

He saw himself as the supreme authority over the church. It was his duty to help spread the influence of Christianity and create a universals standard Christian belief systems

Question 22

In what ways was the Byzantium empire a continuation of the Roman Empire and how was it not

Answer 22

Byzantium was a new Capitol for the Roman Empire and became its own empire when they cut off the west. It was different because they went back to the Greek language, welcomed different ethnic groups, became a Christian empire, and had coastal cities as leaders

Question 23

What are the characteristics of benediction monasteries and what was their influence on European life.

Answer 23

Monasteries without harsh regulations. Everybody did labor, received an education, and studied spirituality. Everybody got an education became the best type of education. Produced scholars. Were some of the only ones able to print influenced all education and literature communities. Made Christianity a part of everyday life

Question 24

What was the significance of Charlemagne being crowned emperor of Rome

Answer 24

It established a way for him to pass on his empirical rule, declared the Carolingian court independent of and equal to the Greek east. Protected pope and roman orthodoxy

Question 25

What was the goal of the reform movement of the church in the 10th and 11th centuries

Answer 25

To improve the moral and educational caliber of the clergy. Create strict conformity to standard religious services authorized by the church. Stop lay investiture

Question 26

How does Dictatus papae serve the purpose of the reform movement

Answer 26

Dictatus papae clearly defines the rules and expectations of the church. Makes it clear what the church is about and the is morality and loyalty to the church

Question 27

Why is the period between 750 and 900 considered a golden age for Islam

Answer 27

Original Arab culture was transformed into Islam. Non-Arab Muslims were welcomed into the religion and culture. The Islamic empire stabilized, the government ran smoothly and the Islamic world was held together.

Question 28

Where does the tradition of veiling women in public come from

Answer 28

Persians veiled women to keep non-Persian men from looking upon them. The veil worked with the qu’ran’s demand for sexual modesty and the veil became generally islamized

Question 29

Identify a significant difference and similarity between Deuteronomy and the qu’ran

Answer 29

Allah/God is with the soldier and helping them win. Differentiate on what to do with the spoils of war- Qu’ran spoils go to Allah and the needy, Deuteronomy spoils go to the soldiers who won the,

Question 30

What are two non religious arguments urban II makes for crusade

Answer 30

They are wicked people and the land is healthy

Question 31

How does the crusade solve the moral dilemma for medieval soldiers

Answer 31

The dilemma became none existent because war fare sins in the name of God were forgiven. They could now be good soldiers and good Christians

Question 32

What are two examples of priests playing an important role in the siege of Antioch

Answer 32

Gave communion and mass to soldiers before they fought filling a soldiers duty as a Christian and they prayed really hard during the battle and God sent extra troops

Question 33

How does Raymond explain the victory at dorylaeum

Answer 33

A saint/knight came down to help and killed so many people it drove the Turks back

Question 34

Compare baudry and the artwork from 51

Answer 34

Both show a sermon being given to troops. Are religious-Christian. Art has Christ give ping sermon baudry has a priest. Christ is with troops. Depict a similar moment in time

Question 35

What is the reason for the all out slaughter in Jerusalem and how does it compare to Deuteronomy

Answer 35

The slaughter in Jerusalem comes from tan reds desire to not have to fight an internal battle down the road against survivors in case of another attack. Kill them now so he doesn’t have to deal with a two front war later. Deuteronomy says to only kill the makes and to take everything else into possession

Question 36

Compare al-suhamis call for jihad with Urbans call to crusade

Answer 36

Urban attacks them for land and wrongdoing, not based entirely in religion like al suhami.
Jihad is spreading Islam crusade is conquering
Urban is convincing soldiers to fight to self serve and redeem their previous sins. Al suhami says jihad is a religious duty
Jihad is fight so you don’t go to hell
Crusade is fight a maybe no to go hell

Question 37

Describe the patrician with a bust

Answer 37

Marble statue of a man dressed in a toga carrying two busts

50 BCE roman republic

Question 38

Describe that statue of Augustus

Answer 38

Young man very roman looking dressed like a warrior but still regal has baby hanging of robes
30 imperial Rome

Question 39

Describe the colosseum

Answer 39

Large marble arena with many windows

72 imperial Rome

Question 40

Describe the pantheon

Answer 40

Indoor picture with a designer floor and the under part of a dome
125 imperial Rome

Question 41

Describe the sarcophagus

Answer 41

Marble carving depicting bible scenes

359 imperial Rome

Question 42

Describe The Hagia Sophia inside and out

Answer 42

Inside is the really high up picture of a dome has many windows and large circles with funky writing on them. Outside the building is red and has many pillars/towers and a black dome
537 Byzantium

Question 43

Describe the portrait of Theodora

Answer 43

Maniac picture of a queen

648 Byzantium

Question 44

Describe the dome of the rock

Answer 44

Gold dome with a blue mosaic outside and a hexagonal shape

Question 45

What are the five pillars of Islam

Answer 45

Bear witness to the unity of God and the prophethood of Muhammad 
Daily prayers facing Mecca
Fasting during Ramadan 
Giving to the poor
Make a pilgrimage to Mecca- haji