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Dimensions > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A

Mental viewing

Proposed idea or plan

Statement that explains observable phenomenon

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2
Q

Model

A

Small copy or imitation of a design

Hypothetical description based on analogy

Explains concept or object it represents

Seeing all parts as a whole

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3
Q

Systems Theory

A

Ludwig Von Bertanlanfty

Studying human behavior through “wholes” that fiction “holistically” because of their interdependence of their parts

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4
Q

System

A

Whole that functions as a whole due to interdependent parts

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5
Q

Equifinality

A

Systems from simple to complex

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6
Q

Energy pool

A

Source of power that is needed for systems to function

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7
Q

Nonsummativity

A

Degree of interrelatedness among systems parts

⬆️ nonsummativity = ⬆️ interdependence of components

Systems need to function

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8
Q

Focal unit

A

Particular part of system interest in studying

Ex. Cell, two people interacting

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9
Q

Microsystem

A

Looks at one small focal unit

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10
Q

Mezzosystem

A

Looks at several Microsystems

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11
Q

Macrosystem

A

Looks at large or complex interrelationships

Ex. How nervous system and enforcing system interact

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12
Q

Subsystem

A

One of the lesser systems that make up total

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13
Q

Suprasystem

A

Any subsystem that is outside the system under study

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14
Q

Open system

A

Ongoing dynamic exchange of data with the environment and other systems

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15
Q

Closed system

A

Does not exchange data with environment

Self-contained

Slow to change

Ex. Chemical reactions, rocks

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16
Q

Interface

A

Space outside system acts as medium to transfer info, energy, etc (environment)

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17
Q

Entropy

A

System to become disorganized and nonfunctional

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18
Q

Negentropy

A

System maintains itself homeostasis

Dynamic process

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19
Q

Input/output channels

A

Ways the system exchanged data with the environment

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20
Q

Throughput

A

Allows input to enter and output to leave through semipermeable membrane

Outer edge of system

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21
Q

Feedback loop

A

Both positive and negative feedback enter and leave the system

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22
Q

Positive feedback

A

Lead to change

Goal: improvement

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23
Q

Negative feedback

A

System reaches peak in functioning

Maintains level

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24
Q

Adaptive behavioral response

A

Coping process

Allows person to adjust to stimuli (input)

Maintain state of health

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25
Q

Nonadaptive behavioral response

A

Noneffective

Person unable to cope with stimuli
And state of illness

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26
Q

Focal stimuli

A

Produce direct response

Direct cause

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27
Q

Contextual stimuli

A

Environmental factors

May affect focal stimuli at same time

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28
Q

Residual stimuli

A

Not obvious

May be subconscious (values and upbringing)

Cannot validate

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29
Q

Four modes of assessment

A

How person adapts to stimuli

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30
Q

Physiological mode

A

Persons physical response to stimuli

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31
Q

Self-concept mode

A

Persons thoughts and feelings about himself or herself

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32
Q

role-function mode

A

How persons role of roles change as a result of the stimuli

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33
Q

Interdependence mode

A

Support systems

Religious beliefs

Interactions

Dependency on others

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34
Q

Roy model

A

Man (person, patient, client) is center

Bio, psycho, social, spiritual being in constant state of adaption to environment

Can be family, community, or as a whole

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35
Q

Two parts of man: Regulator

A

autonomic biological responses to stimuli

neuroendocrine response

Not under conscious control

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36
Q

Two parts of man: Cognator

A

Mind and will

Person able to think and consciously manipulate the stimuli

Assigns values to events in life

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37
Q

Person (man)

A

Hostility being who reacts to everything around them

Thinking or intellectual skill (cognator)

Feelings and emotions (regulator)

Reflection and memory(cognator)

Makes choices, free will (cognator)

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38
Q

Environment

A

Effects person on inside and outside

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39
Q

Health

A

Persons ability to adapt to stimuli

Person and environment interaction to live to fullest potential

Frees energy in areas of life and maintain adaption

Continuum, not absolute state

QUALITY OF LIFE ***

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40
Q

Nursing

A

Art and science of caregiving

Focuses on persons positive adaption to environment (health)

Promotes integrity

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41
Q

Nursing process

A

Assessment

Analysis

Planning

Implementation

Evaluation

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42
Q

Dorothea E. Orem’s model

A

Health care is own responsibility

Helping clients direct and carry out activities that help to maintain or improve health

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43
Q

Client

A

Biological, psychological, social being with capacity for self-care

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44
Q

Self-care

A

Universal: everyday life that support and encourage normal growth, development and functioning

Health deviation self-care: six self care activities

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45
Q

Six activities to maintain state of health

A

Air, water, food

Excretion of waste

Activity and rest

Solitude and social interactions

Avoiding hazards to life and well-being

Being normal mentally under universal self-care

46
Q

Environment

A

Generally viewed as negative

Factors detract ability to provide self-care

  • personal systems
  • interpersonal systems
  • social systems
47
Q

Three levels of nursing care

A

Wholly compensated

Partially compensated

Supportive developmental

48
Q

King Model of Goal Attainment

A

Nursing function in 3 system levels

Basic- highest

  1. Personal (client -nurse relationship)
  2. Interactional (small groups share like goals)
  3. Social (personal and interpersonal systems necessary function working larger social system)

Care of individual main focus!

Health is primary goal

49
Q

King Model of Goal Attainment: how health is achieved

A

Adjusting to environment stressors

Ppl reach highest level of functioning

Maximizing available resources

Setting and achieving goals for one’s role in life

50
Q

Watson Model of Human Caring

A

Phonological approach rather than systems

Balance between impersonal aspects of nursing care and personal and interpersonal elements

51
Q

Watson Model of Human Caring: Client

A

Has needs

Grows and develops throughout life

Eventually reaches state of internal harmony

Total person more important to care than injury or disease process

52
Q

Watson Model of Human Caring: Illness

A

Clients inhabiting to integrate life experiences

Failure to achieve full potential or inner harmony

Not synonymous to disease process

53
Q

Watson Model of Human Caring: Curing

A

Goal of treatment and elimination of disease

54
Q

Watson Model of Human Caring: Values

A

All ppl are inherently valuable because they are human

Nurses: faith and hope in people because of human potential for development

55
Q

Watson Model of Human Caring: Caring

A

Relationship of help and trust

Encouragement for both positive and negative feelings with acceptance

Supportive, protective, corrective environment

56
Q

Johnson behavioral system model

A

Client behavior is key to preventing & restoring illness

Influenced by input factors from environment and output on turn affects of environment

57
Q

Johnson behavioral system model: client

A

Viewed as behavioral system organized and integrated whole

Whole is greater than sum

58
Q

Johnson behavioral system model: 7 distinct subsystems

A

Security

Dependency

Taking in

Elimination behavior

sexual behavior

Self-protection

Achievement

59
Q

Johnson behavioral system model: Health

A

Balance and steady state

Maintaining balance

Balance disturbed by: disease, injury, emotional crisis

Out-of-balance state=state of illness

60
Q

Johnson behavioral system model: Environment

A

Internal and external elements

Internal: bodily processes, psychological states, religion, political orientation

External: air temp, humidity

Sociological: family, neighborhood, society

61
Q

Johnson behavioral system model: Nursing

A

Activity helps individual achieve and maintain optimal level of behavior

Manipulation and regulation of environment

62
Q

Johnson behavioral system model: Environment 4 activities

A

Restricting harmful environmental factors

Defending client from negative environmental influences

Inhibiting adverse elements from occurring

Facilitating positive internal factors for recovery

63
Q

The Neuman Health-Care Systems model

A

Individual and his or her environment

Health-care disciplines apart from nursing

Systems and stress theory

64
Q

The Neuman Health-Care Systems model: Client

A

Open system interacts with internal and external environment through systems boundaries ⬇️

Lines of defense and resistance

Series of concentric circles surround basic core of individual

Control input and output

65
Q

The Neuman Health-Care Systems model: Health

A

Internal functioning of client

Optimal health: client maintain high state of wellness/stability

Continuum reflects clients internal stability while moving from wellness to illness and back

66
Q

The Neuman Health-Care Systems model: Illness

A

Clients core structure is unstable

Environmental facilities overwhelm and defeat lines of defense and resistance

STRESSORS

67
Q

The Neuman Health-Care Systems model: Environment

A

Internal and external stressors that produce change or response in client

Helpful or harmful

Relationship w/core of client-system

Outside: extrapersonal stressors

68
Q

The Neuman Health-Care Systems model: Nursing

A

At what level or boundary disruption in clients internal stability

Ability to aid client in activities to strengthen and restore integrity of boundary

** identify stressors to prevention

69
Q

Middle Range Theories and Models

A

Hypothesis found in everyday nursing research and well-developed nursing theory

Less comprehensive

Focused on major nursing theories

Do not have all 4 elements

No large number variables

Focus: 2 problems that are linked

Deal with ppl or populations with health-care conditions

EBP!

70
Q

Values

A

Concepts, ideas, behaviors, meaning to personal lives

71
Q

Morals

A

Standards of right and wrong internalized by process of learning inherent in human socialization

72
Q

Laws

A

Man-made rules of conduct that protect society

73
Q

Ethics

A

Valued behaviors and beloveds that declare right or wrong or what ought to be

74
Q

Ethical code

A

Framework or decision making

Identified group

75
Q

Ethical dilemma: Autonomy

A

Right of self-determination, independence, freedom of decision

Right to die

76
Q

Ethical dilemma: Standard of best interest

A

Decision made abt persons health when unable to make decision for themselves

Beneficence vs paternalism

77
Q

Paternalism

A

Health-care provider knows “what’s best” for the patient

Patient should not question care

78
Q

Substitute judgement

A

Same as if person made decision for himself or herself

79
Q

Advance directives

A

Decisions made by competent individuals about future health care

No longer able to make own health care decision

80
Q

Living will

A

Written by advance directive

Treatments, Procedure, Tests

Enforceable under law

Often poorly written and too general

81
Q

Durable power of attorney for health care (DPOAHC)

A

Person legally designated to make health-care decisions for an individual who is no longer able to make decisions for themselves

82
Q

Ethical dilemma: Distributive justice

A

Right for person to be equally treated equally regardless of race, sex, marital status, diagnosis, social standing, economic level, or religious belief

83
Q

Ethical dilemma: Fidelity

A

Obligation of individual to be faithful to commitments made of self and others

84
Q

Ethical dilemma: Beneficence

A

Primary goal of health care and nursing is to do good for others

85
Q

Ethical dilemma: Nonmaleficence

A

Requirements that health care provider do no harm

86
Q

Ethical dilemma: veracity

A

Truthfulness

Cannot deceive or mislead

87
Q

Abandonment

A

Without adequate notice

88
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Good

Ends justify means

No set rules or principles

Decisions depend on situation

89
Q

Deontology

A

Discovery and confirmation of set of morals or rules

Principles absolute and unchanging

Focuses on right from wrong

90
Q

Uniform anatomical gift act

A

Passed to increase supply of donor organs and reduce confusion

List of people who need organs

91
Q

True emergency

A

Person either die or have permanent injury if not treated immediately

Consent is implied

Children under 18

92
Q

Statute of limitation

A

Malpractice suit can no longer be filed

2 yrs after discovery injury

In children up to age 21

93
Q

Expert witness

A

Person called to provide special info or opinions in case that requires special study or experience

94
Q

Suit-prone patients

A

Demanding

Dependent

Critical of nurses

Filed lawsuits before

95
Q

Suit-prone nurses

A

Insensitive to patients needs

Undereducated

Overconfident

Authoritarian

Pre-occupied personal issues

96
Q

Watson model: 5 key elements

A

Action: behaviors
Reaction: behaviors produced by action
Interaction: client and nurse
Transaction: life situation perceives and encountered
Feedback: change occurs as result of interaction and transaction process

97
Q

Watson model of human caring: philosophical approach

A

Balance interpersonal aspects of nursing care

technological and scientific

Personal and interpersonal elements grow from humanistic belief

98
Q

Neuman Health-Care Systems Model

A

Primary -prevent causes of environmental stressors

Secondary- treating symptoms

Tertiary- restore client system to balance by adapting to negative stressors

99
Q

Organ donation

A

Donor, donors family, medical and nursing, recipient and his/her
ALL HAVE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS

100
Q

3 sources of organ donation

A

Living related donors

Living unrelated donors

Cadaver donors

101
Q

Ethical dilemma principles

A

Autonomy

Justice

Fidelity

Beneficence

Nonmaleficence

Veracity

Standard of best interest

Obligations

102
Q

Ethical dilemma: obligations

A

Demand made on individual, profession, society, gvt

Legal and moral

103
Q

Legal obligations

A

Formal statements of law

Nurses provide safe and adequate care for clients assigned to them

104
Q

Moral obligations

A

Moral or ethical principles

Not enforceable under law

105
Q

Advantages of utilitarianism

A

Easy to use

Based on individuals happiness

No rules

106
Q

Disadvantages of utilitarianism

A

“Means justify ends”

Raises subjective questions: to whom does happiness concern?

107
Q

Deontology advantages

A

Holds ethical decision based principles

Consistent

Emphasis on rights, duty, principles, obligation

Forms basis for code of ethics

108
Q

Deontology disadvantage

A

Difficult to make decisions when principle conflict

No exceptions

Where do principles originate?

109
Q

Passive euthanasia

A

Allow person to die without intervention or extraordinary measures

110
Q

Active euthanasia

A

assisted suicide, mercy killing

Performing help to hasten persons death

Dimensions (2 decks)

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