Exam 1 Flashcards
a____ is a tentatice, testable, statement about the general nature of the phenomenon observed
hypothesis
____notice something: collect data, see something interesting
Observation
_____How to check which, if any, explanation is correct
Testing
______a well substantiated explanation that can incoperate facts, laws, logical inferences and tested hypotheses not a good guess
Theory
4 steps of scientific method
observation
hypothesis
testing
repeat as needed
what are the 5 major world oceans
Pacific Atlantic Indian Southern (antarctic) Arctic
the largest ocean is
Pacific
oceanography is
the scientific study of the worlds oceans
The chemical composition of the earths layers include
crust
mantel
core
water found in early earth came from
volcanic outgassing
salt in the ocean comes from
acidic rain eroding rock material on early earth
oceand cover about___% of earths surface
70%
hot spots can produce
volcanic island chains
plate boundary where crust is destroyed are called_____
convergent
ocean volcanoes undergo___and____which require the fringing coral reef to grow upwards to continues obtaining energy from sunlight as the depth of the volcano increases
extinction and eruption
when 2 oceanic plates collide the most important factor determining the subduction is
the age, the older colder plate will sink because its more dense
oceanic-oceanic convergence produce:
oceanic island arcs and trenches
plate boundaries are commonly associated with
earth quakes and volcanic
the continental shelf is
a flat plain where sediment is deposited off the edge of the continent, from shore to shelf break
biogenic sediment is predominately made from…
calcium carbonate and silica
active continental margins occur
close to plate boundaries
sediment cores from the seafloor reveal information about..
earths past climate, ocean chemistry, ocean circulation and life
bathymetric is
a map that shows the waters depth
deepest and flattest part of earth
abyssal plains
ocean trenches are produced along..
convergent boundarys
driving force of plate tectonics are…
earths internal heat
the record of earths magnetic field reversing is well preserved in
basaltic rock
the 6 continents are
north america south america Africa Eurasia Australia Antarctica
earths physical properties are…
lithosphere asthenosphere meosphere outer core inner core
how did organisms develop ability to create oxygen
photosynthesis
three major plate boundaries
divergent
convergent
transform
divergent boundary features
plates move apart
new ocean floor created
shallow earthquakes
convergent boundary feature
plates move toward each other oceanic crust destroyed ocean trench volcanic arc deep earthquakes
three types of convergent boundarys
oceanic-continental
oceanic-oceanic
continental-continental
Oceanic-continental convergence
Oceanic plate is subducted – Continental arcs – Explosive andesitic volcanic eruptions
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
Denser plate is subducted
• Deep trenches generated
• Volcanic island arcs
generated
continental-continental convergence
No subduction occurs
• Tall mountains uplifted
Transform Boundary
sliding motion
•no volcanoes
•shallow earthquakes
what is an Atoll
reefs continue to grow after volcanoes are submerged
Three Major Ocean Provinces
continental margins
deep ocean basins
mid ocean ridge
continental margins have 2 types
passive and active
Active Continental Margins types
- Convergent
2. Transform
deep ocean basins have
abyssal plains
ocean trenches
island arcs
mid ocean ridges have
pillow basalts
hydrothermal systems
Transform faults, fracture zones, and rift
valleys
sediment cores are…
hollow steel
tube collects
sediment
columns
classification by origin
Lithogenous
from rock
classification by origin
Biogenous
from life
classification by origin
Hydrogenous
from water
classification by origin
Cosmogenous:
from space
transportation methods
Streams
• Wind
• Glaciers
• Gravity
2 types of lithogenic distribution
Neritic (Near shore) deposits
Pelagic (oceanic) deposits
biogenous test
shells of microscopic organisms
calcite has..
Forams
• coccolithophores
silica has..
Diatoms
• Radiolaria
2 types of shores
erosion /emergent
deposition/submergent
2 major processes in sea level changes
Isostatic
Eustatic
