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Intro to Criminal Justice > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

vigilantism

A

The use of volunteer. self-appointed committees organized to suppress crime and punish criminals

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2
Q

Miranda warning

A

Notifs that police must give suspects about their rights prior to beginning custodial interrogation

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3
Q

Frankpledge System

A

local families are responsible for maintaining peace in their area

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4
Q

Watch system

A

Particular men were assigned to be watchmen

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5
Q

Fragmentation

A

Lack of coordination among law enforcement region due to the existence of many small departments

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6
Q

Training

A

States have special training academies

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7
Q

Demographics of Candidates

A

greatest disparity is in gender, Long history of discrimination against African Americans

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8
Q

The Fourth Amendment

A

Protects residents from unreasonable “searches and seizures”. It does not limit the actions of private individuals and companies (must be working for the government)

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9
Q

Police Subculture

A

set of norms and beliefs held by most officers in a given country

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10
Q

Use of Force

A

Array of coercive actions, from control holds to deadly force

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11
Q

Use of force continuum

A

A training aid depicting the appropriate amount of force a law enforcement agent may use in particular kinds of situations

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12
Q

The 4th Amendment

A

Protects residents from unreasonable “searches and seizures”. It does not limit the actions of private individuals and companies (must be working for the government)

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13
Q

Police discretion

A

High degree of discretion that allows them to act in the manner they judge more appropriate in a given situation
~limits upon police discretion, highest limits in use of force

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14
Q

Victims and the use of discretion

A

Greatest influence on the decision to arrest is the victims or complaints preference for arrest

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15
Q

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

A

deals with violations of federal statutes

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16
Q

State Law Enforcement Agencies

A

Police departments, smaller urban areas & more people , respond to violations of the state penal codes & local ordinances

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17
Q

Abuse of Authority

A

extremely harmful to a law enforcement agency; occurs when police disregard polices, rules or laws in the performance of their duties

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18
Q

Police Corruption

A

misconduct motivated by personal gain such as skimming seized narcotic monies

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19
Q

Policing Roles

A

3 policing roles: Maintaining order, enforcing the law, providing services

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20
Q

Enforcing the Law

A

when arrest when needed

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21
Q

Providing service

A

Non emergency police work-non law enforcement duties performed by police officers on as a needed basis

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22
Q

Problem oriented policing

A

discovered in late 1960, SARA ( Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment)

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23
Q

Scanning

A

Identifies the problem

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24
Q

Analysis

A

anything that may be causing or influencing the problem

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25
Q

Response

A

participants think creatively about ways to solve the problem

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26
Q

Assessment

A

during which officers determine whether the program was put into effect as intended and whether the goals were met

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27
Q

Zero tolerance policy

A

police focus on minor public order offense that affect resident quality of life

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28
Q

Broken Windows theory

A

relationship between the deterioration of a neighborhood and higher crimes rate

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29
Q

Patrol Officers

A

uniformed police officers assigned to specific regions perform bulk of police work

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30
Q

Follow up investigation

A

occurs after a patrol officer documents the facts of a crime

31
Q

Enforcing traffic laws

A

Policing are primary agency in charge of enforcement of traffic laws; automobiles are used in crimes

32
Q

Enforcing traffic laws

A

policing are primary agency in charge of enforcement of Law

33
Q

Custody

A

incarceration of persons either accused or convicted of a crime

34
Q

Forensics

A

applying science to investigation; methods to criminal & civil investigation & legal procedures, including criminal trails

35
Q

Span of Control

A

the extent of an individuals authority

36
Q

deployment of police resources

A

factors affecting how police resources are allocated

37
Q

Public Opinion

A

CJ system as a whole garners less support

38
Q

Search

A

Must be done by a government official, the person being searched must have a reasonable expectation of privacy.

39
Q

Seizure

A

The action of capturing someone or something using force. Must be done by a government agent, and the person must feel like they’re not reasonably free to leave (high-speed chase). If you can leave it is not a seizure

40
Q

search warrants

A

Needed to conduct a search

41
Q

Terry stop/Stop and frisk

A

The police with reasonable suspicion, briefly detain a person, question him, require him to show to identification, and frisk him or pat him down for weapons.

42
Q

automobile searches

A

Almost never need a warrant to search to a car, just probable cause

43
Q

Exclusionary rule

A

Police cannot use this evidence in court if violating the 4th 5th or 6th amendment (only applies to criminal offenses)

44
Q

Good-faith exception

A

Exception to the exclusionary rule allowing illegally attained evidence to be used if officers relied on good faith on an invalid warrant

45
Q

The fifth amendment

A

Right to remain silent, a confession is not valid if it is not voluntary

46
Q

Fruit of the poisonous tree

A

Another name for the derivative evidence rule which excludes evidence derived from an illegal search or seizure

47
Q

Inevitable discovery exception

A

Exception to the exclusionary rule allowing illegally obtained evidence to be admissible if police would have discovered it anyway had they used proper procedures

48
Q

Probable cause

A

Reasonable grounds that allows for a warrant/police to make an arrest

49
Q

Kin policing

A

Law enforcement power in the people’s hands, they’re responsible for their own family

50
Q

Attenuation

A

Exception to the exclusionary rule that applies when the link between the unconstitutional acts and the evidence becomes weak due to intervening time or events

51
Q

chain of command

A

The line of authority that extends throughout the organization

52
Q

Sheriffs offices

A

Tend to serve larger, more rural areas with fewer people

53
Q

Police departments

A

Serve smaller, urban areas with more people

54
Q

Sworn personnel

A

Those entrusted with arrest powers and are usually referred to as peace officers in the statutes conferring such powers

55
Q

Preventive patrol

A

Officers randomly patrol a neighborhood

56
Q

Broken windows theory

A

If a neighborhood looks run-down, crime is more likely

57
Q

The Sixth Amendment

A

The right to refuse to testify

58
Q

Pursuits

A

Begin when a law enforcement officer signals a driver to stop and they refuse to

59
Q

Dual arrest

A

Officer arrests both parties in a physical altercation instead of identifying/arresting the primary aggressor

60
Q

Appeals

A

No jury here. Each side files a brief. In appellate courts the purpose is to decide whether a mistake was made or whether a constitutional right was violated

61
Q

district attorney

A

Lawyer who prosecutes criminal cases at the local level

62
Q

Prosecutorial discretion

A

Prosecutor’s power to decide when to bring criminal charges and which charges to bring

63
Q

Defense attorney

A

Lawyer who represents the defendant in a criminal case

64
Q

Attorney-client privilege

A

The right of a person to prevent the government from asking his lawyer to provide evidence of the content of discussions

65
Q

petit jury

A

Small groups of citizens who determine whether a criminal defendant is guilty of the crime with which he is charged

66
Q

Grand jury

A

Panel of citizens who may investigate certain crimes and determine whether sufficient evidence exists to bring a defendant to trial

67
Q

Venire

A

Group of people called to be prospective jurors

68
Q

Lay witnesses

A

Heard or saw something firsthand directly related to the crime

69
Q

Expert witnesses

A

Have some special knowledge that can help the triers of fact decide a case

70
Q

Voir dire

A

Process by which biased jurors are excused from the pool

71
Q

Peremptory challenges

A

An attorney’s removal of a prospective juror she feels will not be sympathetic to her side of the case

72
Q

Prosecutors

A

Exist at federal, state, and local level, (who brings the charges)

73
Q

Affadavit

A

a written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court.

74
Q

Decentralization of command

A

The fanning out of substations in various areas so the police maintain a physical presence throughout the community

Intro to Criminal Justice (3 decks)

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