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Oceanography > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the most of earths fresh water?

A

Glaciers and ice caps (68.7%)

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2
Q

What is an Atom?

A

building blocks of all matter

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3
Q

What are the three types of subatomic particles?

A
  1. Protons
  2. Neutrons
  3. Electrons
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4
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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5
Q

What are the two types of chemical bonds?

A

Intramolecular

Intermolecular

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6
Q

what is the components of intramolecular bonds?

A

Between atoms
•Type 1: Covalent bonds
•Type 2: Ionic bonds

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7
Q

what is the components of intermolecular bonds?

A

Between molecules

•Type 1: Hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

what are the properties of liquid water?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonding
  2. Universal solvent
  3. Heat capacity
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9
Q

what are the three phases of water?

A

Solid, liquid and gas phase

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10
Q

what is latent heat?

A

energy for a phase change

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11
Q

what is density?

A

Density = mass/unit volume

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12
Q

is freshwater more or less dense than sea water?

A

less dense

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13
Q

is cold or hot water more dense?

A

cold water

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14
Q

what is salinity?

A

Salinity: Total amount of dissolved solids in water including dissolved gases

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15
Q

how does salinity increase?

A

–Sea ice formation

–Evaporation

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16
Q

how does salinity decrease?

A

–Runoff, melting icebergs, melting sea ice

–Precipitation

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17
Q

what is a pycnocline?

A

a layer in an ocean or other body of water in which water density increases rapidly with depth.

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18
Q

what is a Halocline?

A

an increase in salinity

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19
Q

what are the three types of heat transfers?

A

Conduction
Radiation
Convection

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20
Q

seasonal variations: what area is tropics region at?

A

Between 23.5N and 23.5 S

21
Q

seasonal variations: Arctic circle

A 
– North of 66.5 degrees north
latitude
– No direct solar radiation
during Northern
Hemisphere winter
22
Q

seasonal variations: Antarctic circle

A 
– South of 66.5 degrees
south latitude-
– No direct solar radiation in
Southern Hemisphere
winter
23
Q

what is albedo? how is it measured?

A

– Reflectivity of a surface
– Average for Earth is 30%
measured in percents 0-100

24
Q

atmosphere composition, Relatively constant

components:

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen,
Argon, CO2, Plus trace
amounts of others

25
Q

variable components of atmosphere

A
  1. Water vapor
  2. Dust
  3. Ozone
26
Q

weather is generated in the…

A

troposphere

27
Q

what is a convection cell?

A

a circular-moving loop of air by warm air rising and cool air sinking

28
Q

what is pressure

A

pressure= force/ area

29
Q

The Coriolis Effect definition

A

• Deflects path of moving object

from viewer’s perspective

30
Q

High pressure zones –
descending air
Subtropical highs

A

30 degrees

latitude

31
Q

High pressure zones –
descending air
Polar highs

A

90 degrees latitude

32
Q

Low pressure zones – rising air

Equatorial low

A

equator

33
Q

Low pressure zones – rising air

Subpolar lows

A

60 degrees latitude

34
Q

what are the circulation cells?

A 
– Hadley Cell: 0–
30 degrees
latitude
– Ferrel Cell: 30–
60 degrees
latitude
– Polar Cell: 60–
90 degrees
latitude
35
Q

Coastal environments include:

A

Estuaries and deltas

36
Q

Isostatic sea level changes are____ in contrast to eustatic changes which are____

A

Local, global

37
Q

Hydrogen bonds form because water is a slightly_____ molecule

A

Polar

38
Q

It takes___ energy to boil water then to melt ice

A

More

39
Q

An alternative to constructing a barrier to prevent coastal erosion includes….

A

Beach replenishment where sediment is added

40
Q

Sea water contains…

A

Water, dissolved ions (salt) and gases

41
Q

Water has the highest density when…

A

Liquid

42
Q

T/F

The presence of water prevents high latitudes from freezing and the equator’s water from boiling off

A

True

43
Q

What is weather?

A

The current or particular time or place

44
Q

What is climate?

A

The long term average

45
Q

What is an air mass?

A

Large volumes of air with distinct properties

46
Q

What is the boundary between air masses called?

A

Front

47
Q

What is a storm?

A

Atmospheric disturbances with strong wind and precipitation

48
Q

How are cyclones classified?

A

By max sustained wind speed

49
Q

What are the process in storm development?

A

Tropical depression
Topical storm
Cyclone

Oceanography (2 decks)

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