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ISAT 112 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of Air Inhaled

A 
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon 0.9%
Carbon Dioxide 0.04%
Water Vapor - variable
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2
Q

Composition of Exhaled Air

A 
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 16%
Argon 0.9%
Carbon Dioxide 4.0%
Water vapor - variable
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3
Q

Criteria Pollutants (5)

A
  1. Carbon Monoxide
  2. Ozone
  3. Sulfur Dioxide
  4. Nitrogen Dioxide
  5. Particulate Matter
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4
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A
  1. silent killer
  2. interfers with ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen
    Effects:
    • dizzy, headache, nauceous
      Sources:
    • automobiles, charcoal grills, propane camping stoves
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5
Q

Ozone

A
  1. sharp odor
  2. can reduce lung function even at low concentrations
  3. can destroy crops and pine needles
    Symptoms:
    • chest pain, coughing, sneezing or lung congestion
      Sources:
    • seconday pollutant (VOCs and NO2 and sunlight)
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6
Q

Sulfur Dioxide

A
  1. unpleasant odor
  2. dissolves in moist tissues of lungs to form an acid
  3. young and elderly especially at risk
    Symptoms:
    • respritory distress, heart failure, asphyxiation, lung damage
      Sources:
    • burning coal
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7
Q

Nitrogen Dioxide

A
  1. brown color
  2. dissolves in lungs to produce an acid
    SOURCE:
    • secondary pollutant (comes from NO which comes from anything hot including engines, and coal fired power plants) also from in grain silos
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8
Q

Particulate Matter

A
  1. mix of solid an liquid droplets
  2. least understood of the air pollutants
  3. classified by size
  4. smaller = more harmful
    SOURCE:
    • vechile engines, coal burning power plants, wildfires, and blowing dust
    • soot and smoke
    • construction and mining sites
    • compound ammonia used in agriculture
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9
Q

The process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome

A

Risk Assessment

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10
Q

How risk assessment is calculated for a substance

A

Toxicity and Exposure

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11
Q

The intrinsic health hazard of a substance

A

Toxicity

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12
Q

The amount of the substance encountered

A

Exposure

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13
Q

Factors that exposure depends on

A

1) Concentration in the air
- more toxic the pollutant the lower its concentration
2) Length of time
3) Rate of breathing

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14
Q

Which act led to the establishment of air quality standards?

A

US Clean Air Act 1970

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15
Q

Act that focuses on preventing the formation of hazardeous substances

A

Pollution Prevention Act (1990)

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16
Q

National standard for the AQI

A

100

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17
Q

Colors for good to moderate air quality

A

green/yellow

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18
Q

Colors for unhealthy air quality

A

red/purple/maroon

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19
Q

A set of key ideas to guide all in the chemical community. “Benign by design”

A

Green Chemistry

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20
Q

A pure substance made up of one type of element

A

Element

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21
Q

A pure substance made up of two or more different elements in a fixed, characteristic chemical composition

A

Compound

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22
Q

Who invented he periodic table

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

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23
Q

Elements that are shiny and conduct electricity and heat well (green area in periodic table)

A

Metals

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24
Q

Elements that do not conduct heat or electricity well and have no one characteristic appearance (light blue)

A

Non Metals

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25
Q

Fall between metals and non metals only 8 on the periodic table

A

Metalloids

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26
Q

Vertical columns in periodic table are called

A

Groups

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27
Q

Reactive metals in group 7A are called

A

Halogens

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28
Q

Non reactive gases in group 8A are called

A

Nobel Gases

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29
Q

The smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable independent entity

A

Atom

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30
Q

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement

A

Molecule

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31
Q

Molecule consisting of two atoms

A

Diatomic Molecule

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32
Q

Compounds made up only of the element hydrogen and carbon

A

Hydrocarbons

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33
Q

Matter and Mass are conserved in a chemical formula

A

Law of conservation of matter and mass

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34
Q

When all of hydrocarbon atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule combine with O2 molcules from the air to form CO2 and hydrogen atoms combine with O to form water

A

complete combustion

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35
Q

When not enough O2 is in a hydrocarbon reaction and the result is CO created instead of CO2

A

incomplete combustion

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36
Q

Pollutants that come from motor vehicles and coal-fired plants that generate electricity

A

SO2, CO, NO, and PM

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37
Q

Liquid and solid particles that remain suspended in the air rather than settling out.

A

Aerosols

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38
Q

Examples of aerosols

A

Campfire smoke

Cigarette Smoke

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39
Q

What happens when SO2, and water vapor combine

A

It helps condense water vapor into an aerosol of tiny water droplets that form sulfuric acid.

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40
Q

Act that mandated reductions in sulfur

A

Clean Air Act

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41
Q

Can vehicles emit sulfur dioxide?

A

No, because internal combustion engines primary fueled by gasoline that has little to no sulfur.

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42
Q

Why has there been a reduced amount of CO from exhaust pipes?

A

Catalytic converters that reduce the amount of CO2 by conversion of nitrogen oxides back to N2 and O2

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43
Q

A chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction and influences its rate without itself undergoing permanent change

A

Catalyst

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44
Q

Substance readily passes into the vapor phase, it evaporates easily examples are gasoline and nail polish remover

A

Volatile

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45
Q

Substances that contain carbon

A

Organic Compounds

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46
Q

Carbon-containing compounds that pass easily into the vapor stage

A

Volatile organic Compounds (VOCs)

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47
Q

VOCs

A
  • can occur naturally and by humans
  • pine tree smell
  • tail pipe exhaust
  • in catalytic converters use oxygen to burn VOCs to form carbon dioxide and water
  • form NO2 when break down in the air
  • can form by burning candles
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48
Q

A designated region in the stratosphere of maximum ozone concentration that protects against harmful UV rays

A

Ozone Layer

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49
Q

Group 1A in the periodic table is called

A

Alkali metals

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50
Q

Group 2A in the periodic table is called

A

Alkaline earth metals

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51
Q

The distance between successive peaks

A

Wavelength

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52
Q

The number of waves passing a fixed point in one second

A

Frequency (v)

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53
Q

Relationship between wavelength and frequency

A

Inverse (shorter the wavelength higher the frequency)

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54
Q

A continuum of waves and ranges from short, high-energy X-rays and gamma rays to long, low0enrgy radio waves

A

electrogmagnetic spectrum

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55
Q

The entire collection of different wavelengths each with its own energy

A

Radiant energy

56
Q

Order of wave lengths shorter to higher

A 
gamma rays
x-rays
UV
Visible
IR
Microwave
Radio
57
Q

Amount of energy that comes in as UV, Visible and IR radiation

A

UV 8%
Visible 39%
IR 53%

58
Q

Is energy distribution continuous?

A

No, it is quantized think of like steps on a stair case not a ramp

59
Q

Radiation is individual bundles of energy called…

A

photons

60
Q

Relationship between energy and wavelength

A

Inverse (as wavelength decreases energy increases)

61
Q

What do short wavelength UV rays do to molecules

A

Breaks them apart which can create genetic defects and cancer

62
Q

UV rays that are absorbed in the upper atmosphere and never reach the ground

A

UV-C wavelength (200-280) highest energy splits O2 to 2O

63
Q

Wavelength that can split O3 in atmosphere

A

anything less than 320 (UV-B and UV-C)

64
Q

A condition in which a dynamic system is in valance so that there is no net change in concentration of the major species involved

A

steady state

65
Q

Represents the first set of natural stead0state reactions proposed for stratospheric ozone

A

Chapman Cycle

66
Q

Document that recognized the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere due to human involvement and took steps to reverse this effect.

A

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

67
Q

How UV rays can harm

A
  • skin damage
  • eye damage
  • UV-C used to sterilize surfaces and kill bacteria
  • can harm marine life such as fish eggs, larva and young fish
68
Q

Dobson Unit Information

A
  • 220DU is considered a hole

- dark blue and purple regions indicate where lowest concentrations of O3 are observed

69
Q

Natural Ozone Destruction around the Globe

A
  • water evaporates from the oceans and a few molecules reach the stratosphere
    -UV rays break water molecules into H. and hydroxyl .OH free radicals
  • the free radicals convert O3 to O2
    (the same thing can happen with N2O when it breaks down into .NO, N2O is produced in soils and oceans by microorganisms)
70
Q

Compounds composed of the elements chlorine, fluorine, and carbon (but don’t contain hydrogen) which are highly unreactive that are human synthesized.

A

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

71
Q

First reason CFCs were used

A

For refrigerators because highly unreactive, than later fire suppressants, and air conditioning.

They are cheap.. nontoxic, nonflammable, and widely available

72
Q

How long does CCl2F2 (CFC) remain in the atmosphere before decomposing

A

120 years

73
Q

Problem with CFC’s in the atmosphere

A
  • UV-C breaks down CFC so free radical chlorine is released.
  • Cl. free radical pulls an oxygen atom away from an O3 to form ClO.
  • 2 ClO. -> ClOOCl
  • ClOOCl –uv-photon–> ClOO. + Cl
  • ClOO. -> Cl. + O2

net equation 2 O3 -> 3 O2 (pg 104)

74
Q

Theory that as ozone decreases chlorine increases in the stratosphere

A

Rowland-Molina hypothesis

75
Q

Reason for hole in the ozone layer in the arctic

A
  • In June-Sep winds circulate around the South Pole form a vortex that prevents warmer air from entering the region
  • temp drops to -90C
  • polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) can form made of tiny ice cryctals
  • chem reactions occur on the surface of the ice crysals
  • in sep more sunlight creates the chlorine based atoms to split
76
Q

How to measure the positive affect on the removal of CFC’s on Ozone

A

Noticing the decrease in the amount of effective stratospheric chlorine peaked in 1990s and is now decreasing

77
Q

Replacement for CFC’s resulting in a substitution of one Cl atom for a H atom

A

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC)

78
Q

Problems with hydrochloroflourocarbons

A
  • increases in flammability
  • decreases in boiling point (results in re-engineering)
  • still has a Cl atom
  • scheduled to be phased out by 2030
79
Q

Positives with hydrochloroflourocarbons

A
  • atmospheric lifetime of only 12 yrs compared to 110 for CFC-12
  • mostly breaks down in the lower atmosphere and hardly reaches the stratosphere
80
Q

Replacements for HCFCs that only contain hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon (no more chlorine)

A

Hydroflourocarbons (HFCs)

81
Q

Positives of HFCs

A

Does not deplete stratospheric ozone

has a short atmospheric lifetime

82
Q

Problems with HFCs

A

They are green house gases

Absorb infrared radiation and trap heat in the atmosphere (similar to carbon dioxide)

83
Q

New gases that could replace HFCs

A
  • hydroflouroolefins (GWP very low, shorter atmospheric lifetime)
  • CO2
  • propane
84
Q

How cold would the earth be without the green house effect?

A
  • 18C

- 0F

85
Q

IR radiation absorption, reflection and emission

A
  • 46% absorbed by earth
  • Earth reemits all of the radiation it absorbs but at a longer wavelength (less energy)
  • 9% of remmited goes to space
  • 37% remitted and absorbed in the atmosphere
  • 54% of sun’s radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere (23%) reflected from the atmosphere (25%) or reflected from the earth’s surface (6%)
86
Q

Percentage of radiation absorbed by the atmosphere

A

Directly from sun (23%)Earth’s surface (37%)

all eventually emitted into space to complete the energy balance

87
Q

percentage of earth’s emitted radiation which will be absorbed in the atmosphere

A

80%

88
Q

The natural process by which atmospheric gases trap a major portion (about 80%) of the infrared radiation radiated by the Earth

A

green house effect

89
Q

Earth’s annual temp

A

15C or 59F

90
Q

Gases capable of absorbing and emitting infrared radiation, thereby warming the atmosphere

A

Greenhouse gases

91
Q

List of greenhouse gases

A 
carbon dioxide
water vapor
methane
nitrous oxide
ozone 
chlorofluorocarbons
92
Q

The process in which atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by the Earth

A

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

93
Q

Term used to describe the increase in average global temperature that result from an enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Global Warming

94
Q

Natural greenhouse gas sources

A

Sun IR

Volcanic eruptions

95
Q

How to find out CO2 composition of air long ago

A

Air bubbles trapped in ice

  • can see periodic cycles
  • can see CO2 concentration is about 100ppm higher than any time in the last million years
  • ratio of 2H to 1H can be measured and used to estimate the temperature at the time the snow fell. (richer in 2H means warmer??)
96
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide, water, and methane

97
Q

Why are oxygen and nitrogen not greenhouse gases

A

Their shape does not allow them to vibrate in the same way

98
Q

What structure diagram lines stand for (wedge, dotted, straight)

A

wedge - coming out of the paper in the direction towards the reader
dashed- represents a bond pointing away from the reader
solid - in the plane of the paper

99
Q

Shape of the molecude is described in terms of its arrangement of…

A

atoms

100
Q

Do all molecules absorb IR radiation

A

No, different molecules absorb IR radiation at different wavelengths and thus vibrate at different energies depending on their molecular structure

101
Q

Is more energy required to stretch or bend a bond

A

stretch (need IR with shorter wavelengths and more energy)

102
Q

What instrument is used to find infrared (heat) energy that molecules can absorb

A

infared spectrometer

103
Q

Ways that molecules can absorbed IR

A
  • some hold extra energy for a brief time and then readmit in all directions as heat
  • others collide with atmospheric molecules like N2 and O2 and transfer some heat
104
Q

Does the overall electric charge distribution change during molecular vibrations

A

No

105
Q

3 places you can find carbon

A

atmosphere
carbon containing rocks
plants and animals

106
Q

3 things to know about the carbon cycle

A
  1. carbon is found in many places
  2. carbon is on the move
  3. where carbon ends up matters
107
Q

Human sources of CO2 emissions

A 
Power and heating
transportation
deforestation
industry
residential/ commercial
7.5 Gt per year
108
Q

How we know fossil fuels is main source of CO2 emissions

A

Isotope C-14 is not present when fossil fuels are burned. Due to a decrease in the presence of C-14 in the atmosphere it is evident that fossil fuels are major source of CO2 emissions.

109
Q

The mass (in grams) of the same number of atoms that are found in exactly 12 g of carbon-12

A

atomic mass

110
Q

The number of atoms in exactly 12 g of C-12

A

Avagdro’s number

111
Q

Defined as containing an Avagadro’s number of objects (used to communicate the number of atoms, molecules or other small particules present)

A

Mole (mol)

112
Q

The mass of Avagadro’s number or one mole of whatever particles are specified

A

molar mass

113
Q

Characterizes the time required for a gas added to the aatmosphere to be removed “turnover time”

A

atmospheric lifetime

114
Q

A number that represents the relative contribution of a molecule of the atmospheric gas to global warming

A

global warming potential (GWP)

115
Q

Sources of Methane

A
  • human and natural
  • 40% natural
    • wetlands, anaerobic bacteria
    • melting in the north
    • released from oceans (methane hydrates)
    • termites
  • human
    • agriculture (rice cultivation and livestock)
    • landfills
    • extraction of fossil fuels (oil and coal deposits)
116
Q

Sources of N2O

A 
natural
   - bacteria removal of nitrate ion (NO3-) from soilds
   - ocean upwellings
   -atmospheric interactions of nitrogen compounds and high-energy oxygen molecules
human
   - agriculture
   - automobile catalytic converters
   - ammonia fertilizers
   -biomass burnings
   - some industrial processes

atmospheric life = 120 years
slow but steady rise in the atmosphere

117
Q

Ozone as a greenhouse gas

A

Creates warming in upper troposphere but a slight cooling effect in the upper stratosphere (depletion of stratospheric ozone is not principle cause of climate change)

118
Q

What did the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) at in 2007

A
  • earth getting warmer
  • human activities are responsible
  • if the rate of greenhouse emissions is not reduced there will be problems
119
Q

The factors (both natural and anthropogenic) that influence the balance of Earth’s incoming and outgoing radiation

A

radiative forcings

120
Q

Describe the different types of radiative forcings

A

Negative forcings - have a cooling effect (stratospheric ozone, land use, direct effect aersol, cloud albedo effect aersol)
Positive forcings - have a warming effect (solar irradiance(sunspots), black carbon on snow, tropospheric ozone, CH4, N2O, Halocarbons, carbon dioxide)

121
Q

How much of the warming does CO2 constitue for

A

2/3

122
Q

The ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected from a surface relative to the amount of radiation incident on it is called (measure of the reflectivity of a surface)….

A

albedo

- higher the number the more reflective the surface

123
Q

How albedo decreases

A
  • glaciers and snow melt creating warming
124
Q

How albedo increases

A

we plant crops that reflect more incoming light than does the dark green foliage of the rain forests causing an increase and then resulting in cooling.

125
Q

Effects of Aerosols

A

Natural
-dust storms, ocean spray, forest fires, volcanic eruptions
Human
- soot, smoke, and sulfate aerosols

Tiny aerosols are efficient at scattering incoming solar radiation
Some absorb radiation

Create a cooling effect
Serve as nuclei for the condensation of water droplets and hence promote cloud formation
aerosols counter the warming effect of greenhouse gases
complex

126
Q

The daily high and low temperatures, the drizzles and downpours, the blizzards and heat waves, and the fall breezes and hot summer winds that have short durations

A

Weather

127
Q

Describes regional temperatures, humidity, winds, rains, and snowfall over decades not days

A

climate

128
Q

Effects of Climate change

A
  • sea ice disappearance
  • sea level rise (warm water expands)
  • more extreme weather
  • changes in ocean chemistry
  • loss of biodiversity
  • vulnerability of freshwater resources (glacier run-off will disappear)
  • human health
129
Q

Any action to permanently eliminate or reduce the long-term risk and hazards of climate change to human life, property, or the enviornment

A

Climate mitigation (ex. reduce CO2 emissions by decreasing energy consumption)

130
Q

Technology that involves separating CO2 from other combustion products and storing (sequestration) it in a variety of geological locations. Reduces CO2 in atmosphere which would decrease global warming

A

Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

131
Q

Other was to combat climate change

A
  • reverse deforstation
132
Q

The ability of a system to adjust to climate change to moderate potential damage, to take advantage of opportunites, or to cope with the consequences

A

Climate adaptation

133
Q

International treaty that legally binded liits on greenhouse gas emissions 1997

A

Kyoto Protocol

134
Q

What gases were regulated in Kyoto Protocol

A

CO2. CH4, Nitrous oxide, HFCs, PFCs, and sulfer hexaflouride

135
Q

Problems with US and climate change

A

Never signed Kyoto protocol
no restriction on CO2 emissions on economic grounds
mitigation measures entail significant up-front costs

ISAT 112 (2 decks)

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