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Intro to Criminal Justice > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

norm

A

rule that makes clear what behavior is appropriate/expected

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2
Q

deviance

A

violation of a norm, no behavior is inherently different

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3
Q

social norm

A

specifies how people are expected to behave

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4
Q

formal social norms

A

legal norms, formally written, forbid theft and assault

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5
Q

mala in se

A

morally wrong (murder)

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6
Q

mala prohibita

A

acts that are criminal because they are prohibited by law

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7
Q

consensus perspective

A

says criminals are individuals whose behavior expresses values/beliefs at odd with those of mainstream society

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8
Q

conflict perspective

A

views crime as one outcome of a struggle among different groups competing for resources in society

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9
Q

sanctions

A

prescribed consequences intended to reinforce behavior to norms. Can be positive (rewarding) or negative (punishing)

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10
Q

probation

A

most common sanction alt. to jail/prison, under supervision

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11
Q

parole

A

early release based on compliance with standards while free

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12
Q

victim advocate

A

assist victims with aspects of post victimization period

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13
Q

criminal justice funnel

A

large sum arrested many fewer=trial or are sentenced

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14
Q

due process model

A

emphasizes individual rights “better to let guilty go free than convict the innocent”

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15
Q

uniform crime report

A

law enforcement agencies file reports with the FBI telling them about crime

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16
Q

dark figure of crime

A

unreported crimes

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17
Q

national crime victimization survey

A

survey Americans to see crimes they’ve been victims of, helps with dfoc, doesn’t include victimless crimes, homicide, people=underrepresented, not very accurate

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18
Q

homicide

A

all have same actus reus, different mens rea, occurs when someone unjustifiably causes the death of another human being

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19
Q

first-degree murder

A

offender planned to kill victim at least a short time in advance but did so purposely

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20
Q

second-degree murder

A

intentional and not planned ahead of time

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21
Q

felony murder

A

type of first degree, happens when death occurs during commition of a felony may or may not be intentional

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22
Q

manslaughter

A

less severe penalty, killing in which the offender is less blame worthy

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23
Q

voluntary manslaughter

A

offender provoked/loses control kills in heat of passion

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24
Q

involuntary manslaughter

A

killing resulting from offenders careless actions

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25
Q

depraved heart murder

A

participating in dangerous reckless act without considering consequences

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26
Q

multiple murder

A

perpetrator kills many victims

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27
Q

mass murder

A

multiple murders that occur at one place and time

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28
Q

serial murder

A

killing of three or more people over an extended period

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29
Q

spree murder

A

victims killed within fairly narrow time span

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30
Q

aggravated assault

A

attacking someone with intent to commit another felony, or using a deadly weapon

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31
Q

assault

A

to threaten/put someone in fear of offensive contact

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32
Q

battery

A

physical act that results in the offensive contact

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33
Q

robbery

A

violent crime, larceny tied w assualt

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34
Q

burglary

A

entering with intent to steal, property crime (force/no force) more common than motor vehicle theft

35
Q

larceny

A

theft, taking property with intent to keep it (least harmful, most common index 1 offense)

36
Q

classical school Jeremy Bentham

A

people make choice to choose criminal path, weigh benefits/consequences

37
Q

neoclassical school

A

people responsible for their actions, punishment can prevent crime

38
Q

positivist school

A

replaced classical school with determinism: idea that criminal behavior is a product of biological, psychological, and social forces beyond ones control

39
Q

cesare lombroso

A

father of modern criminology, atavism: criminals were primitive, subhuman, biological throwbacks characterized by certain “inferior” identifiable physical and mental traits

40
Q

neurobiological factors of brain function

A

injury, disease, influence, genetics

41
Q

Id

A

no system of morals or values, maximize pleasure, minimize pain

42
Q

ego

A

role of balancing, tries to satisfy id by bringing individual pleasure within accepted norms of society

43
Q

superego

A

sometimes unreasonable, regulates behavior

44
Q

strain theory

A

extraordinary pressures make a person more likely to commit a crime, anomie can contribute to strain

45
Q

social control theory

A

focuses primarily on belief systems that hold people to society’s standards by putting limits on their actions

46
Q

containment theory

A

argues that some behaviors that keep behavior in check are personal (self control, conscience, responsibility)

47
Q

social bond theory

A

focuses of four facets of social bond people have with society: attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

48
Q

social conflict theory

A

criminal behavior is the product of the conflict between the wealthy and powerful on the one hand and the poor and powerless on the other

49
Q

cultural deviance theory

A

social traditions with which people live and the subculture with which they identify contribute to the values that guide their behaviors

50
Q

social disorganization theory

A

society doesn’t have sufficient things

51
Q

subculture

A

group that has some of the same mainstream norms and values but in addition to others not held by society at large

52
Q

obtrusive vulnerabilities

A

those visible, obvious, and recognizable ex: drunk person

53
Q

unobtrusive vulnerabilities

A

not easily observed

54
Q

recidivisit victims

A

those w high levels of both vulnerablities that are vitcimized repeatedly

55
Q

routine activities theory

A

views victimization as the result of an individuals daily routine activities, offenders learn to recognize these patterns

56
Q

rule of law

A

no person above the law, none can be punished unless a law has made it specifically prohibited

57
Q

hammurabi’s code

A

second earliest known record of written laws, established high standards of behavior

58
Q

common law system

A

consistent set of rules, relies on judges interpretations of previous cases, originated in england

59
Q

constitution

A

specifies the components of a government, duties of each component, and limits of their power

60
Q

statutes

A

written laws enacted by legislatures, or by the citizens themselves through a voting process

61
Q

ordinances

A

laws enacted by local gov’s such as citites/countries

62
Q

case law

A

consists of decisions that judges have made in court cases

63
Q

administrative agencies

A

can create rules and regulate law

64
Q

international law

A

rules or customs established by a treaty between nations

65
Q

civill law

A

brought by a person (divorce)

66
Q

criminal law

A

brought by government (pulled over for speeding)

67
Q

felonies

A

most serious criminal offenses

68
Q

misdemeanors

A

criminal defense punishable by fine

69
Q

infractions

A

minor violations

70
Q

corpus deliciti

A

proof that a crime has been committed, prosecutor must

71
Q

actus reus

A

act that makes a specific act a crime

72
Q

mens rea

A

defendant’s metal state

73
Q

wobblers

A

crimes that may be charged as midemeanors or felonies.

74
Q

inchoate offenses

A

attempted but not completed. attempt, solicitation, conspiracy

75
Q

mistake

A

mistaken about a fact, not if they were mistaken about a law

76
Q

duress

A

being coerced into committing a crime, not a defense for murder, can’t chose life over anothers

77
Q

necessity

A

must demonstrate that he or she had to commit the crime in order to avoid more severe consequence

78
Q

self defense (limited defense)

A
  1. action against threat must be necessary 2. must be proportionate to the threat 3. threat must be immediate
79
Q

entrapment

A

induced to commit crime one usually wouldn’t otherwise

80
Q

M’Naughten rule

A

was defendant able to know what they were doing or to distinguish right from wrong

81
Q

insanity

A

defendant admits crime but claims to not be capable due to mental illness

82
Q

infancy

A

sometimes protects very youn offenders

83
Q

consent

A

victim gave defendant permission

Intro to Criminal Justice (3 decks)

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