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Gross Anatomy 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the insertion of cranial tibial?

A

Plant as surface of metatarsal I and II

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2
Q

What is the origin of cranial tibial?

A

Proximal lateral tibia

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3
Q 
What is the action of cranial tibial?
A. Flex tarsus 
B. Extend tarsus
C. Flex digits
D. Extend digits 
E. Rotate paw laterally
F. Rotate paw medially 
G. A and F are correct
A

G. A and F are correct

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4
Q

The cranial tibial is held down by what?

A

The crural extensor retinaculum

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5
Q

What is the insertion of the long digital extensor?

A

Extensor processes of distal phalanges 2-5

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6
Q

What is the origin of long digital extensor ?

A

Extensor fossa of femur

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7
Q

The lateral digital extensor is held down by what?

A

The crural and tarsal extensor retinaculum

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8
Q

What is the origin of the fibularis longus?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

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9
Q

What is the insertion of the fibularis longus?

A

Tarsal bone IV and plantar aspect of metatarsals

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10
Q

What is the action of the long digital extensor

A

Extend digits and flex tarsus

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11
Q

What is the action of the fibularis longus?

A

Flex tarsus and rotate paw medially

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12
Q

What is the origin of the gastrocnemius?

A

Medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of femur

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13
Q

What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?

A

Common calcaneal tendon tuber calcanei

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14
Q

What is the action of the gastrocnemius?

A

Extend tarsus, flex stifle

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15
Q

What is the origin of the superficial digital flexor?

A

Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur

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16
Q

What is the insertion of the superficial digital flexor?

A

Tuber calcanei, plantar aspect of middle phalanx of digits 2-5

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17
Q

What is the action of the superficial digital flexor?

A

Extend tarsus, flex digits, flex stifle

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18
Q

What is the origin of the deep digital flexor?

A

Proximal tibia and fibula

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19
Q

What is the insertion of deep digital flexor?

A

Plantar aspect of distal phalanx of digits 1-5

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20
Q

What is the action of the deep digital flexor?

A

Extend tarsus, flex digits

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21
Q

What is the origin of the popliteus

A

Lateral condyle of femur

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22
Q

What is the insertion of popliteus

A

Proximal tibia

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23
Q

What is the action of the popliteus?

A

Flex stifle

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24
Q

Which muscles origin from the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

Biceps brachii and superficial gluteal

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25
Q

Which muscles originate from the ischiatic tuberosity?

A

Biceps brachii
semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

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26
Q

Which muscles flex the hip?

A

Illiopsoas
Sartorius
Recurs femoris
Tensor fasciae latae

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27
Q

What are the small pelvic association muscle and what do they do?

A 
Internal obturator 
External obturator
Quadratus femoris 
Gemelli 
The all rotate lateral the hip
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28
Q

Where do the small pelvic association muscles insert?

A

trochanteric fossa

Qudratus femoris inserts in intertrochanteric crest

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29
Q

What can we find between the tendon of middle gluteal and the greater trochanter?

A

Trochanteric bursa

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30
Q

The third trochanter is absent in the ox
True
False

A

True

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31
Q

What are the two ligaments that attach to the fovea capitis of the femur in the horse?

A

Accessory ligament of the femoral head

Ligament of femoral head

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32
Q

The pelvic canal is clinically relevant for what?

A

Parturition

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33
Q 
Which of these muscles is the main flex of the hip?
A. Sartorius 
B. Quadriceps
C. Illipsoas 
D. Gracilis
A

C. Illiopsoas

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34
Q 
Which of these muscles is the main extensor of the stifle?
A. Sartorius 
B. Illiopsoas 
C. Quadriceps femoris
D. Gracilis
A

C. Quadriceps femoris

Rectus femoris

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35
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Cranial: caudal belly of sartorius
Caudal: pectineus
Base: inguinal ligament and abdominal wall

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36
Q

Which joint in the tarsus provides the most movement?

A

Tarsocrural joint

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37
Q

The pelvic limb can hold weight when

A

Hip is extended
Stifle is extended
Tarsus is extended

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38
Q

The meniscus are where?

A

Between the femoral and tibial condyles

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39
Q

Which 4 ligaments attach the femur to the other bones

A

Medial collateral ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Cranial crucial ligament
Caudal cruciate ligament

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40
Q

Which meniscus is more prone to damage after CCL? And why

A

The medial because it has less movement than the lateral one

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41
Q

The patella is interposed by which muscle?

A

The quadriceps

Rectus femoris

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42
Q

If the patella is engaged over the medial trochlear ridge then the stifle cannot flex
True
False

A

True

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43
Q

In the horse the reciprocal apparatus which joints flex and extend together?

A

Tarsus and stifle

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44
Q

Which two muscle make up the reciprocal apparatus in the horse?

A

Superficial deep digital flexor

Peroneus tertius

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45
Q

The accessory ligament of the femoral head in the horse limits what?

A

Hip luxation

Kick sideways

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46
Q

In the horse the peroneus tertius is deep to what muscle?

A

Long digital extensor

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47
Q

In the horse where does the long digital extensor and the peroneus tertius originate?

A

Extensor fossa of lateral condyle of femur

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48
Q

The cunean tendon is a palpable reference of the distal intertarsal Joint
True
False

A

True

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49
Q

What is the functional check ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse?

A

Cap of the hock

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50
Q

In large animals what is the term hooks and pins mean?

A

Tuber coxae

Tuber ischii

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51
Q

Inflammation of the trochanteric bursa is called?

A

Whorlbone

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52
Q

The third trochanter is present in the ox
True
False

A

False

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53
Q

Which species holds an accessory ligament of the femoral head?

A

Horse

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54
Q

What part of the femur helps lock the patella in the horse?

A

Trochlea tubercle

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55
Q

In the horse where does the long digital extensor and the peroneus tertius originate from?

A

Extensor fossa of lateral condyle of the femur

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56
Q

In the equine where does the superficial digital flexor originate from?

A

The lateral supracondylar fossa of femur

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57
Q

In which species do we have the malleolar bone?

A

Ox

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58
Q

In the ox we have a proximal and distal trochlea of the talus
True
False

A

True

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59
Q

What are the 3 synovial cavities in the stifle Joint of the equine?

A

Femoropatellar
Medial femorotibial
Lateral femorotibial

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60
Q

The tendon of the lateral digital extensor joins the tendon of the long digital extensor
True
False

A

True

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61
Q

The peroneus tertius is attached to the cranial surface of the cranial tibial
True
False

A

True

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62
Q

What is the name of the medial tendon of the cranial tibial?

A

Cunean tendon

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63
Q

We have faballae in the horse
True
False

A

False

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64
Q

What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?

A

Calcanei tuber

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65
Q

The superficial digital flexor caps the hock to prevent flexion of the hock
True
False

A

True

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66
Q

The medial tendon of the deep digital flexor passes through the tarsal canal
True
False

A

False it is the lateral not the medial

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67
Q

What is the name of the extension of the medial patella that curves over the proximal trochlear tubercle?

A

Parapatellar fibrocartilage

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68
Q

Which 4 structures in resting surface form a loop around the trochlear tubercle?

A

Patella
Parapatellar fibrocartilage
Medial patellar ligament
Intermediate patellar ligament

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69
Q

In the horse where do the femoropatellar ligaments connect the patella? What is the difference in the dog?

A

In the horse they connect patella with femoral condyle

In dog they connect patella with fabella

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70
Q

Which muscle originates from the collateral ligaments in the horse?

A

Popliteus

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71
Q

Which muscles are held down by the proximal extensor retinaculum?

A

Long digital extensor
Fibularis tertius
Cranial tibial

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72
Q

Which muscles are held down by the middle extensor retinaculum?

A

Long digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Fibularis tertius
Cranial tibial

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73
Q

Which muscles are held down by the distal extensor retinaculum?

A

Long digital extensor

Lateral digital extensor

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74
Q

How can you differentiate the forelimb and the hindlimb in the horse?

A

By observing the the distal tendon of the lateral digital extensor

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75
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the dog

A

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20

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76
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the horse

A

C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd20

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77
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the ox

A

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd 20

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78
Q

What form the roof of the vertebral foramen?

A

Laminae

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79
Q

What forms the lateral walls of the vertebral foramen?

A

Pedicles

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80
Q

What forms the floor of the vertebral foramen?

A

The dorsal aspect of the vertebral body

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81
Q

What appears as concentric fibers in the intervertebral disk?

A

Annulus fibrosus

82
Q

Dorsal to the intervertebral disk you have which ligament?

A

Intercapital ligament

83
Q

Dorsal to the intercapital ligament dorsal to the vertebral body and ventral the vertebral canal we have which ligament

A

Dorsal logintudinal ligament

84
Q

Ventral to the vertebral body you find which ligament?

A

Ventral longitudinal ligament

85
Q

The supraspinatus ligament is on top of what?

A

The spinous process of the vertebrae T1 - caudal vertebrae

86
Q

Vertebral bodies are connected via what?

A

Intervertebral discs

87
Q

What forms the vertebral canal and passes through this canal?

A

Vertebral foramen

Spinal cord

88
Q

What unites to form the spinous process?

A

The laminae

89
Q

What is unique to cervical vertebrae?

A

Transverse Foramina

90
Q

Instead of a spinous process the atlas has?

A

A dorsal tubercle

91
Q

Transverse processes in the at last are called what?

A

Wings of the atlas

92
Q

From T1-T10 the spinous process incline? And T12-13 incline?

A

Caudally

Cranially

93
Q

What articulates with the head of the rib and what articulates with the tubercle of the rib?

A

Cranial and caudal Costal foveae

Transverse costal fovea

94
Q

How many sacral vertebrae does the dog have and how many does the horse/ox have?

95
Q

How many pairs of ribs does the dog and the horse have?

96
Q

What is the name of the joint between the bony part and the cartilaginous part of the ribs?

A

Costochondral joint

97
Q

The first 9 ribs are called? What are the ribs 10-12 called and how is rib 13 called?

A

Vertebrosternal ribs
Vertebrochondral ribs
Vertebral rib

98
Q

The sternum is compromised by how many sternebrae which are joined by what?

A

8

Intersternebrae cartilages

99
Q

What does the dorsal atlantoaxial ligament do?

A

Attach cranial part of spine of axis to dorsal arch of the atlas

100
Q

What does the transverse ligament of the atlas attach and do?

A

Passes dorsal to dens and attaches to both side of internal walls of vertebral foramen, prevent dens from projecting dorsally

101
Q

What does the apical ligament of the atlas do?

A

Extends from the apex of the dens to the occipital bone

102
Q

What does the alar ligaments do?

A

Extend laterally from the dens to the occipital bone. Hold dens to the floor

103
Q

Intervertebral discs is what type of Joint?

A

Fibrous Joint

104
Q

The supraspinous ligament attaches where?

A

Caudal vertebrae to T1

105
Q

The nuchal ligament extends from where to where?

106
Q

In large animals the nuchal ligament has two 2 parts ?

A

Funicular (more dorsal)

Laminar

107
Q

In order mention the ligaments of the bodies

A
  1. Ventral to body- ventral longitudinal ligament
  2. Dorsal surface of vertebral body
  3. Intercapital ligament
  4. Dorsal longitudinal ligament
  5. Spinal cord
108
Q

Name some important clinical application spaces

A

Lumbosacral epidural anesthesia
Sacroccygeal epidural anesthesia
Atlanta occipital cerebrospinal fluid

109
Q

Name the 3 epaxial muscles

A 
Illiocostalis 
Longissimus 4 parts 
Transversospinalis 
A. Splenius 
B. Semisoinalis capitis 
a. Complexus 
b. Biventer cervicis
110
Q

Which muscles are the extensor of the of the vertebral column and lie dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebrae?

A

Epaxial muscles

111
Q

What forms the linea alba?

A

The union of right and left aponeurosis of the external and internal abdominal oblique

112
Q

What happens when the abdominal muscles contract?

A

Aid in urination, defecation, parturition, respiration and locomotion.

113
Q

What is the boundary of the visceral space?

A

Dorsal: longus capitis, longus coli
Ventral: sternocephalicus,sternothyroideus

114
Q

Which muscles make the abdominal wall?

A

External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

115
Q

The fibers direction of External intercostalis are?

A

Caudal ventrally down slope

116
Q

The fibers of internal intercostalis have what direction?

A

Cranial ventralis up slope

117
Q

When muscles of the abdominal wall contract the ribs do what?

A

Expand inspiration

118
Q

Expiration is caused by what..

A

Muscle relax passive an others help pull ribs down

119
Q

Muscles that are inspiratory are almost always directed ?

A

Caudal ventrally down slope

120
Q

Name the 5 inpiratory muscles

A 
External intercostalis 
Serratus dorsalis cranialis 
Scalenus
Rectus thoracis
Diaphragm
121
Q

Name the 4 expiratory muscles

A

Internal intercostalis
Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Transversus thoracis
Abdominal muscles

122
Q

Obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by what?

A

Can’t get air out and abdominal muscles contract during forced expiration
Heaves lines are observed
Rectus abdominis forms the line

123
Q

The abdominal wall has 4 quadrants from the lateral perspective
True
False

124
Q

When the lineal alba tears what can be caused?

A

Umbilical hernia

125
Q

Name the 4 abdominal muscles

A

External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

126
Q

External abdominal oblique fibers go ventral caudal down slope
True
False

127
Q

The direction of the internal abdominal oblique is cranial ventral
True
False

128
Q

Transversus abdominis fibers direction is almost vertical
True
False

129
Q

The fibers direction of the rectus abdominis is longitudinal very ventral
True
False

130
Q

The rectus abdominis is located between which two aponeurosis?

A

The ventral layer by external and internal abdominal oblique

The dorsal later by the transversus abdominis

131
Q

What is the most caudal part of the external and internal, abdominal muscles?

A

Inguinal ligament

132
Q

What compromises the muscular lacuna ?

A

The illiopsoas

133
Q

What compromises the vascular lacuna

A

Femoral artery
Vein
Nerve

134
Q

The inguinal canal is more ventrally to the femoral triangle?
True
False

135
Q

What is the opening of the inguinal canal?

A

Superficial inguinal ring

136
Q

Name the boundaries for the superficial inguinal ring

A

Cranial: caudal border of internal abdominal oblique muscle
Medial: rectus abdominis
Lateral: inguinal ligament

137
Q

In the large animal the internal oblique has a fan shaped and it’s attached to the tuber coxae
True
False

138
Q

In the large animals handle weight with the tunica flava abdominis
True
False

139
Q

The paralumbar fossa gives access to what?

A

Left rumen of the ox

Right cecum of the horse

140
Q

What are the borders of the paralumbar fossa

A

Cranial Ventral: last ribs
Caudal ventral: internal abdominal oblique
Base: lumbar transverse processes

141
Q

Name the 3 boundaries for the superficial inguinal ring

A

Lateral: rectus abdominis
Media: inguinal ligament
Cranial: aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique

142
Q

What are the borders of the jugular groove

A

Ventral: sternocephalicus
Dorsal: cleidocephalicus

143
Q

What are the components of the cervical visceral space?

A 
Traquea 
Esophagus 
Carotid sheath 
Thyroid 
Vagosympathetic nerve 
Laryngeal nerve
144
Q

The accessory ligament of the femoral head in the horse is a continuation of the pre pubic tendon
True
False

145
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

The aponeurosis of the external and internal abdominal oblique (ventral) aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis (dorsal)

146
Q

From where to where does the inguinal ligament go?

A

Tuber coxae to lateral border of prepublication tendon

147
Q

What is the common name for the T11?

A

Anticlinal vertebra

148
Q

Why is the superficial inguinal ring indistinc?

A

Is covered by the thoracolumnar fascia

149
Q

What is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique?

A

Tuber coxae

Thoracolumnar fascia

150
Q

What is the insertion of the internal abdominal oblique?

A

Aponeurosis of costal arch
Linea alba
Pre pubic tendon

151
Q

What is the origins and insertion of transversus abdominis?

A

Last ribs by thoracolumnar fascia to linea alba

152
Q

What is the insertion and origin of the rectus abdominis?

A

Pecten of pubis to sternum

153
Q

The Atlanto-occipital Joint is commonly known as the NO joint
True
False

A

False this one is the yes Joint the atlantoaxial Joint is the NO Joint

154
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet

A

Ventral: pectin of pubis
Dorsal: sacrum promontory
Lateral: arcuate line of ilium

155
Q

What are the boundaries for the pelvic outlet?

A

Dorsal: 1 caudal vertebra
Ventral: Ischiatic arch
Lateral: sacrotuberous ligament

156
Q

In the dog what is the origin of the popliteus?

A

Medial digital flexor belly of DDF

157
Q

What hold the DDF in the tarsal canal?

A

Flexor retinaculum

158
Q

There is no intervertebral discs between C1 and C2
True
False

159
Q

In the hindlimb which muscle supinate and which one pronate?

A

Cranial tibial rotate paw laterally

Fibularis longus rotate paw medially

160
Q

There is a subtendinous bursa beneath internal obturator
True
False

161
Q

What are the muscles of the thoracic wall?

A 
External intercostalis 
Internal intercostals 
Serratus dorsalis cranialis 
Serratus dorsalis caudalis 
Scalenus 
Rectus thoracis 
Transversus thoracis
162
Q

What happens to the volume in inspiration?

A

Increases and pressure decreases

163
Q

Both intercostals muscles act during expiration and inspiration to hold the ribs
True
False

164
Q

In force expiration you can see which muscle?

A

Rectus abdominis

165
Q

What passes through the inguinal canal?

A

Vaginal process
Vaginal tunic
Genitofemoral nerve
Cremaster

166
Q

Wich muscle fibers connects with the cremaster?

A

Internal abdominal oblique

167
Q

The tunica flava is elastic tissue
True
False

168
Q

What supports the weight of the abdomen in the horse?

A

Pre pubic tendon

169
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of superficial gluteal?

A

O: sacrotuberous ligament
I: third trochanter of femur
A: extend hip, abduct hip

170
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the middle gluteal?

A

O: gluteal surface and tuber crest of ilium
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: extend hip abduct limb and rotate medially

171
Q

Which muscle is associated with the trochanteric bursa?

A

Middle gluteal and greater trochanter of femur

172
Q

What is the origin, insertion and action of the deep gluteal?

A

O: ischiatic spine
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: extend hip, abduct limb and rotate medially

173
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the illiopsoas?

A

O: lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter of femur
A: flex the hip

174
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the biceps femoris

A

O: sacrotuberous ligament and ischiatic tuberosity
I: patella cranial tibial by fascia lata and common calcanean tendon
A: extend hip weight extend stifle non weigh flex stifle extend tarsus

175
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the semimembranosus

A

O: ischiatic tuberosity
I: medial condyle of tibia medial aspect of femur
A: extend hip extend stifle weight and flex stifle non weight

176
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the semitendinosus?

A

O: ischiatic tuberosity
I: common calcanean tendon medial tibia
A: extend hip, flex stifle, extend tarsus

177
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the sartorius

A

O: ilium
I: patella and cranial tibia
A: flex hip extend stifle weight flex stifle non weight

178
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the gracilis

A

O: pelvic symphysis
I: Common calcanean tendon cranial tibia
A. Adductor limb, flex stifle, extend hip and tarsus

179
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the pectineus

A

O: pubis
I: medial femur
A: adduct limb

180
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the adductor

A

O: pelvic symphysis
I: lateral femur
A: adduct limb and extend hip

181
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the quadriceps femoris

A

O: all heads proximal femur, rectus femoris ilium
I: cranial tiberosity by patellar ligament
A: all head extend stifle rectus femoris flex hip

182
Q

Name the 4 parts of quadriceps femoris

A

Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermediate
Rectus femoris

183
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the internal obturator

A

O: dorsal surface of ischium and pubis
I: trochanteric fossa
A: rotate limb laterally

184
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the gemelli

A

O: lateral surface of ischium
I: trochanteric fossa of femur
A: rotate limb laterally

185
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the external obturator

A

O: ventral aspect of ischium and pubis
I: trochanteric fossa
A: rotate limb laterally

186
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the quadratus femoris

A

O: ventral of ischium
I: intertrochanteric crest of femur
A. Rotate limb laterally

187
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the cranial tibial

A

O: extensor groove of lateral tibia
I: MT I and I
A: flex tarsus rotate paw laterally

188
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the long digital extensor

A

O: extensor fossa of femur
I: extensor processes of distal phalanx 2-5
A: flex tarsus extend digits

189
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the fibularis longus

A

O: lateral collateral ligament
I: tarsal bone IV
A: flex tarsus rotate paw medially

190
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the peroneus tertius

A

O: extensor fossa of femur with long digital extensor cranial surface of cranial tibial
I: lateral a medial of the hock
A: reciprocal apparatus

191
Q

Which of these muscles share a common origin
A. Long digital extensor and fibularis tertius
B. Middle gluteal and deep gluteal
C. Biceps brachii and semitendinosus
D. SDF and gastrocnemius
E. A, C and D are correct

A

E. A, C and D are correct

192
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the gastrocnemius?

A

O: medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of femur
I: tuber calcanei
A: extend tarsus, flex stifle

193
Q

Which muscle origin contain the faballae

A

Gastrocnemius

194
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the superficial digital flexor

A

O: supracondylar tuberosity of the femur
I: tuber calcanei and middle phalanx of digits 2-5
A: extend tarsus, flex stifle and flex digits

195
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the deep digital flexor

A

O: proximal tibial and fibula
I: distal phalanx 1-5
A: extend tarsus, flex digits

196
Q

What is the origin insertion and action of the popliteus?

A

O: lateral condyle of femur
I: proximal tibia
A: flex stifle

197
Q

Soles muscles is only present in the human cat and horse but not in the dog
True
False

198
Q

The location of the popliteal lymph node is where

A

Caudal border of biceps femoris

199
Q

Small pelvic association muscle all what?

A

Are lateral rotators of the hip

200
Q

The internal obturator lies on the dorsal surface of obturator foramen
True
False

201
Q

Medial meniscus has medial collateral ligament
True
False

Gross Anatomy 1 (3 decks)

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