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HIstology Year 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

red pulp consists of

A

cords and sinuses

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2
Q

where is this located?

A

Rectoanal junction

Transition from columnar to squamous epithelium - getting near skin

  • pectinate line
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3
Q

Adnexa of the Skin

A

structures assoc with skin

sweat glands, hair

lack of hair in thick skin

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4
Q

Ejection of nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles begins

A

in the upper layers of the granulosum!

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5
Q

EE Cells

A

Secrete cholecystokinin (regulation pancreatic-bicarb, bile release by the biliary tract)

secretin

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6
Q

heart failure cells

A

dusk cells

CHF - lungs congested with blood and RBCs pass into alveoli = phago by dusk cells

ID by hemosiderin histochem rxn

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7
Q

how do taste buds taste tastants?

A

salty: sodium ions
sour: H+
sweet: sugar
bitter: alkaloids, certain toxins
umami: aa - glutamate, aspartate

1st 2 by ion channels

2nd 3 by GPCR

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8
Q
  • A glandular tissue was received in pathology lab. The acini are shown in the image. The cells indicated by the arrow is characteristic of which gland?
  • A. Submandibular gland
  • B. Sublingual gland
  • C. Parotid gland
  • D. Pancreas
  • E. Lacrimal gland
A

pancreas

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9
Q

Cardiac Skeleton

A

insertion of M and valves

–Dense irregular connective tissue

–Stabilize valves and anchors muscles

–Electrically insulates ventricular cells from atrial cells

–Four bands around heart valves and bases of pulmonary trunk and aorta

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10
Q
A

type II alveolar cell

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

func of Arterioles

A

Resist and control
blood flow to
capillaries; major
determinant of
systemic blood
pressure

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13
Q

2 stage selection process of T cells timeline

A

begin in cortex

end in medulla

2 weeks

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14
Q
A

striated duct

acini

parotid gland

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15
Q

capsule of bacteria

A

found in influenza, strep

avoid phagocytosis –> cover wall with capsule of polysacc

inhibits recogition

  • bad for elderly and immunocompromised

eventually can be removed by antibody-based mechanisms

  • phago after opsonization
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16
Q

Asthma

A

chronic inflammation within brochial tree

brochospasms - mast cells

epi = relax M and increase diameter by stimulation SNS

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17
Q

Olfactory neurons

A

bipolar –> pass through cribriform plate –> olfactory N (CN I) –> N in olfactory bulb of brain

–Bipolar cells

–Dendrites - receptors

–Axons form the olfactory nerve

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18
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

bilateral cavities in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull

characteristics:

  • thinner respiratory epithelium
  • fewer goblet cells
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19
Q

venous portal system

A

blood flows through two successive capillary beds separated by a portal vein

function: allows for horm/nut picked up at first cap netwk to be delivered most effeciently to cells around secondary cap bed before return to the heart

ex:

  • hepatic
  • hypothalamic-phypophyseal (anterior pituitary)
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20
Q

what are these and where are they usually found

function?

A

apocrine sweat gland - ax, perineal regions

merocrine secretion - vescile releases contents into duct

dev deends on sex hormones - not complete and function until after puberty

secretion is odorless but gains odor due to bacterial activity

produce pheromones

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21
Q

VEGF

A

vasculogenesis: stim form of vasc sys from embryonic mesenchyme
angiogenesis: cap sprouting and outgrowth from small bv

assisted by angiopoietins

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22
Q
A

vermillion zone of lips

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23
Q
A

duodenum

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24
Q

origin of FDCs

A

mesenchymal

UNLIKE OTHER DENDRITIC CELLS!!

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25
Q

what does the subendocardium layer contain?

A

Conducting muscle fibers

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26
Q

measles virus or adenovirus

A

causes bronchiolitis

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27
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secretion of the protective mucus layer (high-molecular-weight glycoproteins = mucins)

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28
Q

club cells

A

also called clara cells, bronchiolar exocrine cells

cuboidal epithelium of terminal bronchioles

  • non-cilated dome-shaped

function:

  • surfactant
  • detox in SER
  • local immune defense
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29
Q

what is this organ?

what is this structure?

what is the arrow pointing at?

what is “A”

A

small intestine

crypts of lieberkuhn

paneth cells - lightly stained

vaculoes containing defesins and lysozyme

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30
Q

what is the dark circle on the right?

what is the arrowhead pointing at?

A

stem cells –> replace EE and goblet cells

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31
Q
A

Large vein with valve

thin I and M, thicker A

  • valve = intima
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32
Q

APC function

A

endocytosis of antigens and present on cell surface (complexed to MHC class II molecules) to helper T cells

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33
Q

MHC class II

A

only in cells of mononuclear phago sys

first fuse with endo-vesicles containing ingested antigens

  • display these “dangerous” proteins –> help T cells recognize and activate response aga these
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34
Q

Q2- Where are the main blood vessels which supply the heart located?

(A) Epicardium


(B) Pericardium

(C) Myocardium

(D) Endocardium

(E) Endomysium

A

Epicardium


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35
Q
A

larynx:

LV = laryngeal vestibule surrounded by seromucous glands

VF = vestibular folds with lymph nodules (L)

VC: vocal cords each with VM (vocalis M)

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36
Q

what organ is this showinG?

A

tongue

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37
Q

Hilton’s line (White line)

A

Transition zone from stratified squamous epithelium non-keratinized à stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

rectum/anus

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38
Q

Pneumocytes

A

type I - squamous with occluding jxns

type II (septal/great alveolar) - cuiboidal, lamellar bodies, secretes surfactant, acts as stem cells

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39
Q
A

Elephantiasis

Lymphatic filariasis

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40
Q
A

thymus

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41
Q
A
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42
Q

what is this showing?

what are the layers?

A

dermis

papillary

reticular

hypodermis

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43
Q
A

endocardium, Subendocarium contains impulse conducting Purkinje Fibers

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44
Q

Thymic epithelial cells of cortex

A

blood-thymus arrier

cells expressing MHC I/II forms cytoreticulum –> contribute to corticomedullary barrier

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45
Q

Vitiligo

A

•Loss of melanocytes, usually autoimmune

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46
Q
A

section of AV valve

CT = chordae tendineae

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47
Q

IgE

A

exists bound to Fc regions of mast cells, basophils

func:

  • allergic reactions
  • parasitic worms
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48
Q

Development of lymphocytes

A

Stem cells for all lymphocytes originate in red bone marrow

maturation: primary/central lymphoid organs

  • B = bone marrow (stay)
  • T = thymus (migrate)

circulation: secondary, peripheral lymph organs:
* lymph nodes, spleen, MALT (mucusa assoc lymphoid tissue)

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49
Q

IgD

A

least abudant, least understood

bound to surf of B lymphocytes –> triggers initial B cell activation

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50
Q

Olfactory epithelium contains

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

Bipolar cells (Olfactory neurons)

  • Dendrites - receptors
  • Axons form the olfactory nerve

•Supporting cells

–Microvilli

–Ion channels

•Basal cells

  • Stem cells

bowman’s glands

NO goblet cells

  • how to differentiate from respiratory
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51
Q
A

Singer’s nodule

benign reactive polyps

freq in stratified squamous epithelium of true vocal cords

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52
Q

MHC I

A

all nucleated cells present surfaces to MHC I – “self-antigens”

  • T cells ignore these cells

surfaces may be changed by gene mutation from viruses

  • not “self!” –> T cells elim these cells
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53
Q

lysozyme

A

made by neutrophills, epithelial cells

hydrolyze cell wall of bacteria

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54
Q

cords in red pulp also known as

A

cords of bilroth

contain macrophages - gobble up senecsent blood cells

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55
Q

what is this structure?

A

lips

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56
Q
A

brush cells (B)

(G = goblet cells, arrows to accumulations of secrete mucus)

columnar

chemosensory receptors

apical surf have short, blunt MICROVILLI

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57
Q

Discontinuous Capillary

A
  • Sinusoidal capillaries or sinusoids
  • Larger diameter and larger openings
  • Intercellular gaps
  • Discontinuous basement membrane

found in:

  • liver, spleen, some edocrine organs, bone marrow
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58
Q

functions of striated ducts

A

reabsorb NA

secrete K, HCO3

makes saliva hypotonic

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59
Q

Muscularis externa of esophagus

A
  • Upper third skeletal muscle,
  • Mid third skeletal and smooth muscle,
  • Lower third smooth muscle

Outer layer is adventitia until it pierces the diaphragm, after which it is covered by a serosa

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60
Q
A

blind ending - leaky

  • incomplete basement membrane

easy to collapse - held open by anchoring filaments (elastic)

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61
Q
A

Thymus: Most active in childhood, slowly involutes after puberty

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62
Q

Hepatocytes stain with…

A

PAS - glycogen granules

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63
Q
A

aorta, pulm A and largest branches

also called conducting A

characteristics:

  • intima: Endothelium; connective tissue with smooth muscle
  • media: many elastic lamellae alt with smooth M
  • adventitia: connective tissue, thinner than media with vasa vasorum
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64
Q
A

coronary thrombosis

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65
Q
A

Alveolar ducts and alveoli

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66
Q

fungiform papillae

A

dispersed along filiform

lightly keratinized

mushroom shaped

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67
Q

Basale layer of skin contains

A

merkel cells

melanocytes

basal stem cells

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68
Q

antibody

A

glycoprotein

interacts specifically with antigenic determinant

secr by plasma cells (arise from B lymphocytes)

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69
Q

functions of this organ?

A

liver

  1. synth plasma proteins
  2. aa –> gng
  3. detox
  4. aa deamination –> urea
  5. store gluc, triglycerides
  6. stop vit a (stellate cells) & other fat-sol vit
  7. removal of effete RBC - kupffer cells
  8. store iron - ferritin
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70
Q
A

Esophagogastric junction: esophagus and stomach (cardiac region)

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71
Q

endocardium consists of

A

thin inner layer, supporting connective tissue

middie myoelastic later SMC

subendocardial layer: connective tissue that merges with myocardium

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72
Q

what do the lines on the right represent?

A
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73
Q
  • A 60 year old male had congestive heart failure had hypoxic changes in the liver. These changes are first noted in
  • A. Periportal hepatocytes
  • B. Zone 1 of portal acinus
  • C. Zone 2 of portal acinus
  • D. Centrilobular hepatocytes
  • E. Bile ductules
A

•Centrilobular hepatocytes

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74
Q

Duodenum

A

MUCOSA

  • Long villi
  • crypts of Lieberkühn

Epithelial cells, produce:

  • Cholecystokinin: pancreatic digestive secretions and bilerelease
  • Secretin: bicarbonate - pancreas
  • Goblet cell: protective mucus layer

SUBMUCOSA

  • Brunner’s glands:
    • produce alkaline mucus (neutralize acid chyme of stomach)
    • exclusive!!
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75
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

specilized intergral membrane protein complexes on cell surf

  • where antigens recognized by lymphocytes are often bound

made in RER and golgi

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76
Q

what is the “S”

A
  • Mucus acini capped with serous cells
  • Mostly seen in sublingual and also in submandibular gland
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77
Q
A

lymph cap

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78
Q
A

adventitia

  • Thick layer of connective tissue lacking mesothelium.
  • Has no “finished edge”

serosa

  • Thin layer of loose connective tissue with a simple squamous covering epithelium
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79
Q

intestines: GENERAL ORGANIZATION

A

Mucosa

  • Epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosa

Submucosa

  • Glands, vessels, submucosal plexus

Muscularis

  • Inner circular
  • Myenteric plexus
  • Outer longitudinal

Serosa (or adventia)

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80
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

–Helper T cells (CD4+) release cytokines enhancing the immune response

–Cytotoxic T cells (CD 8+) contact and kill intruding cells

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81
Q

CD markers

A

cluster of differentitation

disting between B and T cells

  • b: immunoglobulins that bind antigens direction
  • T: react only with antigen on MHC –> require CD4 or CD8
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82
Q

secondary lymphoid nodule

A

germinal center

  • lightly stained

growth and activated B cells –> exuverate, very rapid

  • pushes nonprolif B cells aside to form “mantle”

2-3 wks of proliferation, most cells of germinal center and mantle = dispered = structure gradually lost

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83
Q

γδ (gamma/delta) T lymphocytes

A

intraepithelial - do not recirculate

innate immunity

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84
Q

diverticulosis

A

hernations b/w teniae coli

structural defects in colon wall, high intraluminal P/constipation

fecal matter = trapped –> local inflammation

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85
Q

envag are called

A

crypts

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86
Q

AIDS

A

inects and rapidly kills helper T cells

suspectible to oppotunisitic infections easily dealt with by immunocompetent individuals

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87
Q

vasa vasorum

A

vessels of the vessel

  • arterioes, capillaries, venules in adventitita and outer part of media

function:

  • metabolites to cells of larger vessels due to thick walls

luminal blood alone provides needs of cells in intima

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88
Q

myocardium consists of

A

cardiac M

  • vent thicker than atrium
  • Concentric/Spiral layers of cardiac muscle tissue
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89
Q
A

Serous demilunes

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90
Q

function of these cells?

A

APCs

primarily in spinosum

langerin AB - special stain

birbeck granules (tennis-racquet shaped) on EM

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91
Q

Keratinocyte Granules

A

keratohyalin - protein material

lamellar ganules - hydrophobic glycolipids - protective lipid barrier

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92
Q

Smooth muscle fibers of bv

A

arranged helically in layers

arterioles, small A: increased gap jxns = increase vasostriction/vasodilation

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93
Q

which vessels have more vasa vasorum and why?

A

Because they carry deoxygenated
blood, large veins

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94
Q

Hyaline membrane disease

A

In premature infants

Due to defect in surfactant

Respiratory distress syndrome

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95
Q

muscularis (muscularis externa)

A

smooth M - 2 or more sublayers

external sublayer = longitundinal

internal sublayer = generally circular

Auerbach (myenteric) nerve plexus

function: contraction = mix move contents –> coord by myenteric plexus

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96
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

salivary glands: parotid, sublingual, submandibular

teeth, tongue

liver

gallbladdar

pancreas

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97
Q
A

name everything about this picture

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98
Q

Lymphatic vessels ultimately converge as two large trunks

A

thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct

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99
Q

IgG

A

most abundant: 75-85%

UNLIKE other classes: highly soluble, stable, crossed placental barrier (gives passive immunity to newborn until its adaptive immunity is acquired)

func:

  • activ phago
  • neutralizes antigens
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100
Q
A

Endothelial stave cells that line sinusoids are oriented lengthwise. Silver stain shows reticular fibers wrapped around sinusoids

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101
Q
A

arterioles

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102
Q

stratum germinativum

A

keratin filaments (tonofibrils) - hemidesmosomes and desmosomes hold basal layer together and to basement membrane

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103
Q

func of stomach: cardia

A

Mucous production (protection)

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104
Q

Villi

A

finger like projections

-Covered predominantly with mature, absorptive enterocytes,

some mucus-secreting goblet cells.

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105
Q
A

outer longitudinal SM

myenteric plexus

inner longitudinal SM

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106
Q

what are the arrows pointing at?

A

fungiform

filiform

filiform

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107
Q

adventitia and N

A

adventitial contain network of unmyelinated ANS fibers (vasomotor)

release NE

density more in arteries than veins

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108
Q

4 main layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa

submucosa

muscularis

serosa

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109
Q
A

trachea

•Mucosa

–Respiratory epithelium

–Lamina propria

–Few glands & Lymphoid tissue.

•Submucosa

–Seromucous glands

•Cartilage

–Hyaline cartilage– incomplete ring. (open ends on esophagus)

–Perichondrium.

–Trachealis (smooth) muscle. (bridges rings together)

•Adventitia.

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110
Q
A

elastic A, M A

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111
Q

Mucosa of esophagus

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosae (single layer of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle)
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112
Q

hemorrhoids.

A

swollen bv in mucosa/submucosa of anal canal

typically from low-fier diet, constipation, prolonged sitting, strainig @ defecation

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113
Q
A

found in dermis - EXCEPT palms and soles

branched acinar: holocrine secretion - dying cell releases products

open directly onto epidermal surface in hairless regions

  • penis, clit, eyelid, nipples
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114
Q

DIGeorge syndrome

A

failure of 3rd (for thymus - endodern) and 4th phrayngeal pouch to develop normally

thymic hypoplasia/aplasia

cannot produce T lymophotyes –> severely depressed cell-mediated immunity

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115
Q
A

Peyer patch showing M (Microfold) cells

Basal lamina invaginations containing many lymphocytes & macrophages

  • Endocytosis antigens - txp to the lymphocytes and macrophages
  • Lymphocytes & macrophages then “disperse” information
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116
Q

endothelium

A

semipermeable barrier between blood and interstitial tissue fluid

morph: squamous, polygonal, elongated (axis in direction of blood flow)

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117
Q

As we progress down the stomach, pits get ______ and glands get _______ , but more _______

A

As we progress down the stomach, pits get deeper and glands get shallower, but more branched

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118
Q

layers of skin and short descriptor

A

corneum:

  • Most superficial layer
  • 20-30 layers of dead, flat, anucleate, keratin-filled keratinocytes
  • protection v friction, h2o loss

lucidum:

  • only in thick skin
  • 2-3 layers dead, anuc

granulosum:

3-5 layers of keratinocytes with distinct kerato-hyaline granules

spinosum:

  • Several layers of keratinocytes joined by desmosomes
  • Langerhans cells

basale/germinativum

  • Deepest: single layer cuboidal/low columnar cells along basement membrane
  • mitosis occurs
  • melanocytes, Merkel cells (tactile discs)
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119
Q

func of Large veins

A

Return blood to heart

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120
Q

general GI tract

A

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small and large intestines

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121
Q

Fenestrated Capillary

A
  • Numerous opening in the capillary wall
  • Continuous basement membrane

found in:

  • organ with rapid interchange of substands
  • kidney, intestines, choroid plexus, endocrine glands
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122
Q
A

Bronchiole

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123
Q
A

stratum spinosum

stratum basale (bottom-most layer)

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124
Q
A

keratinocytes

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125
Q

tunica intima

A

endothelium and a thin subendothelial layer

in arteries: thin layer of internal elastic lamina and holes for increase diffusion

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126
Q

stratum corneum

A

15-20 layers of squamous, keratinized cells

squames: continuously shed @ epidermal surf as desmosomes and cells break down

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127
Q

white and red pulp

A

red pulp:

  • full of blood
  • more than white pulp

white pulp

  • full of lymph
  • less than red pulp
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128
Q
A

circles = white pulp

surrounding = red pulp

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129
Q

Major functions of spleen

A

lymph organ sampling BLOOD

  • Activation of immune cells to antigens in the blood
  • Disposal of senescent blood cells, especially RBCs
  • Hematopoiesis in fetus (and sometimes adults with hematopoietic diseases)
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130
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

Thin basement membrane

Olfactory glands (Bowman’s gland) – serous glands

bipolar cells –> N

no goblet cells, very few cilia (non-motile)

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131
Q

func of stomach: body/fundus

A
  • Pepsinogen/HCl (digestion)
  • Rugae: shallow pits; deep glands
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132
Q
A

primary follicle

  • aggreg of B cells

no germinal center –> non-activated B cells

  • non-activated = memory cells!
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133
Q
A

Thymic cortex with epithelial reticular cells

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134
Q

IgA

A

J-chain:

found:

  • secretions
    • secretory component - released by epithelia cells as igA undergoes transcytosis
      • resist to proteolysis

func:

  • protects mucosa (prod by plasma cells of dig, respira, reprod tract)
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135
Q
A

secondary lymph follicle - cortex of lymph node

lightly stained activated B cells

  • non-activated (darker staining) b-cells pushed to side = mantle
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136
Q

immunotolerance

A

thymus: central
* deletion of self-reactive helper/cytotoxic T cells

regulatory T cells: peripheral

  • dev initially in thymus medulla under influence of cytokines from Hassal corpuscles
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137
Q

func of elastic A

A

Conduct blood from
heart and with elastic
recoil help move
blood forward under
steady pressure

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138
Q
A

Peyer’s patch

ileal epithelium with peyer’s patches underneath

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139
Q
A

Sinusoidal capillaries

  • Greater diameter than most capillaries
  • Maximal molecular exchange and movement of blood cells across epithelium
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140
Q

cell surf receptors for B lymphocytes

function?

A

IgM, IgD

  • bind to antigens and undergo endocytosis
  • peptides from these antigens are presented on MHC II
  • helper T cell binds B cell –> furthur activate with cytokine
  • stimulate several cycles of cell prolif
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141
Q

pharynx contains

A

medial pharyngeal tonsil

openings of 2 aud tubes connecting middle ear cavity

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142
Q

what is the function of this?

A

Reabsorption:

  • Transports Na+(actively)
  • Water (passively)
  • Formation of stools
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143
Q

ID right side and left side

A

purkinji = larger and paler than contractile muscle fiber

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144
Q

difference between dermal layers

A

papillary

  • loose CT
  • collagen type III
  • elastic fibers, bv

reticular

  • dense irregular CT
  • collagen type I
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145
Q

origin of the tongue

A

branchial arches and occipital myotomes

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146
Q

what is this showing?

A

Mucous cells

columnar

compressed nuclei

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147
Q

epicardium consists of

A

simple squamous mesothelium

  • supp by layer of loose connective tissue with bv and N
  • VISCERAL LAYER OF PERICARIDIUM
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148
Q

cytokines

A

inflammation at sites of infection/injury

innate and adaptive

func:

  • chemotaxis (chemokines)
  • mitotic leukoctyes: local and in marrow
  • interleukins: stim/suppress lymphocyte activities in adaptive immunity
  • phago
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149
Q

Foliate papillae

A

contain parallel ridges

anterior to sulcus terminalis

rudimentary in humans, especially older

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150
Q

Rugae are found in which of the following segments of the GI tract?

(A) Esophagus

(B) Large intestine

(C) Rectum/anal canal

(D) Small intestine

(E) Stomach

A

Stomach

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151
Q

artherosclerosis

A

disease of elastic A and large M A

dmged/dysfunc endothelia cells ox by LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) in tunica intima

  • prom infiltration of foam cells (lipid-filled macrophages)
    • accumulation along with free LDL = fatty streaks

disease progression:

  • fatty streaks –> fibro-fatty plaques (atheromas)
    • gruel-like mix: SMC, collagen fibers, lymphocytes
    • necrotic regions of lipid, debris, foam cells
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152
Q

Fundic/Body cells

A

Mucous cells (epithelial)

Produce a protective alkaline mucous layer

Chief Cells

  • Basophilic
  • Secrete pepsinogen & lipase precursor

Parietal cells (oxyntic)

  • Acidophilic
  • Secrete HCl and Intrinsic factor (Vit B12 absorption)

Entero-endocrine cells (G Cells)

  • Require special stains
  • Among Chief cells
  • Secrete a variety of peptide hormones (e.g. Serotonin=increases gut motility)
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153
Q

95% of the alveolar lining

A

type 1 alveolar cells

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154
Q
A

paneth cells

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155
Q

what is this organ?

what is A and B?

A

Gastric Glands

A: pareital cells

B: chief cells

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156
Q
A

notice that LV wall versus V (venule) wall

also, no RBC in LV

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157
Q

what is this?

A

large bronchus

Mucosa

–Folded

–Respiratory epithelium.

–Smooth muscle –spiral bundles.

–Serous & mucous glands

–MALT

•Submucosa

–Cartilage- isolated plates.

•Adventitia

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158
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

gastric/duodenal ulcers

painful erosive lesions of mucosa

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159
Q
A

Vasa Vasorum

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160
Q

Parotid glands

A

branched acinar - ONLY SERIOUS acini

alpha-amylase - initiated dig of carbs

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161
Q

Actions of Antibodies

A
  1. complement sys
    * IgG, IgM
  2. opsonization
  • ability of receptors on macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils to recog and bind Fc portions of antibodies attached to surf antigens of microorg
  • increases efficiency of phago
  1. NK cell activation
    * NK release perforin and granzymes –> enter cell –> apoptosis
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162
Q

Dermis-Epidermis Junction

A

dermal papillae - increase SA of contact - dermatoglyphs

anchored via loose CT to BM

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163
Q
A

Colon

no more villi: flattened mucosa layer

increased # of goblet cells (prod mucin)

dark staining cells = basal cells

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164
Q

function of Acini

A

–secrete sero/mucous fluid (variable glycoprotein content)

–Amylase (more from parotid)

–Lysozyme (submandibular)

–Secretory component of IgA complex

165
Q
A

red pulp, white pulp, capsule

166
Q
A

meissner - light touch - papillary dermis

pacinian - deep P sensors: reticular dermis/hypodermal boundary

167
Q

what are these showing?

168
Q

Kupffer cells

A

stellate macrophages

in sinusoid lining

func:

  • phago aged RBC
  • APCs - antigen presenting cells
    *
169
Q

what is the ?

what are the arrows pointing at?

A

brunner’s glands - duodenum

muscularis mucosa, crypts

170
Q

The most distal part of the conduction portion of the respiratory tract is

A.Extra pulmonary bronchi

B.Intrapulmonary bronchi

C.Larger bronchiole

D.Terminal bronchiole

E.Respiratory bronchiole

A

Terminal bronchiole

171
Q
A

lymph nodes

nodes: rich in b cells
paracortex: rich in T cells
medulla: anatas trabeculae/cords - plasma cells
* plasma cells secreted into medullary sinuses

172
Q

gastric pits secrete

A

thick, adherent, highly viscous muscous layer

bicarb

protects from abrasive effects of food and corrosive effects of stomach acid

173
Q

HCL and immunity

A

HCL, other organic acids

lower pH locally to kill/inhibit growht

174
Q
A

Hassall’s corpuscles

ONLY IN thymus medulla

aggregates of TECs

175
Q

what is each showing?

A

submand, subling, parotid

submand, parotid

176
Q

what modifications increase luminal surf of small intestines?

A

-plicae circulares, villi and microvilli

177
Q
A

Lymphocytes passing through high endothelial venule (HEV) in paracortex

  • high= cuiboidal

cells can reach lymph nodes by….

  • HEV
  • lymph cap

found in:

  • paracortex of lymph nodes, peyers patches, tonsils
178
Q

First-year medical students are reviewing histologic features of the tongue. The sides of a circumvallate papilla are examined. Identify the oval pale-stained structure indicated by the arrow.

(A) Circumvallate papilla

(B) Fungiform papilla

(C) Mucous gland

(D) Serous salivary gland

(E) Taste bud

179
Q
A

M-cells
Specialized cells sample antigens at apical surface over Peyer’s patches → transfer antigen to immune cells in basal pockets

via transcytosis

behaves like APC

180
Q

type of Duct?

A

Intralobular ducts

basal striations - infold of BM - increase SA for ion txp

lots of mito for E to reabsorb Na

181
Q

phonation

A

muscles of the larynx draw the paired
vocal folds together (adduction), which narrows the opening
between them, the rima glottidis, and air expelled from the
lungs causes the adducted vocal folds (cords) to vibrate and
produce sound

182
Q

stratum spinosum

A

normally thickest layer

ridges

183
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A
  • Close-ended, very thin
  • Incomplete basal lamina
  • Interstitial fluid enters openings between endothelial cells
184
Q

Innate immunity

A

Immediate and nonspecific

  1. physical barriers
    * skin, mucus memb of GI, respir, urogenital tracts
  2. phagocytic leukocytes
  • neutrophils
  • NK
  • TLRs (toll-like receptors) recog and bind surface components of invaders
  1. antimicrobial chemicals
    * HCL, defensins, lysozyme, completment, interferons
185
Q

angiopoietins

A

stim endothelian cells to recruit SMC and fibroblasts to form other tissues of vasc wall

186
Q

what is this structure?

what is found in it?

A

Pyloric stomach

Mucous cells, Chief Cells, Parietal cells

    • Same cells as before, but different quantities. Glands produce mucous to protect duodenum

Entero-endocrine cells

    • High concentration of gastrin (G cells - increase gastric motility and secretion)
187
Q

what are each of these layers

188
Q

Pores of Kohn

A

alveolar pores

  • Connect neighboring alveoli.
  • Equalize air pressure.
189
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only in thick skin

thin flattened eosinophillic keratinocytes

no nuclei and org-lls

190
Q
A

Blind evagination off the cecum- very small lumen

Fewer glands in mucosa

no teniae coli.

LOTS of lymphocytes and lymphoid follicles - (MALT).

191
Q
A

terminal bronchioles

192
Q

what are found in these structures?

A

Desmosomes, Fascia Adherens and Gap Junctions

193
Q
A

Mucous salivary (Sublingual) gland

194
Q

Swallowing

A

begins with voluntary muscle action but finishes
with involuntary peristalsis

195
Q

what is this organ?

what is the arrowhead and the arrow pointing to?

A

small intestine

arrow head = goblet cell

arrow = where you find lacteal

196
Q
A

vallate papilla

many taste buds (TB) around sides

small salivary glands (GL) - “cleanse palate”

197
Q

adaptive immunity

A

Slower to respond and specific

  • Involves B and T lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells (APCs)
  • Subsequent encounter with antigen leads to greater, more specific, and faster response
  • memory lymphocytes
198
Q

atelectasis

A

Obstruction of

  • excess mucus
  • aspirated material

collapse of pulmonary lobules

persistant = fibrosis, loss of respiratory func

199
Q
200
Q

defensins

A

short cationic polypeptides

prod by neutrophils, epithelial cells

disrupt cell walls of bacteria

201
Q

Distinguishing features of intestines to help differentiate

A

Duodenum: submucosal (Brunner’s) glands

Jejunum: plicae circulares (more developed here); thin, unremarkable submucosa.

Ileum: lymphoid nodules called Peyer’s patches (lamina propria)

Large Intestine: Lacks villi, but retains crypt of Lyeberkuhn.

202
Q
203
Q 
The pulmonary (functional) and bronchial (nutritive) arterial systems
enter the lungs separately at the hilus but anastomose into a
single system at which level?
A

Respiratory bronchioles

204
Q

Q3- What is the pacemaker of the heart?

(A) Sinoatrial node

(B) Atrioventricular node
(C) Bundle of His

(D) Right bundle branch

(E) Purkinje fiber

205
Q
A

Types I and II alveolar cells

no M and skel support, but lots of elastic and reticular fibers

Sites of all gas exchange; surfactant
from type II pneumocytes; dust cells

(pneumocytes)

206
Q
A

3 coverings:

interal mucous: thick, nonkeratinized epithelium, salivary glands

vemillion zone:

  • red - thin keratinized stratified sq
  • no glands, kept moist from saliva from tongue
  • rich in sensory N and capillaries = pink!

outer surf: thin skin

207
Q

inflammation and APCs

A

During inflammation transient expression of MHC
class II is induced by interferon-γ in certain local cells that can
be considered “nonprofessional” APCs, including fibroblasts
and vascular endothelial cells

208
Q

trachealis muscle

A

relaxes during swallowing to applow esophagus to bulge into lumen of trachea

contracts in coughing: narrow lumen = increased velocity = better loosening material in air passage

  • dry cough: cough suppressants
  • wet cough: expectorants
209
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

right subclavian vein and the right internal jugular vein

210
Q

what is this organ?

what are the arrows pointing at?

A

Gastric Glands

top: pareital cells
bottom: chief cells

211
Q
A

Myocardium infarction

212
Q

arrow and arrowhead?

A
  • Arrow – Type I alveolar cells
  • Arrow head – Type II alveolar cells
213
Q

digestive system embryonic origin: ectoderm

A

epithelial lining of oral cavity, salivary glands

neuroectoderm: enteric NS

214
Q

Paneth Cells

A

produce lysozyme regulate the bacterial lineup (Kill bacteria from going to lumen of the crypt so lumen stays open)

215
Q

Q4- Where are the Purkinje fibers located?

(A) Epicardium

(B) Pericardium


(C) Myocardium


(D) Endocardium


(E) Sinoatrial node


A

Endocardium


216
Q

Continuous Capillary

A
  • Most common
  • Uninterrupted vascular endothelium
  • Continuous basement membrane
217
Q

The Coronary circulation

A
  • Left and right Coronaries
  • Originate at aortic sinuses
  • High blood pressure
  • Elastic rebound forces blood through coronary arteries between contractions
218
Q

von Ebner glands

A

secretions wash away food particles so taste buds can receive and process new gustatory stimuli

secretions contain lipase - prevents formation of hydrophobic flim to hinder gustation

219
Q

musoca

A

epithelial lining

lamina propria

muscularis muscosae - separates mucosa from submucosa

220
Q

smaller, apical surfaces of hepatocytes form….

A

bile canaliculi

exocrine secretion of bile

221
Q

sulcus terminalis.

A

v-shaped groove - separates papillary and tonsillar areas of lingual surface

222
Q

kulchitsky cells

A

like ee cells (G cells) of gut - part of diffuse neuroendocrine sys

hard to see (only 3% of cells)

func: serotonin synth

223
Q

Semilunar (SL) valves

A

•Separates ventricles from circulation

  • Pulmonary semilunar valve (RV/PT)
  • Aortic semilunar valve (LV/aorta)

•

  • Have no muscular support
  • Three cusps support like tripod
224
Q

Mesentery

A

Sheets of connective tissue - bind loops of GI tract.

Covered by mesothelium in both sides.

Supports organs

continuous with peritoneum.

225
Q

structrue and function of this?

A

Submandibular glands

2/3 all saliva

crescent-shaped arragement - serous demilune

alpha-amylase, lysozymes

226
Q

respiratory epithelium cell types

A

Ciliated columnar cells

  • most abundant

Goblet cells

  • granules of mucin glycoproteins

Brush cells

  • chemosensory receptors

Small granule cells

  • Kulchitsky: diffuse neuroendocrine system

Basal cells

  • mitotically active stem and progenitor cells
227
Q
A

Sublingual glands

smallest glands - granced tubuloacinar

main product: mucus

228
Q

PALS

A

surround central arterioles

consist of:

  • T cells (primarily)
  • macrophages
  • DCs
  • plasma cells

PART OF WHITE PULP

229
Q

Collectively the MALT is

A

largest lymphoid organs,
containing up to 70% of all the body’s immune cells

230
Q

tonsillitis

A

more common in children than adults

chronic inflammation – hyperplasia

  • adenoids = obstruct eustachian tube –> middle ear infections
231
Q

structure

A

encapsulated

no afferent lymphatics

  • FILTER OF BLOOD!!
232
Q

what are the arrows pointing at?

how are they attached to the BM?

what is their function?

A

melalocytes

hemidesmosomes

produce and package melanin in melanosomes

233
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

-Tubular invaginations of the epithelium around the villi

234
Q

submucosa of digestive trcat

A

Meissner plexus - autonomic N

235
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

smooth M cells

contraction = hair more erect - warmth

236
Q

heart murmur.

A

abnormalities in structure of heart valves

  • regurg/backflow

severe defect = increase heart work = megaly to accomodate

237
Q
A

Mixed salivary (Submandibular) gland

239
Q

Major functions of thymus

A

•Maturation of T-lymphocytes

–Two stage selection process

–Induction of central tolerance (Distinguish from peripheral tolerance via regulatory T cells)

•Hormone production

–Epithelial reticular cells produce thymic hormones (eg thymopoietin, thymosin, etc

240
Q

A tongue is examined at autopsy (shown in the image). Identify the tissue indicated by

the arrows.

(A) Dense irregular connective tissue

(B) Dense regular connective tissue

(C) Peripheral nerve

(D) Skeletal muscle

(E) Smooth muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

241
Q

enterocyte

A

columnar absorptive cells in small intestine

microvilli

increase luminal SA

242
Q

Merkel Cells

A

mostly in basale layer

primarily in thick skin

mechanoreceptor

243
Q
244
Q
A

thin and inconspicuous

245
Q

Esophagogastric junction characteristics

A

§stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium (invaginates as gastric pits GP)

mucosa contains mucus-secreting esophageal cardiac glands (ECG) and mucous cardiac glands (CG) opening into the superficial gastric pits.

Strands of muscularis mucosae separate the mucosa and submucosa (SM)

246
Q

what is this structure?

what is the structure in the box?

A

ileum

MUCOSA

  • Peyer’s patches (lymphatic tissue)=ileal lamina propria and submucosa
  • M cells: specialized, non absorptive cells covering Payer’s patches
  • Bile acid resorption. Intrinsic factor/B12 absorption

SUBMUCOSA

  • Plicae circulares
247
Q

predisposing factors of atherosclerosis

A

dyslipidemia (> 3:1 ratio LDL:HDL)

hyperglycemia of DM

htn

smoking toxins

248
Q

interferons

A

paracrine factors from leukocytes, virus-infected cells

signal NK to kill those cells and adjacent ones

249
Q

A patient had acute viral infection that caused severe alveolar damage. Following recovery, the alveolar cells are replenished by

A.Type I alveolar cells

B.Type II alveolar cells

C.Clara cells

D.Brush cells

E.Dust cells

A

Type II alveolar cells

250
Q
A

contin, fenes

251
Q

hausta

A

series of large sacs

org of large intestines

252
Q
  • During an abdominal surgery for cancer, a segment of pancreas was removed. Microscopy revealed extensive serous acini. Which of the following structures is a feature of pancreas?
  • A. Centroacinar cells
  • B. Serous demilunes
  • C. Myoepithelial cells
  • D. Striated ducts
A

Centroacinar cells

253
Q

serosa: layers of GI tract

A

thin layer of loose connective tissue

lots of bv, lymphatics, adipose

mesothelium: simple squamous covering epithelium
* continuous with peritoneum

254
Q

Do T lymphoblasts arriving in the thymus express
CD4, CD8, or a TCR

A

NO!

2 step process to sure full function but do not recognize/bind with MHCs with self-antigens

255
Q
A

pleura: parietal and visceral

Mesothelium – Simple squamous epithelium

256
Q

what types of epithelial cell types comprise salivary secretory units?

A

serous:

  • polarzied protein secreting cells
  • pyramidal, round nuclei
  • small central lumen - acinus

mucous:

  • apical granules with mucins - lubricating prop of saliva
  • columnar - cylindrical tubules

myoepithelial:

  • contractile processess - move products through ducts
257
Q

Functions of intercalated ducts

A

absorb Cl

secrete HCO3

258
Q

how are pitch and other qualities of the sound are altered

A

changing the tension on the vocal folds, the width of the
rima glottidis, the volume of air expelled, etc

259
Q

function of Capillaries

A

Exchange
metabolites by
diffusion to and from
cells

260
Q

in what diseases are plexuses in digestive tract’s enteric NS absent/severly injured?

A

absent = Hirschsprung disease (congenital aganglionic
megacolon))

severly injured = Chagas (trypanosomiasis - infection with trypanosoma cruzi)

261
Q

Taste buds

A

approx 250 on each vallate papilla

NOT IN KERATINIZED FILIFORM

has 50-100 cells (half = gustatory): 7-10 day life span

apical end has taste pore with microvilli - tastants dissolved in saliva

263
Q

where are each struction of the conduction sys located?

A

–Sinoatrial (SA) node - wall of right atrium

–Atrioventricular (AV) node - junction between atria and ventricles

–AV Bundle (of His) - interventricular septum

– Purkinje fibers - subendothelial layer

264
Q

functions of stomach: pylorus

A
  • Mucous, gastrin (stimulates contraction, secretion)
  • Deep pits; Shallow branched glands
265
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

suppressor T cells: CD4+CD25+

  • Id by Foxp3 Tx factor

inhibit specific immune responses

  • immune tolerance
  • maintainin unresponsiveness to self-antigens
  • suppressing excessive immune responses

produce peripheral tolerance

266
Q
267
Q
A

white = sinus

  • lots of endothelial cells - nuc bulging into sinus

surrounded by cords

268
Q

Basic structure of an
immunoglobulin (antibody)

A

2 light chains and 2 heavy chains bound by disulfide bonds

Fc region:

  • recog by cell surf recepts on basophills and mast cells

Fab portion:

  • 2 antigen-binding sites – both for same region
269
Q

•Supporting cells of olfaction

A

–Microvilli

–Ion channels

func: maintain nicroenviron conducive to olfactory func and survival

270
Q

antigen

A

adaptive immunity

molecule that binds to antibody via its epitope (antigenic determinant)

271
Q

pericardium

A

surrounds heart

fibrous pericardium (outer)

  • anchors heart

serious pericardium

  • parietal layer: lines fibrous layer
  • visceral laer (epicardiuM)
272
Q

Filiform papillae

A

elongated conical

heavily keratinized

function: rough surface for mvmt of food during chewing

273
Q

A 19-year-old woman presents with painful cold sores on her lower lip. Physical examination reveals several vesicles and ulcers in the lesion area. Infection with which of the following pathogens is the common cause of cold sores?

(A) Borrelia vincentii

(B) Epstein-Barr virus

(C) Herpes simplex virus type 1

(D) Human herpes virus 8

(E) Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1

274
Q

layers?

A

Stratum corneum & lucidum

275
Q
276
Q

masticatory mucosa

A

keratinzed sq epithelium

gingiva (gum), hard palate

277
Q

Melanin Production

A
  1. tyrosine —tyrosinase (transmembrane enz in golgi vesciles) –> DOPA
  2. txform/polymerize into melanosomes (mature elliptical granules)
  3. txp via kinesin to pics of cytop extensions
  4. neighbor keratinoctyes phago
  5. txp via dynein towards their nuclei –> supranuclear cap: scatters sunlight
278
Q
A

capillaries

  • Exchange vessels
  • Pericytes: Small cell that surround the endothelial cells
  • Intima: endothelium only.
  • Media: “None”. Pericytes.
  • Adventitia: None.
279
Q
A

Elastic arteries

281
Q

func of Venules
(postcapillary,
collecting, and
muscular)

A

Drain capillary beds;
site of leukocyte exit
from vasculature

282
Q

regen activity of olfactory N?

A

best-known neurons
to be replaced regularly because of regenerative activity
of the epithelial stem cells from which they arise

loss of smell due to toxins/injury usually temporary

283
Q

Leiomyomas

A

benign tumors of smooth M cells

most common tumor in stomach and small intestine

284
Q

embryonic origin: mesoderm

A

mesentery

CT

SM

bv

285
Q

MALT in digestive tract

A

–Tonsils

–Peyer’s patches (small intestines - ileum)

–Appendix

286
Q

Stomach

A
  • Most dilated region of the digestive tube (1500ml)
  • Processing of food and formation of chyme.
  • Anatomically divided into:
  • cardia
  • fundus/body (4 years anat, 3 layers histo)
  • pylorus
287
Q

The GI tract is compartmentalized into organs that are specialized for digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. Most variation and specialization along the length of the GI tract occur in which of the following tissue layers?

(A) Epithelium of mucosa

(B) Lamina propria

(C) Muscularis externa

(D) Muscularis mucosae

(E) Submucosa

A

Epithelium of mucosa

288
Q

Identify the structures located between the lines (shown in the image).

(A) Brunner glands

(B) Cardiac glands

(C) Crypts of Lieberkühn

(D) Fundic glands

(E) Pyloric glands

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

289
Q

pericytes

A

locations along continuous capillaries and postcapillary venules

mesenchymal cells with long cytoplasmic processes

secrete man yECM components, form own basal lamina

within CNS – important of BBB

290
Q

Regenerative cell

A

Stem cell layer at the base of the crypts that regenerate the epithelium

291
Q

structure and function

A

Typically the mucosa of the appendix is almost completely filled with lymphoid tissue

samples contents of intestines

292
Q
A

Peyer’s patch

293
Q

what is this showing?

A

mucous glands on top

  • “like a cloud” - looks like adipose bundles
  • can’t see nuclei (pushed to side)

serous cells on bottom

  • pyramidal
  • HUGE ROUND nuclei
  • LOTS OF GRANULES!!!!!!
294
Q

what is this organ?

what are the structures?

295
Q

thoracic duct

A

left internal jugular vein with the left subclavian vein

296
Q

Nasal cavity

A

•Vestibule

–Outer part –> Skin

–Inner part –> Transition zone

•Nasal cavity

–Superior concha –> Olfactory epithelium

–Middle & inferior concha –> Respiratory epithelium

•Functions

–Humidifies by the secretion

–Warms by the vascular loops

–Traps particulate matter by mucus

–IgA secretion by plasma cells

297
Q

blood flow through liver

298
Q

•Humoral immunity

A

–B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulin (antibodies) that bind antigens

299
Q

Malfunction of the immune system causes

A
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Autoimmunity
  • Hypersensitivity
300
Q
A

Compare olfactory and respiratory epithelium

301
Q

what is this showing?

A

Langerhans cells.

anti-langerin staining

302
Q

blood always flows from ______ to _______ of each hepatic lobule

A

periphery, center

hepatocytes in portal areas = aerobic metab –> more active in protein synth

central cells = exposed to less nutrients and o2 –> detox, glycogen metab

303
Q
A

Observe the 3-dimensional reticulin network (left) supporting lymphocytes, macrophages/APCs, and reticular cells (right)

304
Q

Colonic mucosa

A
  • Mucus secreting and absorptive cells (columnar epithelium)
  • Smooth” surface. Crypts of Lieberkühn, but no villi
  • Numerous goblet cells
  • Abundant MALT in the lamina propria
305
Q

Muscularis Externa of stomach

A

Three layers of muscle: Obliq; Circ; Long

306
Q

Adventitia

A

thick layer loose connective tissue

LACKS MESOTHELIUM

where organs are bound directly to adjacent structures/organs (retroperitoneal)

307
Q

Helper T cells

A

CD4 - MHC class II binding

function:

  • produce cytokines
  • promote differen of B cells –> plasma cells
  • activ macrophages –> phago
  • activ CTLs (cyotoxic T lymophocytes)
  • some inflamm response

may be long-lived for more rapid response if antigen appears again

308
Q

tunica externa

A

adventitia

connective tissue:

  • type I collagen
  • elastic fib

continuous with/bound to stroma of organ via bv

309
Q
  • A 44 year old male patient had parotidectomy done for a tumour in the gland. A section is shown in the following image.
  • Identify the structure indicated by the arrow.

A.Mucus acini

B.Serous acini

C.Serous demilune

D.Centroacinar cell

E.Intercalated duct

A

A.Serous acini

310
Q

blood supply to liver

A

•Portal vein

–Nutrient rich

–Poor in oxygen

–75% of hepatic blood flow

•Hepatic artery

–Oxygen rich

–25% of hepatic blood flow

311
Q
  • A section was obtained from the submandibular gland. Identify the structure shown by the arrow number 3.
  • A. Mucus cell
  • B. Endothelial cell
  • C. Serous demilune
  • D. Ductal epithelium
  • E. Adipocytes
A

•Serous demilune - cap on top of mucus cell

312
Q
A

GERD (Gastroesohageal Reflux disease) - Esophogeal Metaplasia

313
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer

concentric layers helically arranged SMC

contains (4): all produced by SMC

  • elastic fibers
  • elastic lamealle
  • reticular fibers
  • proteoglycans

in A: maybe have external elastic lamina separting from outermost tunic

314
Q
A

Respiratory epithelium is the classic example of pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium.

315
Q

what is this showing?

A

Kupffer cells

  • black cells in liver - india ink

H = hepatoctyes

PS = perisinusoidal space of disse

HS = ito cells

316
Q

ito cells

A

hepatic stellate cells

in perisinusoidal space

func:

  • store vit A and other fat-sol vit
317
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

also called distributing A

characteristics:

  • intima: Endothelium; connective tissue with smooth muscle
    • prominate internal elastic lamina
  • media: many smooth M layers, less elastic tissue
  • adventitia: connective tissue, thinner than media with (vasa vasorum)
318
Q

what is this structure?

what are the arrows pointing at?

A

internal portion of lips

arrows = parakeratinized

319
Q

arteriovenous shunts

A

arterioles that can bypass capillary networks and connect
directly to venules = important of thermoregulation of skin

thicker media and adventitia

richly innervated by SNS and PNS

320
Q

Frequency of villi and of microvilli in small intestine

A

duodenum > jejunum > ileum

321
Q

In all secondary lymphoid tissues B lymphocytes interact with

A

follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)

322
Q

what is the middle layer

A

Stratum Granulosum

323
Q
A

Hair Bulb and Root

dermal papilla - grows hair : vasculaized and mitotic

324
Q

Bronchi

A

epithelium:

respiratory

respiratory

M and skel support: prominent spiral bands of SM, c-ring

325
Q
A

white pulp

germinal center in middle

  • activated b cells in center, surrounded by non-activated B and T cells in mantle

PALS (periarterial lymphoid sheath)

  • small trabecular A branching from hilum
  • arrowhead = central artery
326
Q
A

valve: folds of intima to prevent backflow of blood

327
Q

Thymic epithelial cells of medulla

A

•Contribute to corticomedullary barrier

•

•Form a cytoreticulum

•

•Concentrically arranged to form Hassall corpuscles

328
Q

portal triad

A

portal venule

hepatic arteriole

bile ductule

329
Q

In the olfactory mucosa, the cells responsible for the perception of olfaction is

A

Basal cell

330
Q
A

Micrograph of a medium vein (MV) shows a thicker wall but
still less prominent than that of the accompanying muscular artery
(MA). Both the media and adventitia are better developed, but the
wall is often folded around the relatively large lumen

331
Q

BLOOD FLOW IN THE SPLEEN –> what is it like “at the end”

A

penicillar arteries

  • right angles off central arteriole
  • open or closed circulation
    • closed = sinus
      • contain staves (like wine barrels)
    • blind end = dumped into cords (porous)
      • try to return to sinuses via “staves” if normal
        • abnormal = hard to squeeze back through = removed by macrophages
332
Q

ways of viewing liver cells

A

hepatic: drains blood
portal: drains bile from hepatocyte to bile duct

hepatic acinus: supplies o2 blood to hepatocytes

334
Q

follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) characteristics

A

surf covered with antibody-antigen complexes bound for receptors for complement proteins, Fc regions

allows attachment of B cells, activates B, aggreate as small primary lympoid nodule (follicle)

  • adjaent T cells help form into prominent secondary lymphoid nodule
335
Q
A

Gastric Pits

336
Q

IgA complex

A

antibodies produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in lamina propria

resist proteolysis by digestive enzymes, protection v viral and bacterial pathogens

338
Q
A

medium vein contains blood and shows valve
folds

339
Q

What are examples of antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

•Cells of mononuclear phagocyte system

–Dendritic cells of lymphoid organs

–Macrophage

TECs (Epithelial reticular cells of thymus)

B lymphocytes

340
Q
A

sweat glands (eccrine) - highly coiled, small lumen

most numerous on foot soles

clear cells - basal lamina: produce sweat

dark cells: line most of lumen - merocrine secretion - flycoprotein with bactericidal activity

myoepithelial cells

341
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Lack of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
  • megaloblastic anemia: RBCs are large

! Stomach bypass surgery can be a cause of pernicious anemia!

342
Q

larynx

A

b/w pharynx and trachea

reinforced by cartilage (hyaline and classic)

function:

  • maintain open airway
  • phonation
343
Q

Plicae

A

increases absorption surface.

-Circularly arranged transverse folds submucosa core

best developed in jejunum

345
Q
A

esophagus and trachea

346
Q

Maturation of T cells in thymus as a two-stage selection process ensures….

A

mature T cells have T cell receptors that are functional but do not bind self-antigens

347
Q

Rectum/Anus structure

A

Mucosa

  • Simple columnar epithelium. Abrupt change to squamous epithelium in the anal canal
  • Lots of Goblet cells (lots of mucous)

Controlled by external/internal sphincters

Submucosa

  • Presence of anal glands
348
Q

3rd arrow?

A

Arterioles

intima:

  • endothelium: no connective tissue or SM

media:

  • 1-3 layers SM

adventitia:

  • very thin connective tissue

has smooth M fibers that act as sphicters and produce periodic blood flow into capillaries

M tone usually keeps arteriole partially closed

major determinants of systemic BP

349
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

A

•Separates atria from ventricles

  • Tricuspid valve (right side)
  • Bicuspid valve – Mitral valve (left side)
  • Folds of fibrous tissue
  • Blood pressure closes valve
  • Papillary muscles tense chordae tendineae
350
Q
A

Emphysema

  • Destruction of alveolar walls
  • Decreased elasticity
  • Smoking = Loss of antitrypsin = elastase from macrophges destroy elastin
351
Q

Colonic muscularis externa

A

Outer layer: Longitudinally oriented smooth muscle is organized into 3 bundles

teniae coli

352
Q

IgM

A

mainly prod in initial response to antigen

IgM bound to antigen = most effective in activating complement sys!!!

353
Q

amount and arrangement of smooth M and connective tissue in vessels
are influenced by

A

mechanical factors, primarily blood pressure

metabolic factors reflecting the local needs of tissues

354
Q

where are N endings that register pain in the heart

what kind of disease?

A

free N endings in myocardium

angina pectoris – partially occluded coronary A causes local O2 deprivation

355
Q

id

A

endocardium

356
Q

ZONES OF PORTAL ACINUS

A

•Zone 1 (Periportal zone)

  • Nearest to portal triad
  • Oxidative metabolism
  • Most affected in viral hepatitis
  • Zone 2 (Intermediate zone
  • Zone 3 (Centrilobular zone)
  • Nearest to central vein
  • Drug & ammonia detoxification
  • most affected by hypoxia
  • Prone for
    • Ischemic necrosis
    • Fat accumulation
    • Acetaminophen / alcoholic damage
357
Q

compare/contrast types of tonsils

A

palatine: posterior soft palate, strat-squamous, partial capsule
lingual: base of tongue, strat-squamous, LACK DISTINCT CAPSULES
pharyngeal: single, posterior nasopharynx, pseudo-ciliated, thin capsule, LACKS CRYPTS!!

358
Q
A

Capillaries

359
Q

Although the composition and thickness of the vascular tunics may vary, what tends to be the most prominent layer of the arteries?

(A)Intima


(B) Epicardium

(C) Media


(D) Inner elastic membrane


(E) Adventitia

360
Q
A

Bronchial Asthma

  • Hypertrophy of smooth muscle
  • Excess mucus
  • Squamous metaplasia
  • Increase in goblet and basal cells
361
Q
362
Q

drains into….

A

drain into thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct –> SC veins

valve -> directs lymph in one direction –> to center of body

363
Q

CTLs are CD8+

A

bind specific antigens displayed by MHC I

in presence of IL2 from helper T

cytotoxic T cells: release perforins, granzymes –> apoptosis

  • cell mediated immunity
  • mechanism similar to NK cells
364
Q

how air gets to alveoli

A

2 primary bronchi

secondary bronchi: 3 R, 2 L

tertiary: segmental –> bronchopulmonary segment

brochioles —> enters pulmonary lobule –> branches to 5-7 terminal brochioles

pulm lobules = pyramind shaped

365
Q

endothelium of hepatic sinusoids =

A

discountinuous and fenestrated

b/w it and the hepatocytes = space of Disse

366
Q
A

Micrograph of a medium vein (MV) shows a thicker wall but
still less prominent than that of the accompanying muscular artery
(MA). Both the media and adventitia are better developed, but the
wall is often folded around the relatively large lumen

367
Q

laryngitis

A

usually viral

accompained by edema and/or swelling of lamina propria

368
Q

B lymphocytes differentiate into

A

plasma cells which accumulate in medullary cords

369
Q

embryonic origin: endoderm

A

gut tube epithelium

liver

pancreas

370
Q

what is shown?

A
  1. internal anal sphincter
  2. external anal sphincter
  3. simple columnar
  4. stratified squamous
371
Q

rugae

A

large longitudinally folds

flatten when stomach fills with food

372
Q

origin of thymus?

A

endoerm

precursor lymphoblasts circulating from bone marrow to invade and proliferate during development

373
Q

Although the composition and thickness of the vascular tunics may vary, what tends to be the most prominent layer of the veins?

(A) Intima


(B) Epicardium

(C) Media

(D) Outer elastic membrane

(E) Adventitia

A

Adventitia

374
Q
A

arterioles suppoly cap bed form smaller branches - metarterioles

  • SMC dispersed as bands = precap sphincters

thoroghfare channel

  • distal end of metaarterioles
  • lack SMC
  • merges with postcapillary venule

true capillaries

  • lack SMC (may have pericytes)
  • precap sphincters reg blood flow into true caps
375
Q

respiratory division

A

•Conducting portion

–Nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

•Respiratory portion

–Respiratory bronchioles

–Alveolar ducts

–Alveoli

376
Q

3 types of capillaries

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Discontinuous
377
Q

what is this?

A

gallbladdar

  • Stores, concentrates bile
  • Contracts in response to CCK from duodenum

mucosa = highly folded if empty - mimic villi, variable, irregularly arranged

378
Q

complement

A

proteins in blood plasma, mucus, macrophages

react with bac surf components

379
Q

lymph node structure in relation to each other

380
Q
A

islet of langerhahn

centroacinar cells - unique to pancreas

381
Q

what are arrow pointing at?

A

Purkinje Fibers

382
Q
A

•Respiratory Bronchiole

383
Q

location and purpose?

A

glomus body

large neural crest-derived cells that surround cap around paraganglia (carotid/aortic bodies)

av shunts: most abundant in perpheral body parts (acral)

vesicles: dopamine, Ach, other neuroT

384
Q

Survival of developing T cells depends on

A

positive selection in cortex

whether they develop functional antigen receptors (ie, recognize peptides bound to MHC class I or II molecules)

negative selection in medulla

receptors not recognizing self-peptides bound to MHC class I and II molecules

385
Q
386
Q

Purkinje fibers morphology

A

pale staining

larger than adjancent contracile M fibers

sparse peripheral myofibrils

much glycogen

387
Q

biliary passage

A

bile canaliculi

  • lined by hepatocytes - tight jxns

canal of Hering

  • contributes to regen of liver following injury
  • cuboidal (cholangiocytes)

interlobular bile ductule

  • portal triad
  • cuboidal/columnar
388
Q

lacteal

A

central lymphatic in villus

389
Q
A

Gastric Mucosa

simple columnar epithelium

390
Q

functions of this organ

A
  • Protection
  • Physical barrier
  • Melanin – UV
  • Selectively permeable layer
  • Sensory – Receptors
  • Thermoregulation
  • Metabolic
  • Vitamin D3
  • Electrolytes
  • Fat (energy)
391
Q

functions of endothelial heart cells

A
  1. secrete anticoag
    * heparin, tissue plasminogen activator, von Willebrand
  2. regulate local vasc tone and blood flow
  • contraction: endothelin 1, ACE
  • relaxation: NO, prostacyclin
  1. inflammation, local immune response
  • venules: p-selectin on luminal surfice with Welbel-Palade bodies
    • first step in activating WBC
  • interluekins: regulate local WBC activity during inflammation
  1. growth factors
  • vascular wall cells
  • WBC lineage proliferation
392
Q

Dust cells

A

Macrophages

  • Phagocytose erythrocytes and particulate matter
  • Removed by mucociliary clearance or lymphatics.
  • Heart failure cells – in congestive cardiac failure.
393
Q

innervations of aprocrine and eccrine glands

A

apocrine - adrenergic

eccrine - cholinergic

394
Q
395
Q
A

Olfactory mucosa

396
Q

func of M arteries

A

Distribute blood to all
organs and maintain
steady blood
pressure and flow
with vasodilation and
constriction

397
Q

what is the arrow pointing at?

A

taste bud (taste pore)

398
Q
A

microvilli

399
Q

epiglottis

A

flattened structure projecting from the upper rim of the larynx

stratified squamous –> ciliated psudostratified columnar

400
Q

Vallate (or circumvallate) papillae

A

8-12 usually aligned in front of terminal sulcus

salivary (von Ebner) glands empty into grooves

401
Q

function of Medium veins

A

Carry blood to
larger veins, with no
backflow

402
Q

appendix comes off of the

403
Q

Air in the alveoli is
separated from capillary blood by

A

blood-air barrier

2-3 pneumocytes I
fused basal laminae
capillary endothelial cells.

404
Q
405
Q

collectively known as….

A

Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

adenoid = pharengeal

palatine = tonsilectomy

406
Q

what are the characteristics of this structure?

what is this showing?

A

jejunum

MUCOSA

  • Villi and Crypts of Lieberkühn
  • Increasing numbers of goblet cells

SUBMUCOSA

  • No submucosal glands!
  • Prominent and many plicae circulares
407
Q

Digital slides illustrating various organs of the GI tract are examined in the histology laboratory. The specimen shown in the image was obtained from which of the following anatomic locations?

(A) Esophagogastric junction

(B) Fundus of the stomach

(C) Gastroduodenal junction

(D) Ileocecal junction

(E) Pylorus of the stomach

A

Esophagogastric junction

408
Q
A

Bronchiole

Folded mucosa

Ciliated/ non ciliated columnar/ cuboidal.

Well developed smooth muscle

NO cartilage.

NO glands.

Adventitia -Dense connective tissue.

409
Q

Albinism

A

•Defective melanocytes are unable to synthesize melanin

HIstology Year 1 (3 decks)

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