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ISAT 112 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The chemical process of burning that is, the reaction of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light

A

combustion

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2
Q

Steps to producing energy from coal

A
  1. combustion
  2. use heat from combustion to boil water in a closed high pressure system (compresses water vapor to create steam)
  3. generates electricity as steam goes past turbine causing it to spin.
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3
Q

How to increase potential energy

A

heavier and higher

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4
Q

How to increase kinetic energy

A

heavier and faster

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5
Q

The energy of the reaction of the product

A

chemical energy

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6
Q

What makes a good fuel

A

higher potential energy means the better the fuel, higher efficiency mean less fuel have to be burned to generate the same amount of energy and that less carbon dioxide and other pollutants would be emitted

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7
Q

Energy neither created or destroyed just changes forms

A

First law of thermodynamics

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8
Q

How to calculate net efficiency

A

% net efficiency = (electrical energy produced / heat from fuel) * 100

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9
Q

Efficiencies of most fossil fuel power plants

A

35-50%

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10
Q

How much energy from gasoline used to move vechile

A

15% used to move vechile

60% lost from internal combustion of engine

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11
Q

A measure of how much energy gets dispersed in a given process

A

enthropy

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12
Q

The enthropy of the universe is constantly increasing

A

2nd law of thermodynamics

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13
Q

Why is coal better than wood

A

contains higher percentage of carbon and lower percentage of oxygen (more oxygen a fuel contains the less energy per gram it release on combustion, lower potential energy scale)

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14
Q

Coal grades

A

lignant
bituminous
anthracite - high carbon and low sulfur = most desirable coal

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15
Q

To remove sulur and other minerals impurities from the coal before it is burned

A

coal washing

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16
Q

to convert coal to a mixture of carbon monoxicde and hydrogen. Gas burns at a lower temp thus reducing the generatio of nitrogen oxides

A

gasification

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17
Q

chemically remove SO2 before it goes up in the smokestack

A

web scrubbing

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18
Q

Pros and cons of coal

A

pros - available throughout the globe, high net energy, infustructure is there
cons - dangerous and sometimes expensive to excavate, environmental harm, dirty fuel, produces CO2

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19
Q

Pros and cons of petroleum

A

adv= advantage of being liquid = easily pumped to the surface and transported via piplines to refineries, yield 40-60% more energy per gram than coal (48kJ/g vs. 30 kJ/g), relatively clean (no sulfer dioxide CO, or nitrogen oxides), waste is used as “feedstocks” to produce other produces such as plastics,
cons - produces CO2, lags between oil discovers, using faster than finding, oil spills, oil sands, hydraulic fracking can poison water,

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20
Q

What is oil made up of

A

hydrocarbons

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21
Q

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and/or molecules present in a substance

A

Temperature

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22
Q

The kinetic energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder one

A

Heat

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23
Q

A device used to experimentally measure the quality of heat energy released in a combustion reaction

A

calorimeter

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24
Q

The quantity of heat energy given off when a specificed amount of a substance burns in oxygen

A

heat of combustion

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25
Q

units of heat of combustion

A

kJ/mol kJ/g kcal/mol kcal/g

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26
Q

A term applied to any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat

A

exothermic

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27
Q

sign of an exothermic reaction

A

negative signifies the decrease in potential energy going from reactants to the products ( higher potential energy of a fuel the more heat it releases)

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28
Q

Fuels with th highest heats of combustion are called

A

hydrocarbons

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29
Q

As the ratio of hydrogen to carbon decreases…

A

the heat of combustion decreases

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30
Q

As the oxygen in the fuel increases…

A

the heat of combustion decreases

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31
Q

Term applied to any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

A

endothermic

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32
Q

Examples of endothermic processes

A

natural occurring, involve electrical discharge, a high-energy photon or a high temperature (photosynthesis)

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33
Q

Energy change of an endothermic reaction is always

A

positive the potential energy of the products is higher than that of the reactants

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34
Q

Energy required to break bonds

A

If energy required to break the bonds in the reactants is greater than the energy released when the products form (endothermic) = energy is absorbed

If bond making energy of products is greater than the bond breaking in the reactants then the net energy change is (exotermic) energy is released by the reaction

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35
Q

The amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a specific chemical bond

A

bond energy

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36
Q

A process that breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones by heating them to a high emperature making the molecules smaller and more economically important

A

Thermal cracking

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37
Q

Problem with thermal cracking

A

energy required to produce the high termerature

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38
Q

A process in which catalysts are used to crack larger hydrogarbon molecules into smaller ones at relatively low termperature

A

Catalytic cracking

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39
Q

Molecules rearranged usually starting with linear molecules and producing ones with more branches. More highly brancged molecules burn more smoothly in automobile engines

A

Catalytic reforming

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40
Q

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different chemical structure and different properties are called

A

isomers

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41
Q

The energy necessary to initiate a chemical reaction

A

activation energy

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42
Q

How to Lower activation energy

A

Increase temperature,
reactions that happen faster have lower activation energy
Catalyst can lower activation energy

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43
Q

Pros and Cons of ethanol

A

Pros - cleaner energy, renewable, lower CO2
Cons - contains more oxygen so has a lower energy content (cellulose) , can take up food sources, lots of agriculture needed, can corrode fuel tanks if not in the right amount

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44
Q

How ethanol made

A

fermentation. alchol - a hydrocarbon substituated with one or more -OH groups bonded to its carbon atoms

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45
Q

A distinctive arrangement of a group of atoms that imparts characteristics properties to the molecules that contail this group

A

functional group

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46
Q

Biodisel

A

made from veg oils, and animal fats, wasted cooking oil, triglicerides, and fats

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47
Q

Pros and cons of biodesil

A

Pros - renewable, recycled oil,

Cons- can not go strait into tank, release CO2,

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48
Q

Properties of Water

A

liquid at room temperature
low molar mass 18 g/mol
high boiling point (100 C)
Water expands when it freezes

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49
Q

A measure of the attraction of an atom from an electron in a chemical bond ( the greater the difference in electronegativity the more polar the bond is)

A

Electronegativity

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50
Q

Polarity of water

A

partially neg on O

partially pos on H

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51
Q

A covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared but rather are closer to the ore electronegative atom

A

polar covalent bond

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52
Q

A covalent bond in which the electrons are equally shared

A

nonpolar covalent bonds

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53
Q

Help predict if a bond is polar

A

-if molecule has only nonpolar bonds it must be nonpolar (H2)
= molecule contains polar covalent bonds it may or may not be polar, it depends on the geometry

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54
Q

An electrostatic attraction between a Hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electrognative atom (O, N, or F) either in another molecule or a different part of the same molecule. 1/10th as strong as covalent bonds and farther apart than covalent bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds

55
Q

Why frozen water floats

A

It creates a crystal/ lattice structure when it freezes due to hydrogen bonds. This creates a lot of empty space in the ice lowering the density. (liquid water is more dense)

56
Q

The mass per unit of volume

A

density

57
Q

The quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degrees celcius

A

Specific heat

58
Q

Water has one of the highest specific heats and a high heat capacity (makes it an execptional coolent)

A

B/c hydrogen bonds

59
Q

How much of the water is fresh water

A

3%

60
Q

How much of the water is salt water

A

97%

61
Q

Break down of fresh water

A

lakes rivers and wetlands .3%

62
Q

What we use water for

A 
85% from fresh 15% from salt
IN US
50% industry
31% crop irrigation
12% homes, schools and businesses

Around the world
70% for irrigation

63
Q

Estimates of the volume of fresh water used to produce particular goods or to provide services

A

water footprints

64
Q

Water issues

A

global climate change, overconsumption and inefficient use, Contamination

65
Q

How many people lack safe drinking water

A

Almost a billion

66
Q

US EPA definition of a water contaiminant

A

Anything physical chemical biological or radiocationve that is harmful to human health or degrades the taste or color of the water (90 known substances)

Not all contaiminatnts found in water are regulated

67
Q

The ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solution

A

Concentration

68
Q

Ways to express concentration

A

percent (per 100 grams of solution), parts per million, parts per billion and molarity

I ppm = 1mg solute / 1L water

69
Q

A type of glassware that contains a precise amount of solution when filled to the mark on its neck.

A

volumetric flask

70
Q

An apparatus that produces a signal to indicate the electricity is being conducted

A

conductivity meter

71
Q

A solute that is nonconducting inan aqueous solutions ex sugar

A

nonelectrolyte

72
Q

A solute that conducts electricity in an aqueous solutions ex NaCl

A

electrolyte

73
Q

The chemical bond formed when oppositely charged ions attract

A

ionic bond

74
Q

Composed of ions that are present in fixed proprtions and arranged in a regular geometric structure

A

ionic compounds

75
Q

ionic bond

A
  • transfer of electrons

- between a metal and non metal (metals give up electrons and nonmetals gain electrons)

76
Q

Two or more atoms covalently bonded together that have an overall positive or negative charge

A

polyatomic ion

77
Q

How are aqueous solutions made

A

ions are separated and surrounded by water molecules. cations attracted to partially negataive O. Anions attracted to partially positive H.

78
Q

Difference on how dissolvable something is

A

The size and charges of the ions, how strongly they attract to one another and how strongly the ions are attracted to water molecules (pg 240)

79
Q

What happnens to covalent polar in water

A

molecules remain intact and disperse uniformly amoung H2O molecules. ex sugar

80
Q

Attraction exists between the solvent molecules and the solute molecules or ions

A

Like dissolves like

81
Q

Things that dissolve in water

A

ionic - salts (NaCl)

polar covalent - ethylene glycol, ethanol, thyl alchol (-OH groups)

82
Q

Compounds that help polar and nonpolar compounds mix

A

surfactants

83
Q

Tendency of nonpolar compounds to dissolve into other nonpolar substances explains what with fish

A

how fish and animals accumulate nonpolar substances such as PCBs or pesticide DDT in their fatty tissue. (stored in nonpolar fat rather than polar blod)

84
Q

The increase in concentraition of certain persistant chemicals in successively higher levels of a food chain

A

biomagnification

85
Q

To ensure potable water to those who depend on community water supplies. Containments that may be health risks are regulated by the EPA. Controls pollution of lakes, rivers, and costal areas

A

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

86
Q

The maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on human health would occur. not a legal limit

A

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG)

87
Q

For known carcinogens the EPA has set the health goal to…

A

zero

88
Q

The legal limit for the concentraition of a contaminent expressed in parts per million or parts per billion. range from 10 ppm to less than 1 ppb

A

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

89
Q

Water contaminents

A

Lead - acculates in bones and brain causing severe and permanent neurological problems. Irritability sleeplessness and irrational behavior. effect children bone mass and damage to brain can cause retardation and hyperactivity

Nitrate ion (NO3-) - can be converted into nitrite ion (NO2-) that limits blood ability to carry oxygen. can cause difficulty in breathing and possibly permanent brain damage from lack of oxygen

Biological agents - live in digestive tracts, diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and vomiting

90
Q

1974 provided the foundation for educing surface water pollution. Established limits of the amounts of pollutants that industry can discharge removing over a billion pounds of toxic pollutants from US waters every year

A

Clean Water Act (CWA)

91
Q

Water treatment

A
  1. pass water through a filter
  2. add aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide
  3. clorination
92
Q

A measue rof the amount of dissolved oxygen that microorganisms use up as they decompose organic wastes found in water. A low BOD indicates good water quality

A

Bioogical oxygen demand (BOD)

93
Q

Contributors to BOD

A

Nitrates and phosphates

overabundance can lead to algal blooms that clog waterways and deplete oxygen from water.

Reduced oxygen can lead to fish kills

94
Q

Any process that removes sodium chloride and other minerals from salty water thus producing potable water

A

desalinated water

95
Q

A separation process in which a liquid solution is heated and the vapors are condensed and collected

A

distillation

96
Q

Uses pressure to force te movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution that is more concentrated to a solution that is less concentratid

A

reverse osmosis

97
Q

Tech that removes pathogens from water. Limitation is that it does not remove chemicals

A

Point-Of-Use lifestraws

98
Q

Cotton leaves a huge foot print BOD is equal to

A

raw sewage

it is better to use and generate substances that are not toxic

99
Q

Do not flush prescription drugs

A

better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed

100
Q

A compound that releases hydrogen ion in an aqueous solution

A

acid

101
Q

An acid that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution

A

strong acid (HCL, SO2 and NO2)

102
Q

Irregular/weak acid or base break downs

A

263 CO2
264 NH3
269 CaCO3

103
Q

An acid that dissociates only to a small extent in an aqueous solution

A

weak acid (carbonic acid)

104
Q

A compound that releases hydroxide ions OH- in aqueous solution

A

base

NH3, NaOH

105
Q

Bases that dissociate completely in ater, such as NaOH

A

strong bases

106
Q

A base that dissociates only to a small extent

A

weak base

107
Q

A chmical reaction in which hydrogen ions from an acid combine with te hydroxide ions from a base to form water molecules

A

neutralization reaction

108
Q

Neither acidic nor basic. It has equal concentrtions of H and OH.

A

Neutral solution

109
Q

A number usually between 0 -1 that indicates the acidity for a solution les than 7 = acidic greater than 7 = base

A

pH

as pH decreases acidity increases

110
Q

The lowering of the pH due to increasesd atmospheric carbon dioxide

A

ocean acidification

111
Q

When pH of rain is lower than 5 we call it

A

acid rain

112
Q

How to measure acidity of rain

A

250 sites of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/ National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) sensor and 2 buckets

put near special ecosystems

113
Q

Chemicals that cause acid rain

A

CO2
Sox (2,3) and Nox (1,2)
pg 273
pg 274

114
Q

The wet and dry forms of delivery of acids from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth
wet - rain snow and fog
dry - aerosols ammonium nitrat, ammonim sulfate can cause haze

A

acid deposition

115
Q

Levels of SO2 emission vary

A

depending on how much coal burning electric utility plants are equipt

coal problem 276

116
Q

percentage of SO2 emissions

A

87% fuel combustion
10% industrial processing
2% transportation
1% miscelllaneous

117
Q

percentage of NOx emissions

A

51% transportation
37% fuel combustion
8% industrial
4% miscellaneous

118
Q

How NOx emissions occur

A

temperature gets really hot in engine and N2 can react with O2
NO2 hihly reactive red brown gas with nasty odor can turn into nitric acid
pg 278

119
Q

The compounds of nitrogen that cycle through the biosphere and interconvert with each other

A

reactive nitrogen

ex. aminies NH2

120
Q

Bacteria remove nitrogen gas from the air and convert it to ammonia

A

nitrogen fixing bacteria

121
Q

Nitrogen cycle things that produce nitrogen

A

producing food

nitrates in fertilizers

122
Q

The process of converting ammonia in the soil to the nitrate ion

A

nitrification (280)

123
Q

the process of converting nitrates to nitrogen gas (releases N2)

A

denitrification

124
Q

A set of chemical pathways whereby nitrogen moves through the biosphere

A

nitrogen cycle

125
Q

N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3

A

Haber-Bosch process
allows economical production of ammonia which in turn enables the large-scale production of fertilizers and nitrogen based explosives

126
Q

Increase of reactive nitrogen from burning fossil fuels and fertilization parrellel

A

growth of world population

127
Q

Natural sources of SO2 emissions

A

volcanos

oceans (marine organisms)

128
Q

Natural sources of NO

A

lightnig strikes
forest fires
bacteria converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen oxides

129
Q

Anthropogenic SO2 and NOx

A

SO2 twice as much as natural

NOx 4 times as much (increased 1950s then started decreasing 1970s due to Clean Air Act Ammendments)

130
Q

National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)

A

tries to prevent acid rain corrosion of metals like iron and steel as well as marble, and limestone (286)

131
Q

Readily absorbs water from the atmosphere and retains it. Ex. Sulfur trioxide colorless gas. From little droplets and then coalesce to produce larger droplets. Droplets form an aerosol with droplets about a micrometer in diameter. Does not absorb sunlight and can persist for several days

A

hygroscopic

132
Q

Required hundreds of older power plants that emitted vast quantities of S)2, NOx and particulates to retrofit their operations with pollution controls

A

Regional Haze Rule (1999)

133
Q

pH damaging lakes and streams

A
  1. 5 = healthy pH
    - below 6 fish and other aquatic life are affected
    - 5 few species can survive
    - 4 lake essentially a dead ecosystem
134
Q

THe capacity of a lake or other body of water to resist a decrease in pH

A

acid-neutralizing capacity

limestone has a high acid neutralizing capacity b/c slowly reacts with acid rain (293)

granite - hard and not as reactive

ISAT 112 (2 decks)

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