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SCS 105 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

take aways from handout on BPA

A
  • important to have perspective about things
  • all substances are poisons. there is none which is not a poison. the right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy
  • *look over underlined parts of article again
  • there are chemicals that people are exposed to all of the time
  • pollutant=contaminant
  • -1. chemical not found in nature
  • -2. chemical exceeds its natural concentration [mass/volume]
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2
Q

harm is determined by:

A
  • dosage/response
  • solubility
  • persistance
  • bioaccumulation
  • biomagnification
  • chemical interactions
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3
Q

what is dosage?

A

amount of exposure/time

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4
Q

types of exposure(3)

A

inhalation
ingestion
absorption (cutaneous)

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5
Q

what are the 4 things involved in risk assessment?

A
  • data collection and analysis
  • exposure assessment
  • toxicity assessment
  • risk characterization
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6
Q

key components of health risk assessment

A

s-list of emissions/effluents
-description of emission/effluent toxicity
-quantify maximum release rate
d-evaluation of release dispersion
r-description of environment around facility

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7
Q

limitations of health risk assessment

A

major scientific uncertainties
-emissions/effluent data
-methodology
only rough estimate of actual risk
-typically only considers human impact-synergistic effects
-no indirect impacts are investigated (only direct)

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8
Q

what is risk?

A

probability of suffering injury, disease, death, or other loss as a result of exposure to a hazard

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9
Q

what is hazard?

A

anything that can cause

(1) injury, disease, or death to humans
(2) damage to personal or public property
(3) deterioration or destruction of environmental components

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10
Q

classes of hazards/environmental habits? (4)

A

cultural
biological
physical-natural disasters
chemical-mining, refining, manufacturing

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11
Q

what is risk assessment?

A

an evaluation of the short term and long term risks associated with a particular activity or hazard, usually compared to benefits in a cost-benefit analysis

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12
Q

hazardous waste is…

A
  1. on EPA list (listed waste)

2. TICR (characteristic waste)

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13
Q

what does TICR stand for?

A 
Toxicity
Ignitability
Corrosivity
Reactivity
(considered a hazardous waste if it exhibits one of these qualities)
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14
Q

why is a Childs risk greater than an adults?

A
  • food, drink, and other intake is greater in children
  • more direct contact w/ enviornment (outside play and fingers in mouth)
  • less developed protective mechanisms
  • rapid growth and development
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15
Q

4 things from his book “Principled plan of action by industry”

A
  1. operate legally and ethically
  2. educate employees of benefits and risks
  3. listen and respond approximately to public
  4. properly disseminate information to media
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16
Q

What produces public opposition?

A 
dread
intrusion
involuntary
proximity
inadequate understanding of operation
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17
Q

what reduces public opposition?

A 
onsite waste management/disposal
local control
local culture
voluntary
good community relations
18
Q

Environmental Science Themes (AP)

A
  1. science is a process
  2. energy conversions underlie all ecological processes
  3. the earth itself is one interconnected system
  4. humans alter natural systems
  5. environmental problems have a cultural and social context
  6. human survival depends on developing practices that will achieve sustainable systems
19
Q

what is the dirtiest fuel?

A

coal

20
Q

what natural processes acted to dissipate the Ashlyn oil spill?

A
  1. volatilization
  2. mixing and dilution
  3. microbial metabolism
  4. adsorption
  5. sedimentation
21
Q

volatilization

A

oil is volatile, it evaporates therefore, the concentration of oil in the water goes down

22
Q

microbial metabolism

A

bugs eat the oil which makes the concentration of oil in water go down

23
Q

adsorption

A

oils sticks to dirt, makes suspended sediment

24
Q

sedimentation

A

when suspended sediment settles to the bottom of the river and gets the oil out of the water

25
Q

what was the impact of the Ashlyn oil spill on the food chain?

A 
mammals
birds
fish
plants
bottom dwellers
aquatic invertebrates
aquatic microbes
26
Q

what does P2/E2 stand for?

A

Pollution prevention energy efficiency

27
Q

examples of energy efficiency

A 
turn off lights when leaving a room
keep thermostat not too high or too low
keep things unplugged when not in use
keep windows sealed
use fluorescent lightbulbs
28
Q

examples of recycling

A

plastic water bottles
paper
styrofoam/foam plastic

29
Q

examples of things to reuse

A

plastic shopping bags

old toys

30
Q

examples of ways to save water

A

keep showers shorter
turn off water when brushing teeth
fix leaky pipes
brick in toilet example

31
Q

examples of things to compost

A

coffee grounds
fruit rinds
egg shells

32
Q

industry pollution prevention practices

A 
management initiatives
employee training and suggestions
energy efficiency
preventative maintenance
shipping and packaging changes
improved housekeeping
material substitution/reformulation
recycle/reduce/reuse
waste exchanges
new or redesigned equipment/process automation
pretreatment/treatment/control
33
Q

industry benefits from pollution prevention practices

A 
raw material conservation
disposal cost reduction
increased efficiency
improved corporate image
possible product safety improvements
possible reduction of workers compensation claims
reduction of environmental liabilities
decreased regulatory compliance requirements
34
Q

how is risk calculated?

A

(1 injury/3 lifetimes) * (1 lifetime/50,000 trips)
=1 injury/150,000 trips
=0.00067%

35
Q

what is a pest?

A
  • an organism that reduces the availability, quality, or value of a useful resource
  • an unwanted organism that directly or indirectly interferes with human activity
  • can be troublesome, noxious, or destructive…usually refers to agricultural pests
36
Q

what is a pesticide?

A
  • a chemical designed to inhibit growth, kill, control, modify behavior, or drive away an organism undesirable to humans
  • includes: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, nematocides, and rodenticides
  • from latin–a plague (pestis) + to kill (caedere)
37
Q

problems with chemical pesticide use

A

development of resistance by pests
resurgences and secondary-pest outbreaks
adverse environmental and human health effects
-bioaccumulation/biomagnification

38
Q

synopsis of pesticide issues

A
  • careless and excessive use caused significant harm to wildlife in past
  • banning the most persistent and toxic pesticides made good sense
  • new generation of pesticides much improved
  • farmers can use fewer pesticides and avoid practices leading to runoff into nearby lakes and streams
  • doing without pesticides can generate substantial problems
39
Q

what is the IPM?

A

integrated pest management
-approach to pest control in which “each crop and its pests are evaluated as parts of an ecological system. Then a control program is developed that includes a mix of cultivation and biological and chemical methods applies in proper sequence and with the proper timing”

40
Q

amount of mass/amount of body mass

A

ppm

SCS 105 (2 decks)

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