Exam 2 Flashcards
what is learning?
a relatively permanent influence or behavior, knowledge, and thinking skills that comes about through experience that involves academic and nonacademic behavior
Behaviorism
the view that behavior should be explained by observable experiences, not by mental processes - it’s everything we do both verbal and nonverbal
mental processes
thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experience but that cannot be observed by others
associative learning
learning that two events are connected or associated - classical and operant conditioning adopt this stance
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which organism learns to connect or associate stimuli so that a neutral stimulus (such as the sight of a person) becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus (such as food) and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a stimulus that automatically produces a response without any prior learning ex: food in pavlov experiment
unconditioned response (UCR)
an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by UCS ex: the dog’s salivation in response to the food
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being associated with the UCS ex:sound of the door closing before the food was placed in the dog’s dish
conditioned response (CS)
a learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after UCS-CS pairing
Generalization
in classical conditioning involves the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a similar response ex: if sally gets criticized for her biology test she’ll also be nervous for her chem test too because they are similar
Discrimination
in classical conditioning occurs when an organism responds to certain stimuli but not others
Extinction
diminished responding that happens when the CS no longer occurs right before US – when the responses doesn’t happen because the CR isn’t paired with UR
Acquisition
the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship - what is paired is where the learning grows
operant conditioning
is a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability that behavior will occur
reinforcement
increases the probability that behavior will occur
punishment
decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
positive punishment
adding something unpleasant - ex: if you don’t do chores you go into timeout
negative punishment
removing something valued or desired - ex: you haven’t been playing nicely with sibilings and you get xbox taken away
positive reinforcement
adding something valuable or desirable (star sticker)
negative reinforcement
the removal of something unpleasant - ex:if you do homework you don’t have to mow the lawn
habituation
learning through repetition,learning through getting used to it
intelligence
the ability to solve problems and adopt and learn from experiences
the stanford-binet test
mental age(MA) - an individual's level of mental development relative to others intelligence quotient (IQ) - refers to person's mental age/chornological age
what was the standford binet test first designed to do?
it was designed to help with impaired children - it was popularized during world war 1 because the military wanted to identify the intelligent people and put them in higher rank